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List of Indonesian floral emblems

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Jasminum sambac, the national flower of Indonesia

Indonesian floral emblems are Indonesian endemic flora that gain the status as national animal symbol that represent Indonesia and describe Indonesian biodiversity. Next to national floral symbols, there are also more specific provincial floral emblems that represent each respective provinces of Indonesia.

In addition, Indonesia also recognised Teak as the national tree.

Indonesian national floral emblems

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Rafflesia arnoldii in Sumatra

There are three categories of floral emblem that symbolise Indonesia:

  1. National flower (Indonesian: Puspa bangsa) of Indonesia is Melati putih (Jasminum sambac)[1]
  2. Flower of charm (Indonesian: Puspa pesona) is Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid) (Phalaenopsis amabilis))[2]
  3. Rare flower (Indonesian: Puspa langka) is Padma Raksasa Rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii). All three were chosen on World Environment Day in 1990.[3] On the other occasion Bunga Bangkai (Titan arum) was also added as puspa langka together with Rafflesia.

Melati putih (jasminum sambac), a small white flower with sweet fragrance, has long been considered as a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolises purity, sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. Although the official adoption were announced only as early as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential Decree (Keputusan Presiden) No. 4 1993,[4] the importance of Jasminum sambac in Indonesian culture predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of Sukarno, melati putih is always unofficially recognised as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverence and the elevated status of this flower mostly due to the importance of jasminum sambac in Indonesian tradition since ancient times.

Melati putih is also the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially in the island of Java.[5] Jasmine flower buds that haven't fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine garlands called roncen melati. On wedding days, a traditional Javanese or Sundanese bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the konde (hair bun). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's kris is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called roncen usus-usus (intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of Arya Penangsang. In Makassar and Bugis brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for spirits and deities especially among Balinese Hindu, and also often present during funerals.

The jasmine has wide spectrums in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirit and death. In Indonesian patriotic songs and poems, the fallen melati often hailed as the representation of fallen heroes that sacrificed their life for the country. The Ismail Marzuki's patriotic song "Melati di Tapal Batas" (jasmine on the border) (1947) and Guruh Sukarnoputra's "Melati Suci" (sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrance flower that adorned Ibu Pertiwi (Indonesian national personification).

The other two national flowers were chosen for different reasons. Moon Orchid was chosen for its beauty, while the other two rare flowers, Rafflesia arnoldii and Titan arum were chosen to demonstrate uniqueness and Indonesian floral biodiversity.

Indonesian provinces floral emblems

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Each of 34 Provinces of Indonesia also have native plants used as floral emblems. This is a list of Indonesian floral emblems, which represent the provinces of Indonesia.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "KEPPRES No. 4 Tahun 1993 tentang Satwa dan Bunga Nasional [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  2. ^ "ASEAN National Flowers". ASEAN. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  3. ^ "ASEANWEB - ASEAN National Flowers". Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  4. ^ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993 Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Toto Sutater & Kusumah Effendie. "Cut Flower Production in Indonesia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  6. ^ "Michelia champaca". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. ^ "Cananga odorata". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ^ "Morus macroura". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  9. ^ "Oncosperma tigillarium". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. ^ "Piper betle". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ "Cyrtostachys renda". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  12. ^ "Lansium domesticum". Prosea. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ "Amorphophallus titanum". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. ^ "Palaquium rostratum". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ^ "Mirabilis jalapa". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  16. ^ "Vatica bantamensis". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. ^ "Salacca edulis". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ^ "Bouea macrophylla". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ "Michelia alba". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  20. ^ "Stelechocarpus burahol". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ^ "Polyanthes tuberosa". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ^ "Shorea stenoptera". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. ^ "Mangifera casturi". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ^ "Nephelium lappaceum". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  25. ^ a b "Coelogyne pandurata". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  26. ^ "Ficus minahasae". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. ^ "Vitex cofassus". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  28. ^ "Diospyros celebica". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ^ "Dendrobium utile". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ^ "Elmerrillia ovalis". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ^ "Borassus flabellifer". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  32. ^ "Dysoxylum densiflorum". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  33. ^ "Diospyros macrophylla". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ^ "Santalum album". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ "Dendrobium phalaenopsis". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. ^ "Syzygium aromaticum". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  37. ^ "Pometia pinnata". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  38. ^ "Pandanus conoideus". Prosea. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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