Pseudorhabdosynochus
| Pseudorhabdosynochus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Pseudorhabdosynochus morrhua | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Platyhelminthes |
| Class: | Monogenea |
| Order: | Dactylogyridea |
| Family: | Diplectanidae |
| Genus: | Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958 |
| Species | |
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See text | |
Pseudorhabdosynochus is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, included in the family Diplectanidae. The type-species of the genus is Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938).
The genus includes more than 80 species, which are all parasitic on the gills of marine fish, especially groupers. Since groupers are mostly abundant in warm waters, species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are found in warm parts of the oceans, especially in coral reefs, but species have also been found in deep-sea groupers. Several species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are pathogens of maricultured groupers.
Morphology
[edit]
All species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are small animals, ranging 0.3–1 mm in length.
As most monogeneans, they are flat, with an anterior head bearing four oculi and head glands, a main elongate body and a posterior haptor. The digestive system includes an anterior muscular pharynx, and two lateral intestinal branches (or caeca); as in all Platyhelminthes, there is no anus. The haptor, in the posterior part of the body, is a specialized organ used to attach to the host. The haptor includes sclerotized elements, namely a ventral bar, two lateral (dorsal) bars, two ventral hooks and two dorsal hooks, and fourteen hooklets. As in most diplectanids, the haptor bears special, characteristic, structures called squamodiscs. The squamodiscs (one ventral and one dorsal) of species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are made up of numerous rodlets aligned as concentric rows. All species of the genus have two squamodiscs except Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus Neifar & Euzet, 2007 in which these organs are completely lacking.
Adults are hermaphroditic. The reproductive organ include a single ovary and a single testis. As in all diplectanids, the ovary (or germarium) is anterior to the testis and loops around the right intestinal caecum. Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are characterized by a sclerotized male copulatory organ, or "quadriloculate organ", which has the shape of a bean with four internal chambers. The vagina includes a sclerotized part, which is a complex structure with several chambers and canals, generally used for the diagnosis and differentiation of species.
Etymology and nomenclatural case
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The origin of the name Pseudorhabdosynochus merits an explanation. ‘Pseudo-’ (from Greek ψευδής, pseudes, "lying, false") is a prefix commonly used in creating a new scientific name for a taxon that superficially appears to be a taxon, but actually is another. The famous Japanese parasitologist Satyu Yamaguti described a ‘membranous plaque’ on the posterior region of Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli and created[1] the generic name Pseudorhabdosynochus in reference to the diplectanid genus Rhabdosynochus which, in his interpretation, also had lateral plaques. It has been shown later that ‘plaques’ in P. epinepheli was an erroneous interpretation of damaged specimens.[2][3] Moreover, the diagnosis of Rhabdosynochus was later modified and it is now considered that species of this genus do not have plaques.[4] Therefore, the genus name Pseudorhabdosynochus is the result of both an erroneous observation and an erroneous comparison by Satyu Yamaguti. However, it is valid according to the ICZN.[2]
Pseudorhabdosynochus is also an interesting nomenclatural case. Yamaguti described the same species twice, the first time in 1938 [5] (as Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938) and the second time in 1958 [1] (as Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958). In both papers, the species was described from parasites collected from the same fish species, the grouper Epinephelus akaara off Japan. Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986) [2] solved this case with reference to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The type-species of the genus is the name Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958. Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958 is a junior synonym of Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 and Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 is the modern valid combination for Diplectanum epinepheli Yamaguti, 1938. The latter species (a taxon) and the type-species of the genus (a name) are considered to correspond to the same biological taxon but have different, although valid, names. Recent re-examination of type-specimens have confirmed this interpretation. [3]
Hosts
[edit]
Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are parasitic exclusively on the gill filaments of marine fish. Most of these fish belong to the family Serranidae and are commonly known as groupers, such as many species of the genus Epinephelus, and also species of Cephalopholis, Mycteroperca and Variola. A few species have also been described from fish of the genera Alphestes,[6] Paranthias[7] and Paralabrax.[8]
As most diplectanids,[9] species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are generally strictly species-specific, i.e. a species is found on a single species of host and no others. However, several exceptions have been reported.[10] Some species of groupers harbour a wide biodiversity of Pseudorhabdosynochus species (and sometimes other monogeneans as well). Examples are Epinephelus maculatus which has 8 distinct Pseudorhabdosynochus species,[11] and Epinephelus malabaricus which has 7 species.[12][13]
Life cycle
[edit]
The life cycle of Pseudorhabdosynochus species is similar to that of other diplectanid monogeneans.[9] It is monoxenous, i.e. there is a single host, the fish. The life-cycle includes a parasitic phase, the adult worm, and two stages which are free in the environment, the egg and the larva. The adult hermaphroditic worm, which lives on the gills of fish, lays eggs in the water. The egg has an operculum. A larva develops in the egg and hatches through the operculum; the swimming larva is ciliated and called an oncomiracidium. The larva finds its host by swimming to it, first attaches to the skin and migrates to the gills, and eventually transforms itself into a young monogenean which is attached to the gill filament by its haptor. During transformation from larva to adult, the monogenean loses its cilia and produces a new tegument, a phenomenon which is considered a general characteristic of the parasitic Platyhelminthes or Neodermata.[14]
Information is available for the life-cycle of Pseudorhabdosynochus lantauensis, a parasite of the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides, at a temperature of 30 °C.[15] The adult lays 10-22 eggs/day. The eggs hatch within 2–4 days. The oncomiracidium is viable for 4-8 h and should find a host within this delay. After attachment, the oncomiracidium transforms into an adult in 4–7 days. The parasite produces eggs after 7 days. The life-cycle is thus complete in 13–20 days (at 30 °C).[15]
Certain species of Pseudorhabdosynochus parasitize groupers which show spawning aggregations, i.e. the adult fish gather annually at a precise location and meet other fish of their own species only once per year. It has been suggested that transmission of Pseudorhabdosynochus species occurs preferentially during these spawning aggregations, from older infected fish to younger, uninfected, fish.[16]
Pathology and control in mariculture
[edit]Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are attached to the gills of groupers. No information is available on the pathogen effect of these parasites in wild groupers. Since the life-cycle is monoxenous and thus can be completed with a high rate of success in mariculture condition, species of Pseudorhabdosynochus can proliferate on gills of cultured groupers and become dangerous for the fish, inducing mortality.
Parasite infections are often measured by two variables, prevalence (the proportion of infected hosts) and intensity (the number of parasites per host). Prevalences as high as 100% (i.e. all fish are infected) have been reported for Pseudorhabdosynochus sp. in cage-cultured Epinephelus malabaricus in Thailand,[17] for Pseudorhabdosynochus sp. on Epinephelus fuscoguttatus[18] and Epinephelus coioides[19] maricultured in Indonesia, and for P. beverleyburtonae on Epinephelus marginatus, wild or maricultured, in Brazil.[20] Intensities are as high as up to 1,006 individual Pseudorhabdosynochus sp. per fish (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in Indonesia,[18] up to 294 P. coioidesis per fish (Epinephelus coioides) in South China,[21] 327 P. yucatanensis per fish on Epinephelus morio in Mexico,[22] and 500 P. epinepheli per 100 grams of gill filaments of Epinephelus akaara in Japan.[23]
Eradication of gill parasitic monogeneans is a problem because various chemical treatments can be harmful for the fish. Treatments used against Pseudorhabdosynochus species include freshwater, diluted formalin, and diluted hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).[23] Diluted hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) seems the preferred treatment for P. epinepheli on Epinephelus akaara[23] and P. lantauensis on Epinephelus coioides.[citation needed]
List of species
[edit]Lists of species have been provided by Kritsky & Beverley-Burton (1986)[2] and Justine (2007). [11] The list below (about 80 species) is based on the World Register of Marine Organisms[24] with additions.
- P. americanus (Price, 1937) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][25]
- P. amplidiscatus (Bravo-Hollis, 1954) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][8]
- P. anulus Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. argus Justine, 2007[26]
- P. auitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. bacchus Sigura, Chauvet & Justine, 2007[27]
- P. beverleyburtonae (Oliver, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][28][29]
- P. bocquetae (Oliver & Paperna, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][30]
- P. bouaini Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. buitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. bunkleywilliamsae Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. caballeroi (Oliver, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][28]
- P. calathus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006[34]
- P. caledonicus Justine, 2005[35]
- P. capurroi Vidal-Martinez & Mendoza-Franco, 1998[36]
- P. cephalopholi Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2022[37]
- P. chauveti Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. chinensis Zhang & Liu, 2001[38]
- P. coioidesis Bu, Leong, Wong, Woo & Foo, 1999[39]
- P. contubernalis Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. crassus Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[40]
- P. cuitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. cupatus (Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][41]
- P. cyanopodus Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. cyathus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006[34]
- P. dionysos Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[40]
- P. dolicocolpos Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. duitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. enitsuji Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][5]
- P. euitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. exoticoides Justine & Henry, 2010[42]
- P. exoticus Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. firmicoleatus Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. fuitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. fulgidus Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. guerreroensis Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. guitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. hargisi (Oliver & Paperna, 1984) Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000[30][43]
- P. hayet Chaabane, Neifar, Gey & Justine, 2016[29]
- P. hirundineus Justine, 2005[44]
- P. huitoe Justine, 2007[11]
- P. hyphessometochus Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. inversus Justine, 2008[45]
- P. jeanloui Knoff, Cohen, Cárdenas, Cárdenas-Callirgos & Gomes, 2015[7]
- P. justinei Zeng & Yang, 2007[46][47]
- P. justinella Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. kasetsartensis Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2020[48]
- P. kritskyi Dyer, Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1995[49]
- P. lantauensis (Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][50]
- P. maaensis Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. magnisquamodiscum (Aljoshkina, 1984) Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000[43][51]
- P. malabaricus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. manifestus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. manipulus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. marcellus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. maternus Justine & Sigura, 2007[12]
- P. mcmichaeli Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. meganmarieae Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. melanesiensis (Laird, 1958) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][52]
- P. minutus Justine, 2007[26]
- P. mizellei Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. monaensis Dyer, Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1994[53]
- P. morrhua Justine, 2008[54]
- P. mycteropercae Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. oliveri Chaabane, Neifar, Gey & Justine, 2016[29]
- P. pai Justine & Vignon, 2009[55]
- P. podocyanus Sigura & Justine, 2008[16]
- P. quadratus Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[56]
- P. querni (Yamaguti, 1968) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][57]
- P. regius Chaabane, Neifar & Justine, 2015[58]
- P. riouxi (Oliver, 1986) Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000[43][59][32]
- P. samaesarnensis Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2022[37]
- P. satyui Justine, 2009[3]
- P. serrani (Yamaguti, 1953) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][60]
- P. shenzhenensis Yang, Zeng & Gibson, 2005[61]
- P. sinediscus Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][32]
- P. sosia Neifar & Euzet, 2007[31][29]
- P. spirani Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. stigmosus Justine & Henry, 2010[42]
- P. sulamericanus Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2004[43][62]
- P. summanae (Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][41]
- P. summanoides Yang, Gibson & Zeng, 2005[63]
- P. suratthaniensis Saengpheng & Purivirojkul, 2022[37]
- P. tabogaensis Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. tumeovagina Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. urceolus Mendoza-Franco, Violante-Gonzalez & Herrera, 2011[6]
- P. vagampullum (Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986[2][41]
- P. variabilis Justine, 2008[54]
- P. vascellum Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. venus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006[64]
- P. viscosus Schoelinck & Justine, 2011[40]
- P. williamsi Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. woodi Kritsky, Bakenhaster & Adams, 2015[33]
- P. youngi Justine, Dupoux & Cribb, 2009[47]
- P. yucatanensis Vidal-Martinez, Aguirre-Macedo & Mendoza-Franco, 1997[22]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Yamaguti, S. 1958: Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 53. Trematodes of fishes, XII. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 7, 53-88. Article PDF
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kritsky, D. C.; Beverley-Burton, M. (1986). "The status of Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958, and Cycloplectanum Oliver, 1968 (Monogenea: Diplectanidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 99: 17–20.
- ^ a b c Justine, Jean-Lou (2009). "A redescription of Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli (Yamaguti, 1938), the type-species of Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958 (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and the description of P. satyui n. sp. from Epinephelus akaara off Japan". Systematic Parasitology. 72 (1): 27–55. doi:10.1007/s11230-008-9171-5. PMID 19048406. S2CID 9467410.
- ^ Kritsky, D. C., Boeger, W. A. & Robaldo, R. B. 2001: Neotropical Monogenoidea. 38. Revision of Rhabdosynochus Mizelle and Blatz, 1941 (Polyonchoinea: Dactylogyridea: Diplectanidae), with descriptions of two new species from Brazil. Comparative Parasitology, 68, 66-75.
- ^ a b Yamaguti, S (1938). "Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 24. Trematodes of fishes, V". Japanese Journal of Zoology. 8: 15–74.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mendoza-Franco, Edgar F.; Violante-González, Juan; Rojas Herrera, Agustín A. (2011). "Six new and one previously described species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenoidea, Diplectanidae) infecting the gills of groupers (Perciformes, Serranidae) from the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Panama". Journal of Parasitology. 97 (1): 20–35. doi:10.1645/GE-2716.1. ISSN 0022-3395. PMID 21348602. S2CID 207251069.
- ^ a b Knoff, Marcelo; Cohen, Simone Chinicz; Cárdenas, Melissa Querido; Cárdenas-Callirgos, Jorge M.; Gomes, Delir Corrêa (2015). "A new species of diplectanid (Monogenoidea) from Paranthias colonus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off Peru". Parasite. 22: 11. doi:10.1051/parasite/2015011. PMC 4353888. PMID 25754099.
- ^ a b Bravo Hollis, Margarita (1954). "Diplectanum amplidiscatum n. sp. Trématode monogénétique des branchies d'un poisson marin". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 29 (1–2): 37–41. doi:10.1051/parasite/1954291037.
- ^ a b Oliver, Guy (2015). Les Diplectanidae Bychowsky, 1957 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea, Dactylogyridea). Systématique. Biologie. Ontogénie. Écologie. Essai de phylogenèse (thesis). figshare. doi:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1295274.
- ^ Schoelinck, Charlotte; Cruaud, Corinne; Justine, Jean-Lou (2012). "Are all species of Pseudorhabdosynochus strictly host specific? — A molecular study" (PDF). Parasitology International. 61 (2): 356–359. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2012.01.009. ISSN 1383-5769. PMID 22326703. S2CID 207313860.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Justine, Jean-Lou (2007). "Parasite biodiversity in a coral reef fish: twelve species of monogeneans on the gills of the grouper Epinephelus maculatus (Perciformes: Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with a description of eight new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea: Diplectanidae)". Systematic Parasitology. 66 (2): 81–129. doi:10.1007/s11230-006-9057-3. PMID 16972153. S2CID 7737882.
- ^ a b c d e f g Justine, J.-L.; Sigura, A. (2007). "Monogeneans of the malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with a description of six new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea: Diplectanidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1543: 1–44. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1543.1.1. S2CID 82236324. Article (Open Archive)
- ^ Justine, Jean-Lou; Beveridge, Ian; Boxshall, Geoff A.; Bray, Rod A.; Moravec, Frantisek; Trilles, Jean-Paul; Whittington, Ian D. (Nov 2010). "An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish" (PDF). Folia Parasitologica. 57 (4): 237–62. doi:10.14411/fp.2010.032. PMID 21344838. S2CID 70032.
- ^ Ehlers, U. (1985). Das Phylogenetische System der Plathelminthes. Stuttgart: G. Fischer.
- ^ a b Erazo-Pagador, G.; Cruz-Lacierda, E. R. (2010). "The morphology and life cycle of the gill monogenean (Pseudorhabdosynochus lantauensis) on orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cultured in the Philippines". Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists. 30: 55–64.
- ^ a b c d e Sigura, A.; Justine, J.-L. (2008). "Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish". Zootaxa. 1695: 1–44. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1695.1.1.
- ^ Ruangpan, L. & Tubkaew, R. (1993). Parasites of the cage cultured grouper Epinephelus malabaricus in Thailand. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Grouper Culture, Kaoseng, Songkhla, Thailand.
- ^ a b Palm, H. W.; Kleinertz, S.; Rückert, S. (2011). "Parasite diversity as an indicator of environmental change? An example from tropical grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) mariculture in Indonesia". Parasitology. 138 (13): 1793–1803. doi:10.1017/S0031182011000011. ISSN 0031-1820. PMID 21320385. S2CID 2413697.
- ^ Rückert, Sonja; Klimpel, Sven; Al-Quraishy, Saleh; Mehlhorn, Heinz; Palm, Harry W. (2008). "Transmission of fish parasites into grouper mariculture (Serranidae: Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822)) in Lampung Bay, Indonesia". Parasitology Research. 104 (3): 523–532. doi:10.1007/s00436-008-1226-7. ISSN 0932-0113. PMID 18855012. S2CID 15956362.
- ^ Roumbedakis, K; Marchiori, NC; Paseto, Á; Gonçalves, ELT; Luque, JL; Cepeda, PB; Sanches, EG; Martins, ML (2013). "Parasite fauna of wild and cultured dusky-grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) from Ubatuba, Southeastern Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 73 (4): 871–878. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842013000400025. ISSN 1519-6984. PMID 24789405.
- ^ Luo, Y.; Yang, T. (2010). "Seasonal population dynamics of the monogeneans Pseudorhabdosynochus coioidesis and P. serrani on wild versus cultured groupers in Daya Bay, South China Sea". Helminthologia. 47 (4): 241–250. doi:10.2478/s11687-010-0038-3. ISSN 1336-9083.
- ^ a b Vidal-Martínez, V. M., Aguirre-Macedo, L. & Mendoza-Franco, E. F. 1997: Pseudorhabdosynochus yucatanensis sp. n. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from the gills of the red grouper Epinephelus morio (Pisces: Serranidae) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico" Folia Parasitologica 44, 274-278. PDF
- ^ a b c Isshiki, Tadashi; Nagano, Taizou; Miki, Katsuhiro (2007). "Occurrence of a monogenean gill parasite Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli on Red Spotted Grouper Epinephelus akaara and its experimental treatment by Hydrogen Peroxide bathing". Fish Pathology. 42 (1): 71–74. doi:10.3147/jsfp.42.71. ISSN 0388-788X.
- ^ World Register of Marine Organisms
- ^ Price, E. W. (1937). "North American Monogenetic Trematodes. I. The superfamily Gyrodactyloidea". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 27: 146–164.
- ^ a b Justine, Jean-Lou (2007). "Pseudorhabdosynochus argus n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from Cephalopholis argus, P. minutus n. sp. and Diplectanum nanus n. sp. from C. sonnerati and other monogeneans from Cephalopholis spp. (Perciformes: Serranidae) off Australia and New Caledonia". Systematic Parasitology. 68 (3): 195–215. doi:10.1007/s11230-007-9096-4. ISSN 0165-5752. PMID 17896188. S2CID 23506802.
- ^ Sigura, Aude; Chauvet, Claude; Justine, Jean-Lou (2007). "Pseudorhabdosynochus bacchus sp. nov. (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia". Acta Parasitologica. 52 (3). doi:10.2478/s11686-007-0028-x. ISSN 1896-1851. S2CID 21628540.
- ^ a b Oliver, G. (1984). "Description de deux nouvelles espèces du genre Cycloplectanum Oliver, 1968". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 59 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1051/parasite/1984591031. ISSN 0003-4150.
- ^ a b c d Chaabane, Amira; Neifar, Lassad; Gey, Delphine; Justine, Jean-Lou (2016). "Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from groupers (Mycteroperca spp., Epinephelidae) in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, with special reference to the 'beverleyburtonae group' and description of two new species". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0159886. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1159886C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159886. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4988817. PMID 27532108.
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External links
[edit]- Amira Chaabane; Jean-Lou Justine (2020). "Even groupers have parasites". The Conversation. Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12593540.v1. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
