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Machairoceratops

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Not to be confused with Machairasaurus.

Machairoceratops
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 80.7–79.3 Ma
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Reconstructed skull
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Neornithischia
Clade: †Ceratopsia
Family: †Ceratopsidae
Subfamily: †Centrosaurinae
Genus: †Machairoceratops
Lund et al., 2016
Type species
†Machairoceratops cronusi
Lund et al., 2016

Machairoceratops (meaning "bent sword horned face"), previously known as the "Wahweap centrosaurine B", is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Wahweap Formation (late Campanian stage) of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah, United States.[1]

Discovery

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Map showing where the holotype was found

It contains a single species, M. cronusi, first described and named in 2016 by Eric K. Lund, Patrick M. O’Connor, Mark A. Loewen, and Zubair A. Jinnah. The generic name is derived from Greek machairis, meaning "bent sword", in reference to its unique frill ornamentation showing two forward curving horns on the frill's uppermost part, and Latinized Greek ceratops, meaning "horned-face", which is a common suffix for ceratopsian genera names. The specific name cronusi refers to Cronus, a Greek god who deposed his father Uranus by castrating him with a sickle or scythe based on the mythology, and as such is shown carrying a curved bladed weapon. Machairoceratops is known solely from the holotype UMNH VP 20550, found in 2006, which is housed at the Natural History Museum of Utah. It is represented by a partial skull including two curved and elongate eyesocket horncores, the left jugal bone, a nearly complete but slightly deformed braincase, the left squamosal bone, and a parietal bone complex and its unique horn ornamentation, all collected in association.[1]

Description

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Hypothetical reconstruction of Machairoceratops with epiossifications on the frill

Machairoceratops was a quadrupedal herbivore with a frill protecting its neck. The top of the parietal bone features only one pair of long, curved, anteroposteriorly oriented spikes measuring 44 cm in length. The sides of the frill lack the smaller epiparietales that are present in other centrosaurines. This feature might be due to taphonomy, ontogeny or is unique to Machairoceratops. The squamosal has a fan-shaped form, characteristic of centrosaurines, but it also lacks any epiossifications. The postorbital horns, measuring 27 cm in length, are detached from the skull, and their exact orientation is unknown. The holotype of Machairoceratops is very close in size or the same size as Diabloceratops. [1]

Phylogeny

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Left squamosal bone

Lund et al. (2016) tested the position of Machairoceratops within Centrosaurinae by performing maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic species level analyses. The maximum parsimony analysis yielded a large polytomy at the base of Centrosaurinae, with only Centrosaurini, most of Pachyrhinosaurini (Einiosaurus, Wendiceratops and Pachyrostra), and a clade formed by Avaceratops and Nasutoceratops being resolved. The Bayesian analysis yielded a fully resolved topology which is shown below.[1]

Ceratopsidae 

The cladogram with comparative illustrations of the reconstructed frills of well-known genera below follows the 2024 phylogenetic analysis by Loewen and colleagues, and shows the position of Machairoceratops within Ceratopsidae:[2]

Centrosaurinae

Paleoecology

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Habitat

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The Wahweap Formation has been radiometrically dated as being between 82.2 and 77.3 million years old. The precise age of Machairoceratops has been estimated to be 80.06 Ma, with a range of uncertainty between 80.68-79.26 Ma.[3] During the time that Machairoceratops lived, the Western Interior Seaway was at its widest extent, almost completely isolating southern Laramidia from the rest of North America. The area where dinosaurs lived included lakes, floodplains, and east-flowing rivers. The Wahweap Formation is part of the Grand Staircase region, an immense sequence of sedimentary rock layers that stretch south from Bryce Canyon National Park through Zion National Park and into the Grand Canyon. The presence of rapid sedimentation and other evidence suggests a wet, seasonal climate.[4]

Paleofauna

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Machairoceratops shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as the hadrosaur Acristavus gagslarsoni,[5][6] centrosaur Diabloceratops eatoni [7] and the lambeosaur Adelolophus hutchisoni,[8] unnamed ankylosaurs and pachycephalosaurs, and the theropod Lythronax argestes, which was likely the apex predator in its ecosystem.[9][10][6] Vertebrates present in the Wahweap Formation at the time of Machairoceratops included freshwater fish, bowfins, abundant rays and sharks, turtles like Compsemys, crocodilians,[11] and lungfish.[12] A fair number of mammals lived in this region, which included several genera of multituberculates, cladotherians, marsupials, and placental insectivores.[13] The mammals are more primitive than those that lived in the area that is now the Kaiparowits Formation. Trace fossils are relatively abundant in the Wahweap Formation, and suggest the presence of crocodylomorphs, as well as ornithischian and theropod dinosaurs.[14] In 2010 a unique trace fossil was discovered that suggests a predator-prey relationship between dinosaurs and primitive mammals. The trace fossil includes at least two fossilized mammalian den complexes as well as associated digging grooves presumably caused by a maniraptoran dinosaur. The proximity indicates a case of probable active predation of the burrow inhabitants by the animals that made the claw marks.[15] Invertebrate activity in this formation ranged from fossilized insect burrows in petrified logs[16] to various mollusks, large crabs,[17] and a wide diversity of gastropods and ostracods.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Eric K. Lund; Patrick M. O’Connor; Mark A. Loewen; Zubair A. Jinnah (2016). "A New Centrosaurine Ceratopsid, Machairoceratops cronusi gen et sp. nov., from the Upper Sand Member of the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Southern Utah". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0154403. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1154403L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154403. PMC 4871575. PMID 27192148.
  2. ^ Loewen, Mark A.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Sampson, Scott; O’Connor, Jingmai K.; Carpenter, Savhannah; Sisson, Brock; Øhlenschlæger, Anna; Farke, Andrew A.; Makovicky, Peter J.; Longrich, Nick; Evans, David C. (20 June 2024). "Lokiceratops rangiformis gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopsidae: Centrosaurinae) from the Campanian Judith River Formation of Montana reveals rapid regional radiations and extreme endemism within centrosaurine dinosaurs". PeerJ. 12: e17224. doi:10.7717/peerj.17224. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 11193970. PMID 38912046.
  3. ^ Beveridge, Tegan L.; Roberts, Eric M.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Titus, Alan L.; Eaton, Jeffrey G.; Irmis, Randall B.; Sertich, Joseph J.W. (April 2022). "Refined geochronology and revised stratigraphic nomenclature of the Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation, Utah, U.S.A. and the age of early Campanian vertebrates from southern Laramidia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 591: 110876. Bibcode:2022PPP...59110876B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110876. ISSN 0031-0182. S2CID 246766015.
  4. ^ Zubair A. Jinnah, #30088 (2009)Sequence Stratigraphic Control from Alluvial Architecture of Upper Cretaceous Fluvial System - Wahweap Formation, Southern Utah, U.S.A. Search and Discovery Article #30088. Posted June 16, 2009.
  5. ^ Gates, T. A.; Horner, J. R.; Hanna, R. R.; Nelson, C. R. (2011). "New unadorned hadrosaurine hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) from the Campanian of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (4): 798. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..798G. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.577854. S2CID 8878474.
  6. ^ a b Kirkland, James I.; DeBlieux, Donald D. (September 2007). "New Horned Dinosaurs from the Wahweap Formation" (PDF). Utah Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-27.
  7. ^ Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D. (2010). "New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah". In Ryan, M.J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B.J.; Eberth, D.A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 117–140. ISBN 978-0253353580.
  8. ^ Terry A. Gates; Zubair Jinnah; Carolyn Levitt; Michael A. Getty (2014). "New hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) specimens from the lower-middle Campanian Wahweap Formation of southern Utah". In David A. Eberth; David C. Evans (eds.). Hadrosaurs: Proceedings of the International Hadrosaur Symposium. Indiana University Press. pp. 156–173. ISBN 978-0-253-01385-9.
  9. ^ John Wesley Powell Memorial Museum display, visited April 30th, 2009
  10. ^ "Diabloceratops eatoni". Natural History Museum of Utah. May 14, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  11. ^ Thompson, Cameron R. "A preliminary report on biostratigraphy of Cretaceous freshwater rays, Wahweap Formation and John Henry Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation, southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol.36, no.4, pp.91, Apr 2004
  12. ^ Orsulak, Megan et al. "A lungfish burrow in late Cretaceous upper capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation Cockscomb area, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007
  13. ^ Eaton, Jeffrey G; Cifelli, Richard L. "Review of Cretaceous mammalian paleontology; Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.115, Oct 2005
  14. ^ Tester, Edward et al. Isolated vertebrate tracks from the Upper Cretaceous capping sandstone member of the Wahweap Formation; Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, UtahAbstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.42, May 2007
  15. ^ Simpson, Edward L.; Hilbert-Wolf, Hannah L.; Wizevich, Michael C.; Tindall, Sarah E.; Fasinski, Ben R.; Storm, Lauren P.; Needle, Mattathias D. (2010). "Predatory digging behavior by dinosaurs". Geology. 38 (8): 699–702. Bibcode:2010Geo....38..699S. doi:10.1130/G31019.1.
  16. ^ De Blieux, Donald D. "Analysis of Jim's hadrosaur site; a dinosaur site in the middle Campanian (Cretaceous) Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument (GSENM), southern Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.6, May 2007
  17. ^ Kirkland, James Ian. "An inventory of paleontological resources in the lower Wahweap Formation (lower Campanian), southern Kaiparowits Plateau, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah." Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol.37, no.7, pp.114, Oct 2005.
  18. ^ Williams, Jessica A J; Lohrengel, C Frederick. Preliminary study of freshwater gastropods in the Wahweap Formation, Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, vol. 39, no. 5, pp.43, May 2007
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