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Petrona Eyle

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Petrona Eyle
Born18 January 1866
Baradero, Argentina
Died12 April 1945(1945-04-12) (aged 79)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Occupation(s)Physician, activist

Petrona Eyle (18 January 1866, Baradero, Argentina – 12 April 1945, Buenos Aires) was an Argentine physician and feminist who campaigned for Latin American women's rights. She studied medicine at the University of Zurich, where she wrote her thesis on ear deformities, and in 1893 became the second woman to practice medicine in Argentina after Cecilia Grierson.

Eyle helped found the Consejo Argentino de Mujeres (transl. 'Argentine Council of Women'), the Asociación Universitarias Argentinas (transl. 'Association of Argentine University Women'), and the Liga contra la Trata de Blancas (transl. 'League against the White Slave Trade'). She also participated in various conferences for the benefit of women and children and served as the editor of the periodical Nuestra Causa (transl. 'Our Cause'). She died in Buenos Aires on 12 April 1945.

Early life and education

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Petrona Eyle was born in Baradero, Argentina on 18 January 1866. Her father was German medical professional.[a] Her mother, María Romero, was an Argentine, and died when she was young. Several sources, including sociologist Alicia Itatí Palermo and journalist Alberto López, also mention that she was of Swiss ancestry.[2][3] She traveled to Montevideo, Uruguay after her mother's death, where she attended a Catholic elementary school.[b][1]

Eyle received her teaching degree from the Escuela Normal de Concepción del Uruguay (transl. 'Normal School of Concepción in Uruguay') in 1879, and in 1887, she traveled to Switzerland to study medicine at the University of Zurich, which was one of the first European universities to accept women starting in 1868.[5][6] She graduated in 1891.[2] Her thesis was titled Anomalías de las Orejas de los Delincuentes (transl. 'Ear Anomalies of Criminals').[3]

After revalidating her degree at the University of Buenos Aires, Eyle became the second woman to practice medicine in Argentina after Cecilia Grierson.[1][2] She worked in various public hospitals in Buenos Aires and joined the Asociación Médica Argentina (transl. 'Argentine Medical Association'), which had been founded in 1891 to promote scientific communiation and regulate medical activity in the country.[3][7][8][9]

Activism

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During the 1900s, Eyle began actively associating with various feminist organizations. In 1901, she helped to establish the Consejo Argentino de Mujeres. She also presided over the German Woman's Home from 1901 to 1903 and helped to create the Argentine Asociación Universitarias Argentinas,[c] which advocated for various reforms before the National Congress of Argentina. Reforms introduced by the Asociación addressed a variety of issues, including maternity protection, social security, and teachers' retirement.[3] In 1907, Eyle corresponsed at length with Uruguayan feminist Paulina Luisi. In addition to encouraging her to form an Uruguayan branch of the Asociación, which she did later that year, and expressing support for women's suffrage, Eyle also talked to Luisi about practicing medicine, including the economic logistics of assisted childbirth.[13][14]

The Asociación also organized the Primer Congreso Femenino Internacional (transl. 'First International Women's Conference') in Buenos Aires in 1910, on the centennial anniversary of the May Revolution, with Eyle serving as chair of the conference's organizing committee.[3][10] Luisi and Grierson both attended, alongside other notable figures such as Sara Justo, Ada María Elflein, Alicia Moreau de Justo, Fenia Chertkoff, Marie Curie, and Maria Montessori. The conference, which aimed to unite women from around the world, was attended by 185 women, with representatives from major trade associations, advocacy groups, and socialist organizations all present.[15][16]

Eyle participated in several conferences centered on children's rights and welfare during the 1910s. The first took place in Buenos Aires in 1913. Topics discussed included the role of men and women in childcare and education, legal reforms to prevent juvenile delinquency, and hygiene reforms to reduce infant mortality and address children's behavioral issues.[17] The second was the Primer Congreso Americano del Niño (transl. 'First American Congress on the Child') in Buenos Aires in 1916, where proposals for child labor regulations and menstrual leave were discussed.[18]

As of 1918, Eyle was a part of the Unión Feminista Nacional (transl. 'National Feminist Union') founded by Alicia Moreau de Justo, an organization founded to unite different segments of the Argentine feminist movement.[19] Eyle served as the first editor of the organization's periodical, Nuestra Causa, which ran from 1919-1921.[20][21] Explaining the perodical's purpose, Eyle wrote that:

The feminist movement is no longer an isolated manifestation of a few exalted, eccentric women who inspired repulsion; it is now a worldwide evolution, which nothing and no one will be able to suppress. It is necessary to study these manifestations and above all women must know what feminists intend. This is why we call on the supporters of feminism and feminists.[22]

During Eyle's tenure, the periodical published numerous articles in opposition to the "white slave trade," a term used to refer to the trafficking and sexual enslavement of white women.[23] Conversely, according to gender researcher María Soledad De León Lascano, coverage of the topic declined after Eyle left her editorial position.[21]

Eyle was also the secretary of the Comité femenino de Higiene Social (transl. 'Women's Social Hygiene Committee') as of 1920, and in 1924, she founded the Liga contra la Trata de Blancas, which worked to end the white slave trade and promote the rights of children.[3][14][21] As part of her work with the Liga, she presented a report on child sexual abuse to President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, outlining various ways in which children were mistreated as part of the trade.[24]

Death and legacy

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Eyle died in Buenos Aires on 12 April 1945.[1] A street in the Puerto Madero neighborhood of Buenos Aires is named for her, and on 18 January 2021, Google celebrated her 155th birthday with a Google Doodle.[3][5]

Notes

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  1. ^ Barrancos says that he was a pharmacist while both Palermo and López say that he was a military surgeon.[1][2][3]
  2. ^ Moretti offers a different version, claiming that Eyle studied and attended church at the Cristiana Evangélica del Río de la Plata (transl. 'Evangelical Christian Church of the Río de la Plata') alongside other Swiss immigrants in the town.[4]
  3. ^ Various dates are given for the establishment of the Asociación. Bryce lists the date as 1902.[10] Laba and Tort list the date as 1904, and Bustelo and Varela list the date as 1908.[11][12]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Barrancos, Dora (2008). "Eyle, Petrona". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.
  2. ^ a b c d Palermo, Alicia Itatí (2006). "El acceso de las mujeres a la educación universitaria" [Women's access to university education]. Revista Argentina de Sociología (in Spanish). 4 (7): 11–46. ISSN 1667-9261. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h López, Alberto (18 January 2021). "Petrona Eyle, artífice del sufragio femenino en Argentina" [Petrona Eyle, the architect of women's suffrage in Argentina]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  4. ^ Moretti, Jerónimo (1 August 2024). "Pioneros en una tierra prometida: la historia de los suizos de Baradero" [Pioneers in a promised land: the story of the Swiss of Baradero]. Argentinisches Tageblatt (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Petrona Eyle: la médica feminista argentina que luchó por los derechos de las mujeres en América Latina" [Petrona Eyle: the Argentine feminist doctor who fought for women's rights in Latin America]. La Nación (in Spanish). 18 January 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  6. ^ Clot, Lioudmila (7 May 2022). "When Swiss universities led the way in gender equity". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  7. ^ Lizabe, Gladys; Binia, Irene; Vasquez, María Gabriela (2015). Historia de la medicina a través de sus mujeres [History of medicine through its women] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken. p. 106. ISBN 978-987-02-7831-3.
  8. ^ "Historia de la Asociación Médica Argentina" [History of the Argentine Medical Association]. AMA (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  9. ^ Bores, Amalia M.; Bores, Inés A. (2017). "Acerca de la Fundación de la Sociedad Argentina de Historia de la Medicina de la Asociación Médica Argentina" [About the Foundation of the Argentine Society of History of Medicine of the Argentine Medical Association]. Revista de la Asociación Médica Argentina (in Spanish). 130 (2): 23–26. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  10. ^ a b Bryce, Benjamin (2015). "Paternal Communities: Social Welfare and Immigration in Argentina, 1880-1930". Journal of Social History. 49 (1): 213–236. JSTOR 43919852. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  11. ^ Laba, Vanesa Vazquez; Tort, Mailén Pérez (2021). "La segunda gran reforma universitaria: género y feminismo para la creación de políticas de igualdad" [The second major university reform: gender and feminism for the creation of equality policies]. In Martin, Ana Laura; Rovetto, Florencia Laura (eds.). RUGE, el género en las universidades [RUGE, gender in universities] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: CIN RUGE. p. 30. ISBN 978-987-47765-2-5.
  12. ^ Bustelo, Natlia; Varela, Pilar Parot (2020). "Los primeros feminismos universitarios de Argentina. Entre la cultura científica y la aceleración de los tiempos emancipatorios" [The first university feminisms in Argentina. Between scientific culture and the acceleration of emancipatory times.]. Contemporánea (in Spanish). 13 (2): 13–30. ISSN 1688-9746. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  13. ^ Ehrick, Christine (2005). The Shield of the Weak: Feminism and the State in Uruguay, 1903-1933. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8263-3470-1.
  14. ^ a b Cuadro, Inés (2021). "Las redes intelectuales rioplatenses de la médica uruguaya Paulina Luisi: otra cara del internacionalismo feminista del Novecientos" [The intellectual networks of Uruguayan doctor Paulina Luisi in the Río de la Plata: another face of feminist internationalism in the 1900s]. Meridional Revista Chilena de Estudios Latinoamericanos (in Spanish). 17: 47–69.
  15. ^ "Primer Congreso Femenino Internacional" [First International Women's Congress]. Museo de la Mujer (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  16. ^ Coni, Graciela Tejero (2011). "Centenario Primer Congreso Femenino Internacional de la República Argentina" [Centennial First Women's Congress International of the Argentine Republic] (PDF). Revista Historia de las Mujeres (in Spanish). 132. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  17. ^ Guy, Donna J. (1998). "The Pan American Child Congresses, 1916 to 1942: Pan Americanism, Child Reform, and the Welfare State in Latin America". Journal of Family History. 23 (3). SAGE Publications: 272–291. doi:10.1177/036319909802300304. ISSN 0363-1990.
  18. ^ Lavrin, Asunción (1995). Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 106–110. ISBN 0-8032-2897-X.
  19. ^ Mafud, Lucio (2023). "El cine de la Unión Feminista Nacional (1919-1920)" [The cinema of the National Feminist Union (1919-1920)]. Imagofagia (in Spanish). 28: 55–82. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
  20. ^ Jesús, Lorena (2011). Política y sociedad en el feminismo argentino. Nuestra Causa, Buenos Aires, 1919-1921 [Politics and society in Argentine feminism. Our Cause, Buenos Aires, 1919-1921]. XIII Interschool Conferences (in Spanish). Catamarca: Acta Académica.
  21. ^ a b c De León Lascano, María Soledad (28 June 2023). "Una genealogía posible: feminismo letrado, trata y prostitución a comienzos del siglo XX en Argentina" [A possibly genealogy: feminism, trafficking and prostitution at the beginning of the 20th century in Argentina]. Cátedra Paralela (in Spanish). 22. Universidad Nacional de Rosario: 83–110. doi:10.35305/cp.vi22.375. ISSN 2683-9393.
  22. ^ Rey, Ana Lía (2011). "Palabras y proyectos de mujeres socialistas a través de sus revistas (1900-1956)" [Words and projects of socialist women through their magazines (1900-1956)]. Mora (in Spanish). 17 (1). Universidad de Buenos Aires. ISSN 1853-001X.
  23. ^ Guy, Donna J. (2000). White Slavery and Mothers Alive and Dead: The Troubled Meeting of Sex, Gender, Public Health, and Progress in Latin America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8032-7095-4.
  24. ^ "Petrona Eyle, la mujer que hoy Google recuerda con un Doodle" [Petrona Eyle, the woman Google remembers today with a Doodle]. Clarín (in Spanish). 18 January 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
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