Plexippus paykulli
| Plexippus paykulli | |
|---|---|
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| Female Plexippus paykulli | |
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| Male Plexippus paykulli | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Plexippus |
| Species: | P. paykulli
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| Binomial name | |
| Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826)
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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List
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Plexippus paykulli is a species of jumping spider.[1] It is native to Southeast Asia, but now has a cosmopolitan distribution. In the United States it is commonly known as the pantropical jumping spider.[2] It is usually associated with buildings[3] and may be found near light sources catching insects attracted by the light.[4] It is named in honor of Gustaf von Paykull.[5]
Distribution
[edit]Plexippus paykulli is cosmopolitan in distribution.[6] It is native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. The species has been introduced to the Americas, where it can be found from the southern United States to Paraguay.[7] It has also been introduced to Australia, where it is present in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and the Torres Strait Islands.[8] It is also found in the islands of the Maldives.[9]
Description
[edit]Plexippus paykulli is robust, with a high carapace. It is covered with short greyish hairs with sometimes dramatic accents of red in the male. Females are 9 to 12 mm (0.35 to 0.47 in) in body length, while males are 9 to 11 mm (0.35 to 0.43 in).[7] The sexes can be distinguished by the black carapace of the male and abdomen with a broad white central stripe, another broad white stripe on either side and a pair of white spots near the posterior end of the abdomen. The stripe continues to the anterior eyes, so the face appears to have three white stripes on a black background. The female is brownish grey, the carapace being darker especially around the eyes, with a broad tan stripe that extends onto the abdomen where it breaks into two chevrons. There are two white spots on either side of the posterior end of the abdomen. Immature spiders resemble the females.[3]
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Behaviour
[edit]Plexippus paykulli is generally found living on and around man-made structures, in particular on buildings,[7] although it has also been recorded from citrus groves[10] and cotton fields.[11] The female creates an eggsac about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter in a concealed location under floorboards, in a crack or under eaves. In this a lens-shaped silken case is made into which 35 to 60 eggs are deposited. The female guards these until the spiderlings emerge and disperse some three to four weeks later.[3]
Like all jumping spiders, this species does not spin a web but builds a silken retreat in an elevated position such as the edge of the ceiling from which it makes hunting forays. It has very acute eyesight and approaches its target prey stealthily, leaping on it when close enough. They are highly agile and can cover many times their own body length in a single jump.[12]
Plexippus paykulli stalks its prey by orienting itself towards the prey, approaching rapidly, then slowing down to crouch and jump up to 50 millimetres (2.0 in) at the target. It was found that this species stalks mobile prey like flies in a different manner to immobile prey such as maggots. On a camouflaged background, the spider approached with greater stealth and jumped from a shorter distance to attack a mobile prey item. This gave the spider a greater likelihood of a successful outcome without prior detection.[13]
Diet
[edit]
Plexippus paykulli is a generalist predator that uses brute strength to subdue its prey, including both insects and other spiders. In a study done in New Zealand, these spiders hunted and consumed individuals of sixteen species of arthropod from fourteen families and six orders.[12] They are reported as being a predator of mosquitoes in African houses[14] and of agricultural pests such as the cotton jassid[15] and the sugarcane planthopper.[16] In a building where the only available prey were German cockroaches, Blattella germanica, the spiders not only survived but also bred on this monophagous diet.[17] They are able to successfully kill prey twice their own size. Large arthropods are injected with venom but are usually overpowered by brute strength before the venom has immobilized them. There have been records of the prey flying, jumping or running away with the spider clinging to it until the victim was eventually overpowered.[12]
The protein fractions of Plexippus paykulli venom have bio-insecticide potential.[18]
References
[edit]- ^ a b World Spider Catalog (2023). "Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826)". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ Edwards Jr., G.B. (October 2000). "Jumping spiders - Menemerus bivittatus and Plexippus paykulli". Featured Creatures Entomology and Nematology Department - University of Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
- ^ a b c Featured Creatures
- ^ Frank, K. D. (2009). "Exploitation of artificial light at night by a diurnal jumping spider". Peckhamia 78.1: 1-3.
- ^ Cates, Jerry (2011-01-21). "A Pantropical Jumping Spider from Walden Marina, Montgomery, Texas". Retrieved 2019-04-27.
- ^ Platnick, N. I. 1989. Advances in spider taxonomy 1981-1987, a supplement to Brignoli's a catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 & 1981. Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester NY.
- ^ a b c Edwards, G. B. (February 1979). "Pantropical Jumping Spiders Occurring in Florida" (PDF). Entomology Circular (199). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services: 1–2. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
- ^ "Species Plexippus paykullii (Audouin, 1826)". Australian Faunal Directory. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ Gardiner, John Stanley (1904). The fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive archipelagoes : being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900. Cambridge, University Press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10215.
- ^ Muma, M. H. 1975. Spiders in Florida citrus groves. Florida Entomol. 58: 83-90.
- ^ Zhao, J.Z. (1993). Spiders in the cotton fields in China. Wuhan, China: Wuhan Publishing House.
- ^ a b c Jackson, Robert R.; Macnab, Aynsley M. (1989). "Display, mating, and predatory behaviour of the jumping spider Plexippus paykulli (Araneae: Salticidae)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 16 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1080/03014223.1989.10422565.
- ^ Bear, A.; Hasson, O. (1997). "The predatory response of a stalking spider, Plexippus paykulli, to camouflage and prey type". Animal Behaviour. 54 (4): 993–8. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0525. PMID 9344451. S2CID 11674265.
- ^ Mathis, C.; Berland, L. Bouvier, M.E. (ed.). "Une Araignée domestique africaine: Plexippus paykulli, ennemie naturelle des Stegomyia, hôtes des maisons". Comptes rendus Académie des sciences (in French). 197. Paris: 271–272.
- ^ Rao, P. R. M., A. Kankaka Raju, R. V. Appa Rao, and B. H. Krishna Moorthy Rao. 1981. Note on a new record of spider predators of Amrasca biguttula biguttula, a serious pest on mesta from Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 51: 203-204.
- ^ Miah, M. A., A. K. Hamid, M. Qudrat-E-Khuda, and M. Shahjahan. 1986. The problems of Pyrilla perpusilla and the impact of its natural enemies. Bangladesh J. Zool. 14: 9-14.
- ^ Facultative Monophagy in the Jumping Spider ..Plexippus paykulli
- ^ "Evaluation of venom peptides of two jumping spider species (Araneae: Salticidae) for use as insecticide potential". International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.
External links
[edit]
- Plexippus paykulli at Worldwide database of jumping spiders
- Plexippus paykulli at Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae)
- Plexippus paykulli at Salticidae: Diagnostic Drawings Library