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Manana Dynasty

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The Manana Dynasty (also Mananā Dynasty and Mananâ Dynasty) ruled over an ancient Near East state in Mesopotamia during Isin-Larsa period in the chaotic time after the fall of the Ur III Empire. In the power vacumn, Mesopotamia became a struggle for power between city-states, some like Isin, Larsa, and later Babylon would rise while others, like the state ruled by the Manana Dynasty, faded from history.

A number of rulers of the dynasty are known and some of their year names but their order and regnal lengths are unknown as the Manana Dynasty is not featured in any of the King Lists such as the Sumerian King List. Manana is known, for a time, to have controlled the ancient city of Kish under several rulers. It is not certain how long the dynasty lasted though forty two regnal year names (in Sumerian) are known which sets a lower bound.

The rise of Larsa under ruler Sumuel (c. 1895-1866 BC) put an end to the power of the Manana Dynasty though it appears that the dynasty maintained local rulership for a time after that. Later the area came under the control of Babylon with a Apil-Sin (c. 1830-1813 BC) year name reading "Year the temple of Inanna in Elip was built" and Hammurabi (c. 1792-1750 BC) year name reading "Year in which Hammu-rabi the king elevated a statue for Inanna of Elip". The location of this state is unknown but lay near the city of unlocated city of Kazallu, Kish, and Babylon. The Abgal canal (known as far back as the Akkadian Empire and flowing past Kish) and Me-enlila canal (known as far back as the Ur III period) were in the area of control, based on year names.[1] The Me-enlila was a branch off the Abgal and flowed to the city of Marad.[2]

Cities

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Cities of Sumer

The states principle cities were Akusum, Sagdainpad, and Ilip/Elip (KI.BAL.MAS.DA) of which the latter is generally thought to be the capital though Damrum (HI.GARki) near Kish has also been suggested.[3] It is known that the city god of Damrum was Nanna (Sin), also the tutelary god of the dynasty, and that there were Nadītu of that god there.[4][5] The cities of Ilip and Sagdainpad are mentioned in texts of the earlier Early Dynastic II period.[6] The city of Sagdainpad is known to have had a city wall. The third year name of the initial ruler of the First Dynasty of Babylon Sumu-abum (c. 1895 BC) states "Year the city wall of Ilip was seized".[7] The Babylon ruler Apil-Sin built a temple to Inanna at Ilip in his 9th regnal year (c. 1822) and Hammurabi in his 17th year (c. 1776 BC) "elevated a statue for Inanna of Ilip". A proposal is that Ilip was the Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian period name for the much older city of Urum.[8][9] The city of Akusum is known to have had a city wall and a temple of Inanna with a gate and a silver offering table. The 4th year name of Sumuel (c. 1892 BC), ruler of Larsa, was "Year Akusum was destroyed and the army of Kazallu was smitten by weapons".[10]

Sources

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List of personal names in Sumerian, Larsa.

While no texts from the Manana dynasty have been excavated several hundred have appeared on the antiquities market, beginning in 1910. Most of the texts are held in the Louvre museum, the Yale Babylonian Collection and the Oriental Institute.[11][12] Aside from a few object inscriptions the main textual source for the dynasty is several archives that became available, primarily on economic and legal matters. They are of unknown provenance but are thought to have largely come from the town of Damrum near Kish. These archives include those of Šumšunu-watar (34 texts), Ṣīssu-nawrat son of Bēlum (19 texts), and Sîn-iddinam, son of Sanīya and his brothers (27 texts). The archives of Ea-dāpin (10 texts) and Ibbi-Ilabrat (15 texts) can be dated to the later part of the reign of Sumu-la-El of Babylon. Many of the personal names are Akkadian or Sumerian but a number of Amorite names are also present in the texts.[13][14]

Rulers

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Lacking king lists, the ruler order is generally assumed, while not certain, to be:

  • Halium (Haliyum) - Of his eleven known year names one was "Year Ur-Ninurta was defeated / killed". This make him a contemporary of Ur-Ninurta (c. 1923–1896 BC) the 6th king of the First Dynasty of Isin, a usurper who had seized the throne. The rest of his year names deal with peaceful activities like canal building and cultic actions for the gods Nanna (Sin) and Inanna.[15]
  • Abdi-Erah - Only his accession year name is known. A partial and damaged clay cone reads "Abdi-[Erah], son of Huzu[...], king of K[is], ..., b[uilt] the wa[ll ...]" where king of kish is used in an absolute sense of ruling Kish and not as an indication of overall control of Mesopotamia.[16]
  • Manana - Fourteen year names of Manana are known. They are all on peacetime and cultic activities including building a temple of Amurrum and building the city wall of Akusum.[17]
  • Nâqimum - Six year names are known. Notable ones were "Year the Edublamah was built" (this is the name of a temple of the god Sin in Ur) and "Year Naqimum built the gate (of the temple) of Inanna in Akusum", showing there was a cult center for Inanna in that city.[18]
  • Ahi-maras - Only his accession year name is known. He is also mentioned in a tablet found at Me-Turan.[19]
  • Sumu-iamutbala (Sûmû-Yamutbal) - Nine year names are known. Aside from building the city wall of Sagdainpad all are for cultic matters including those for the god Ningal and Nanna (Sin).[20] A single cylinder seal mentions this ruler "Sin-isme'anni, son of Sin-iddinam, servant of Sumu-iamutbala".[16][21] Two texts dated to the reign of Sin-Iddinam (c. 1849-1843 BC) ruler of Larsa mention Sûmû-Yamutbal.[22][23]
  • Manium - A hematite seal reads "Sin-eriba[m], son of Sin-ennam, servant of Manium".[16] Manium is found on a tablet bearing a year name "Year when (he dug) the canal opposite the plateau and the Sumu-la-el-hegal Canal" and containing an "Oath by Marduk and Sumu-la-el, Nanna and Manium" which is taken to indicate Manium ruled under Babylon.[24]

The rulers Manna-balti-El and Ashduni-yarim (known to have ruled Kish) have also been proposed.[25]

Another ruler, Iawium, governed the city of Kish under Halium and Manana. Ten year names of Iawium are known, the first being "Year when Sumu-ditan died" referring to the ruler of the city of Marad who was contemporary with Sumu-abum of Babylon.[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Spada, Gabriella, "Old Babylonian Model Contracts and Related Texts", Old Babylonian Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Part Two: School Letters, Model Contracts, and Related Texts, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 73-146, 2019
  2. ^ Boer, Rients de, "Marad in the Early Old Babylonian Period: Its Kings, Chronology, and Isin's Influence", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 65.1, pp. 73-90, 2013
  3. ^ Boer, Rients de., "Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-abum and Sumu-la-El", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 70.1, pp. 53-86, 2018
  4. ^ Yuhong, Wu, and Stephanie Dalley, "The Origins of the Manana Dynasty at Kish, and the Assyrian King List", Iraq 52, pp. 159-165, 1990
  5. ^ Barberon, L., "Les religieuses et le culte de Marduk dans le royaume de Babylone", Archobab 1. Paris: Sepoa, 2012
  6. ^ Frayne, D. R., "The Struggle for Hegemony in ‘Early Dynastic II’Sumer", The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Journal 4, pp. 37-75, 2009
  7. ^ [1]Fitzgerald, Madeleine André, "The rulers of Larsa", Yale University, 2002
  8. ^ Kraus, F. R., "Kazallu und andere nordbabylonische Kleinstaaten vor der Zeit des Ḫammurabi", Archiv für Orientforschung 16, pp. 319-323, 1952
  9. ^ D. Charpin, "Charpin, Dominique. "Recherches sur la «Dynastie de Mananâ»(I): Essai de localisation et de chronologie", RA 72, pp. 13–40, 1978
  10. ^ Year Names mentioning Akusum - CDLI
  11. ^ C. H. W. Johns, "The Mananâ–Iapium Dynasty at Kish", PSBA 33, pp. 98–103, 1911
  12. ^ C. H. W. Johns, "Further Notes on the Mananâ-Iapium Dynasty at Kish", PSBA 33, pp. 128–129, 1911
  13. ^ [2]de Boer, Rients, "Two early Old Babylonian “Mananâ” archives dated to the last years of Sumu-la-El", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 111, pp. 25–64, 2017
  14. ^ [3]Boer, R. de., "Amorites in the early Old Babylonian Period", Thesis, Leiden University Institute for Area Studies, May 28 2014,
  15. ^ Year names of Halium - CDLI
  16. ^ a b c Frayne, Douglas ,"Mananā", Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 660-667, 1990
  17. ^ Year names of Manana - CDLI
  18. ^ Year names of Naqimum - CDLI
  19. ^ Gentili, Paolo, "I Nomi di Yelkhi", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, pp. 95-127, 2011
  20. ^ Reiner, Erica, "The Year Dates of Sumu-Jamūtbāl", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 15.4, pp. 121-124, 1961
  21. ^ Di Paolo, Silvana, et al., "Changing space, time, and meaning: the seal of Yaqaru from Ugarit–a reconversion?", Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona, 26–30 July 2010, pp. 79-90, 2013
  22. ^ Veldhuis, Niek, "Old Babylonian Documents in the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 102.1, pp. 49-70, 2008
  23. ^ Goetze, A., "Sumu-yamutbãl, a Local Ruler of the Old-Babylonian Period", JCS 4, pp. 65-72, 1950
  24. ^ a b Simmons, Stephen D., "Early Old Babylonian Tablets from Harmal and Elsewhere (Continued)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies 14.3, pp. 75-87, 1960
  25. ^ Yoffee, Norman, "Towards a Biography of Kish: Notes on Urbanism and Comparison", Literature as Politics, Politics as Literature: Essays on the Ancient Near East in Honor of Peter Machinist, edited by David S. Vanderhooft and Abraham Winitzer, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 527-544, 2013

Further reading

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  • Charpin, D., "Ibni-sˇadûm, roi de Kisurra, fils de Manna-balti-El et gendre deSumu-El de Larsa", NABU 2002/39, 2002
  • Charpin, Dominique, "Nouveaux textes de la «dynastie de Mananâ»(I)", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 72.2, pp. 139-150, 1978
  • Charpin, Dominique, "Nouveaux textes de la «dynastie de Mananâ»(II)", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 73.2, pp. 121-133, 1979
  • Charpin, Dominique, "Nouveaux textes de la «dynastie de Mananâ»(III)", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 74.2, pp. 111-128, 1980
  • Charpin, D., "Recherches sur la « dynastie de Mananâ » (suite) : le dublamâhum du roi Nâqimum", NABU 1999/59, 1999
  • Frayne, Douglas, "Comparative Chart of the Major Dynasties", Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.): Early Periods, Volume 4, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. xxx-xxxii, 1990
  • Goddeeris, A., "Economy and Society in Northern Babylonia in the Early Old Babylonian Period ca. (2000-1800 BC)", OLA 109, Louvain, 2002
  • Pomponio, F., "La 'dinastia' di Mananâ", Oriens Antiquus 15, pp. 277-294, 1976
  • Rutten, Marguerite, "Un lot de tablettes de Mananâ (suite)", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 53.2, pp. 77-96, 1959
  • Rutten, Marguerite, "Un lot de tablettes de Mananâ (suite)", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 54.1, pp. 19-40, 1960
  • Rutten, Marguerite, "Un lot de tablettes de Mananâ (Suite et fin)", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 54.3, pp. 147-152, 1960
  • Rutten, M., "Un lot de tablettes de Mananâ", RA 52, pp. 208–25, 1958
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