Forrest's pika
| Forrest's pika | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Lagomorpha |
| Family: | Ochotonidae |
| Genus: | Ochotona |
| Species: | O. forresti
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| Binomial name | |
| Ochotona forresti Thomas, 1923
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| Forrest's pika range | |
Forrest's pika (Ochotona forresti) is a species of mammal in the pika family, Ochotonidae. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar. The summer dorsal pelage and ventral pelage are dark rufous or blackish brown, and the winter dorsal pelage is a grayish brown, slightly lighter in tone than the ventral pelage. It is a generalist herbivore. It was assessed by the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species as insufficiently known in 1994, as near threatened in 1996, and re-assessed in 2008 as a species of least concern.
Taxonomy
[edit]Forrest's pika belongs to the pika family, Ochotonidae,[2] which consists of small mammals that have short ears, forelimbs very slightly longer than hindlimbs, and no external tail.[3] It was first described by the British zoologist Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas in 1923, who gave it the scientific name Ochotona forresti.[2] The taxonomy of the species is unclear.[4] It was earlier assigned as a subspecies of the Moupin pika (Ochotona thibetana) by Feag and Kao in 1974, Weston in 1982, and Honacki, Kinman, and Koeppl in 1982. It was also assigned to the Royle's pika (Ochotona roylei) by Corbet in 1978,[4] and the steppe pika (Ochotona pusilla) by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott in 1951.[5] It is sympatric with the Gaoligong pika (Ochotona gaoligongensis), Ochotona macrotis chinensis, Ochotona gloveri calloceps, Royle's pika and possibly with the Moupin pika, and allopatric with the Royle's pika.[4][5] However, according to morphometric and genetic studies, Forrest's pika is a separate species that is confined to the Gaoligong Mountains.[1]
The Gaoligong pika and the black pika (Ochotona nigritia) have been treated as separate species, but are now considered to be conspecific, representing a melanistic (dark) colour phase of Forrest's pika.[6][7]
O. f. duoxianglaensis is evidently synonymous with the Moupin pika.[1] It may also be closely related to the Chinese red pika (Ochotona erythrotis).[8]
Description
[edit]Forrest's pika is similar to a small hare,[9] measuring 15.5 to 18.5 cm (6.1 to 7.3 in) in length, and weighing 110 to 148 g (3.9 to 5.2 oz). The greatest length of the skull is 3.7 to 4.1 cm (1.5 to 1.6 in),[10] and the skull is more curved than the Moupin pika. It also has a broad interorbital region (the region of the skull located between the eyes, anterior to the braincase), and rectangular, broad nasals.[8] It does not have a tail.[9] The summer dorsal pelage and ventral pelage are dark rufous or blackish brown.[10] The ears are rounded, measure 1.8 to 2.3 cm (0.71 to 0.91 in) in length,[9] and feature dark gray spots in the back. In a few individuals, the spots form a dorsal collar on the nape and extend onto the face, but the forehead remains brown. The dorsal side of the ears are light chestnut in color, and have a white rim. The winter dorsal pelage is grayish brown which is slightly lighter in tone than the ventral pelage. The feet are dull white in color, the foreclaws are long, and the hindfeet are 2.7 to 3 cm (1.1 to 1.2 in) long.[10] The incisive foramen (funnel-shaped opening in the bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth, immediately behind the incisor teeth where blood vessels and nerves pass) is combined with the palatal foramina, and has a wavy edge.[8]
Moupin's pika is similar to Forrest's pika, but it has paler ventral pelage, shorter foreclaws, a narrower skull especially across the cheek bone, and buffy patches behind the ears, which do not meet around the back of the neck.[9]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Forrest's pika occurs in the eastern Himalayas and Kangri Garpo mountains in southwestern China (northwestern Yunnan and southeastern Tibet), Bhutan, northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim), and northwestern Myanmar.[4][10] It is observed in the high elevation regions of northern Arunachal Pradesh, above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) from sea level in the Tawang district, and also in high elevation regions of the West Kameng and East Kameng districts. In 1997, it occurrence was reported just north of the Upper Dibang Valley district, in Medog County, Tibet. It does not occur in present-day Assam, which belonged to the former Undivided Assam before 1972.[5]
Forrest's pika inhabits high altitude mixed coniferous and broadleaf forests, and shrubland thickets. It is also thought to occur around rock piles.[9] It usually occurs on south-facing mountain slopes at elevations of 2,600 to 4,400 m (8,500 to 14,400 ft) above sea level.[1][9]
It is rarely found, and is one of the pika species endemic to central China, with no true population studies.[11][a] The black pika was thought to be common to the Yunnan Province of China[12] where it was first described in 2000. Subsequently, in 2011, a WWF-India team on an expedition to West Kameng, India reported sighting two black pikas at an altitude of 13,000 ft in the Thembang Bapu community-conserved forest area.[13]
Behavior and ecology
[edit]Forrest's pika is a generalist herbivore. Although very little is known about its behavior and ecology, Forrest's pika is speculated to dig burrows.[10] Very little or nothing is known about its reproduction.[1]
Status and conservation
[edit]In 1994, Forrest's pika was assessed as insufficiently known on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, and in 1996 its status was changed to near threatened. It was re-assessed in 2008 and 2016, and rated as a species of least concern because although the current state of its population trend is unclear, its population is not considered to be declining near the rate required to warrant the species a threatened status. Although no natural historic or ecological investigations have been done on Forrest's pika, there are no known threats to its population.[1] It is, however, possibly threatened by the loss of montane woodlands.[9] The Chinese regional Red List has described the species as near threatened.[1]
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ The other five species are the Thomas's pika (Ochotona thomasi), the Gaoligong pika, the Tsing-ling pika (Ochotona huangensis) and the Muli pika (Ochotona muliensis).[11]
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Smith, A.T.; Liu, S. (2016). "Ochotona forresti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15048A45178927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15048A45178927.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ a b Wrobel 2007, p. 353.
- ^ Armstrong, Fitzgerald & Meaney 2010, p. 260.
- ^ a b c d Chapman & Flux 1990, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Choudhury 2003, p. 99.
- ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Ge, D.; et al. (2012). "Reevaluation of several taxa of Chinese lagomorphs (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) described on the basis of pelage phenotype variation". Mammalian Biology. 77 (2): 113–123. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2011.09.009.
- ^ a b c Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan; Hoffmann, Robert S.; Lunde, Darrin; MacKinnon, John; Wilson, Don E.; Wozencraft, W. Chris (2010). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-1400834112.
- ^ a b c d e f g Francis & Barrett 2008, p. 380.
- ^ a b c d e Smith & Xie 2013, p. 170.
- ^ a b Alves, Ferrand & Hacklände 2008, p. 308.
- ^ "Ochotona nigritia - Black pika (Species)". Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ^ Goswami, Roopak (July 15, 2011). "Black pika sighted in Arunachal - WWF-India research team stumbles upon rare mammal at 13000ft". The Telegraph. Calcutta: Ananda Bazaar Patrika. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
The WWF members sighted two black pikas in Pangila and Potok areas at an altitude of 13,000 feet on June 22 and 23 while they, along with villagers of Thembang, were conducting surveys in the Thembang Bapu community-conserved forest area in West Kameng district. The survey was part of a project for development of a management plan of the area.
Bibliography
[edit]- Alves, Paulo C.; Ferrand, Nuno; Hacklände, Klaus, eds. (2008). Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Berlin New York: Springer. p. 308. ISBN 978-3-540-72446-9.
- Armstrong, David M.; Fitzgerald, James P.; Meaney, Carron A. (2010). Mammals of Colorado (Second ed.). Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. p. 260. ISBN 9781607320487.
- Chapman, Joseph A.; Flux, John E.C., eds. (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: World Conservation Union IUCN. pp. 31. ISBN 9782831700199. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2003). The Mammals of Arunachal Pradesh. New Delhi: Regency Publications. p. 99. ISBN 9788187498803.
- Francis, Charles M.; Barrett, Priscilla (2008). A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia. London: New Holland Publishers. p. 380. ISBN 9781845377359.
- Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan (2013). Mammals of China. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1400846887.
- Wrobel, Murray, ed. (2007). Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Amsterdam Boston, MA: Elsevier. p. 353. ISBN 9780080488820.
Further reading
[edit]- Orr, Robert Thomas (1977). The Little-known Pika (illustrated ed.). New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0025939602.
- 黄文几，陈延熹，温业新, 中国啮齿类, 上海:Fudan University Press, 1995 (in Chinese).
External links
[edit]- "Forrest's pika — Ochotona forresti". Encyclopedia of Life.
- "Forrest's pika — Ochotona forresti". Wild Pro. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2017-10-12.