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List of Egyptian mummies (royalty)

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For a list of Egyptian mummies that are not royalty, see List of Egyptian mummies (officials, nobles, and commoners).

The following is a list of mummies that include Egyptian pharaohs and their named mummified family members.[a] Some of these mummies have been found to be remarkably intact, while others have been damaged from tomb robbers and environmental conditions (with some only having small fragments representing the mummy as a result). It was not until Pharaoh Den of the first dynasty that things such as a staircase and architectural elements were added which provided better protection from the elements.[1]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Identified

[edit]
Image Name Alias Year of death Dynasty Gender Year discovered Description
Ahhotep II — Un­known 17th Female 1858 1858 The mummy of Ahhotep II was destroyed in 1859.[2]
Ahmose (princess) — Un­known 17th Female 1903 1903-1905 Princess Ahmose was buried in tomb QV47 in the Valley of the Queens.[3] Her mummy was discovered by Ernesto Schiaparelli during his excavations from 1903-1905.[4]
Ahmose I Amasis 1525 1525 BC 18th Male 1881 1881 Ahmose I's mummy was discovered in 1881 within the Deir el-Bahri Cache. His name was later found written in hieroglyphs when the mummy was unwrapped. The body bore signs of having been plundered by ancient grave-robbers, his head having been broken off from his body and his nose smashed.[5]
Ahmose-Henutemipet — Un­known 17th/18th Female 1881 1881 Ahmose-Henutemipet was found in 1881 entombed in DB320. Her remains were found badly damaged, likely by tomb robbers.
Ahmose-Henuttamehu — Un­known 17th/18th Female 1881 1881 Ahmose-Henuttamehu was found in 1881 entombed in DB320. Like Ahmose-Henutemipet, she was found to be an old woman when she died as her teeth are worn.
Ahmose-Meritamon Meryetamun Un­known 17th Female Un­known Ahmose-Meritamon was found entombed in DB320. Like other mummies of the era, she was found to be heavily damaged by tomb robbers. An examination of her mummy shows that she suffered a head wound prior to her death which was the possible result of falling backwards.[6] CT scanning in 2020 estimated her to be in her 50s at death. She had extensively hardened arteries (atherosclerosis) and is suggested to have died of a heart attack. Her unusual pose is likely the position she died in and was mummified in it due to the onset of rigor mortis.[7]
Ahmose-Meritamun Ahmose-Meritamon Un­known 18th Female 1930 1930 Her mummy was found carefully rewrapped, which was determined to have occurred during the reign of Pinedjem I.
Ahmose Inhapy Ahmose-Inhapi Un­known 17th/18th Female 1881 1881 The mummy was found in the outer coffin of Lady Rai, the nurse of Inhapy's niece Queen Ahmose-Nefertari. Her skin was still present, and no evidence of salt was found. The body was sprinkled with aromatic powdered wood and wrapped in resin soaked linen.[8]
— Ahmose-Sitamun Sitamun Un­known 18th Female Un­known Ahmose-Sitamun was found entombed in DB320. At some point she was moved to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo where she remains to this day.
Ahmose-Sitkamose Sitkamose Un­known 17th/18th Female 1881 1881 Sitkamose's mummy was discovered in 1881 in the Deir el-Bahari cache. Her mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on June 19, 1886 where it was found to be damaged by tomb robbers. Sitkamose was about thirty years old when she died, Grafton Eliot Smith described her as a strong-built, almost masculine woman.[9]
— Ahmose-Tumerisy — Un­known 17th Female Un­known Ahmose-Tumerisy was an ancient Egyptian princess of the late 17th Dynasty. Since her titles were "King's Daughter" and "King's Sister", it is likely that she was a daughter of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and a sister of pharaoh Ahmose I. Her name is known from her coffin, which is now in the Hermitage Museum. Her mummy was found in the pit MMA 1019 in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna.[10]
— Amenemhat Son of Thutmose IV Un­known 18th Male 1903 1903 Amenemhat was a prince of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt; the son of Pharaoh Thutmose IV.[11] He is depicted in the Theban tomb TT64, which is the tomb of the royal tutors Heqareshu and his son Heqaerneheh.[12] He died young and was buried in his father's tomb in the Valley of the Kings, KV43, together with his father and a sister called Tentamun.[13] His canopic jars and possible mummy were found there.[14]
Amenemope Usermaatre Amenemope 0992 992 or 984 BC 21st Male 1946 1946 While the tomb was discovered in 1940, his mummy was not found until the end of World War II. The mummy was found with various jewelry and two funerary masks which are now all displayed at the Cairo Museum.
— Amenemopet — Un­known 18th Female 1857 1857 The mummy of Amenemopet was buried in the Sheikh Abd el-Qurna cache where it was discovered in 1857.
Amenhotep I Amenophis I 1506 1506 or 1504 BC 18th Male Un­known His mummy was moved sometime in the 20th or 21st Dynasty for safety, probably more than once. The mummy of Amenhotep I features an exquisite face mask which has caused his body not to be unwrapped by modern Egyptologists.
Amenhotep II Amenophis II 1401 1401 or 1397 BC 18th Male 1898 1898
Amenhotep III Amāna-Ḥātpa 1353 1353 or 1351 BC 18th Male 1898 1898 [15]
— Ashayet Ashait Un­known 11th Female Un­known
— Djedkare Isesi Tancheres Un­known 5th Male 1940s Djedkare Isesi's fragmented skeletal remains were recovered from his pyramid at Saqqara. He died aged 50-60 years and had a slim build. The bones were confirmed to be his through comparison with the remains of his known daughters and through radiocarbon dating.[16]
Duathathor-Henuttawy Henuttawy Un­known 20th Female Un­known
— Henhenet — Un­known 11th Female Un­known
— Henuttawy C Henettawy Un­known 21st Female 1923 1923-1924
Hornakht Harnakht Un­known 22nd Male 1942 1942
Hor Awibre Hor 1775 1775 BC 13th Male 1894 1894 The mummy of Hor Awibre had been ransacked for his jewelry by tomb robbers and his unwrapped mummy was left in his coffin, along with the king's wooden funerary mask. The king was determined to have been in his forties at the time of his death.
— Kamose — 1550 1550 BC 17th Male 1857 1857 In 1857, the mummy of Kamose was discovered seemingly deliberately hidden in a pile of debris. Egyptologists Auguste Mariette, and Heinrich Brugsch noted that the mummy was in very poor shape. The name of the pharaoh inscribed on the coffin was only recognized fifty years after the original discovery, by which time the mummy, which had been left with the pile of debris on which it was found, was almost certainly long lost.
— Mayet Miit 2010 2010 BC 11th Female 1921 1921 Mayet's position within the royal family of Mentuhotep II is disputed.[17] It is generally assumed that she was a daughter of the king as she was about five years old when she died.
Merneptah Merenptah 1203 1203 BC 19th Male 1898 1898
— Mutnedjmet Various 1332 1319 or 1332 BC 18th Female Un­known
— Nauny Nany Un­known 21st Female Un­known
— Nebetia — Un­known 18th Female 1857 1857
— Neferefre Raneferef Un­known 5th Male Un­known Fragments of human remains and wrappings were found in the looted burial chamber of the Pyramid of Neferefre. All that remain are of Neferefre's mummy were its left hand, a left clavicle still covered with skin, fragments of skin probably from the forehead, upper eyelid and the left foot.[18]
— Nefertari — 1255 1255 BC 19th Female 1904 1904 Fragments of human remains were found in the looted burial chamber of the Tomb of Nefertari. All that remain are of Nefertari's mummy were it's knees, which were found in the burial chamber, and were taken to the Egyptian Museum in Turin by Schiaparelli, where they are still kept today.[19]
Nesitanebetashru — Un­known 21st Female Un­known
Nubhetepti-khered — Un­known 13th Female 1894 1894
Pentawer Pentaweret; Unknown man E 1155 1155 BC 20th Male Un­known A recent study of the remains of "Unknown Man E" which are a candidate for his suggest that he died by strangulation or hanging. If the remains indeed are his, then he would have been about 18-20 years old at the time of his death.[20] Subsequent DNA analysis shows that the mummy was a son of Ramesses III as they both share the paternal Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1a and half their DNA.[20]
— Pepi I Pepy — 6th Male Un­known Fragments of human remains and wrappings were found in the looted burial chamber of the Pyramid of Pepi I.[21]
— Pyhia  • Pyihia
 • Petepihu 		Un­known 18th Female 1857 1857 Pyhia or Pyihia or Petepihu (Ancient Egyptian: p3-ỉḥỉ3) was a princess during the 18th Dynasty, and the daughter of Thutmose IV. Her mummy was reburied in the Sheikh Abd el-Qurna cache along with that of several other princesses: her probable sisters Amenemopet and Tiaa; her niece Nebetia and Princesses Tatau, Henutiunu, Merytptah, Sithori and Wiay.
Psusennes I Pasibkhanu 1001 1001 BC 21st Male 1940 1940 While his intact tomb was discovered in 1940, his mummy was not found until the end of World War II. The mummy was found with various jewelry, a silver coffin and afunerary mask which are now all displayed at the Cairo Museum.
— Psusennes II Pasibkhanu II 943 943 BC 21st Male 1940 1940 Mummy found in the tomb of Psusennes I 1940. His mummy show signs of water damage, meaning that original tomb may have been inundated by the Nile which compelled a reburial of this king in Psusennes I's tomb.[22]
Ramesses I Ramses 1290 1290 BC 19th Male 1817 1817 [23][24]
Ramesses II Ramesses the Great 1213 1213 BC 19th Male 1881 1881
Ramesses III Usimare Ramesses III 1155 1155 BC 20th Male 1886 1886
Ramesses IV Heqamaatre Ramesses IV 1149 1149 BC 20th Male 1898 1898
Ramesses V Usermaatre Sekheperenre Ramesses V 1145 1145 BC 20th Male 1898 1898
Ramesses VI Ramesses VI Nebmaatre-Meryamun 1137 1137 BC 20th Male 1898 1898
— Ramesses IX Amon-her-khepshef Khaemwaset 1111 1111 BC 20th Male 1881 1881
— Ranefer Ranofer Un­known 4th Male Un­known
— Senebkay Woseribre Senebkay 1650 BC Abydos Dynasty Male 2014 2014 [25]
— Senusret II Sesostris II 1878 BC 12th Male 1890 1890 Fragments of human remains were found in the looted burial chamber of the Pyramid of Senusret II and examined by Flinders Petrie. All that remain are of Unas's mummy were its legbones.[26]
Seqenenre Tao  • Seqenera Djehuty-aa,
 • Sekenenra Taa 		Un­known 17th Male 1881 1881
— Sesheshet Sesh Un­known 6th Female 2009 2009
Seti I  • Sethi I,
 • Sethos I 		1279 1279 BC 19th Male 1881 1881 [27][28]
Seti II  • Sethi II,
 • Sethos II 		1193 1193 BC 19th Male 1908 1908
Shoshenq II  • Heqakheperre Shoshenq II
 • Shoshenq IIa 		885 885 BC 22nd Male 1940 1940 Mummy found in the tomb of Psusennes I 1940. His mummy show signs of water damage, meaning that original tomb may have been inundated by the Nile which compelled a reburial of this king in Psusennes I's tomb.[29]
— Siamun Neterkheperre 967 967 BC 21st Male 1940 1940 Mummy found in the tomb of Psusennes I 1940. His mummy show signs of water damage, meaning that original tomb may have been inundated by the Nile which compelled a reburial of this king in Psusennes I's tomb.[30]
Siptah Merenptah Siptah 1191 1191 BC 19th Male 1898 1898
Sitdjehuti Satdjehuti Un­known 17th Female 1820 1820
— Teti Othoes — 6th Male Un­known Fragments of human remains and wrappings were found in the looted burial chamber of the Pyramid of Teti. All that remain are of Teti's mummy were its arm and shoulder blade.[31]
Thutmose II Various 1479 1479 BC 18th Male 1881 1881 [32][33]
Thutmose III Various 1425 1425 BC 18th Male 1881 1881
Thutmose IV Menkheperure 1391 1391 or 1388 BC 18th Male 1898 1898
— Tiaa (princess) — Un­known 18th Female 1857 1857
Tiye The Older Lady 1338 1338 BC 18th Female 1898 1898 Tiye was found to be extensively damaged by past tomb robbers.
Tutankhamun King Tut 1323 1323 BC 18th Male 1922 1922 See: Tutankhamun's mummy
Tjuyu  • Thuya,
 • Thuyu 		1375 1375 BC 18th Female 1905 1905
— Unas Onnos — 5th Male 1881 1881 Fragments of human remains and wrappings were found in the looted burial chamber of the Pyramid of Unas and examined by E. A. Wallis Budge. All that remain are of Unas's mummy were its right arm, skull, ribs and shinbone.[34]
Webensenu — Un­known 18th Male 1898 1898 Webensenu was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 18th Dynasty. He was a son of Pharaoh Amenhotep II.[35] He is mentioned, along with his brother Nedjem, on a statue of Minmose, overseer of the works in Karnak.[36] He died as a child and was buried in his father's tomb, KV35, where there were found his canopic jars and shabtis. His mummy is still there, and it indicates that he died around the age of ten.[37][38]


Disputed

[edit]

The following entries are either previously identified mummies that are now in dispute or mummies whose identity is still in dispute. Over time through the advance in technology, new information comes to light that discredits old findings and beliefs. The mummies that have been lost or destroyed since initial discovery may never be properly identified.

Image Alias Assumed name(s) Dynasty Sex Year discovered Description
— Ahmose-Nefertari 18th Female 1881 1881 Ahmose-Nefertari is assumed to have been retrieved from her tomb at the end of the New Kingdom and moved to the royal cache in DB320. Her presumed body, with no identification marks, was discovered in the 19th century and unwrapped in 1885 by Emile Brugsch but this identification has been challenged.[39] When the mummy was found it emitted such a bad odor that it was reburied on museum grounds in Cairo until the offensive smell abated. If this is Ahmose-Nefertari, then she was determined to have died in her 70s. The mummy's hair had been thinning and plaits of false hair had been woven in with its own to cover this up. The body also had been damaged in antiquity and was missing its right hand.[40] Despite the disputed attribution, the mummy was included in the 2021 Pharaohs' Golden Parade.
— Ahmose Sapair 18th Male 1881 1881 In 1881, a mummy of a 5- to 6-year-old boy was found in cache (DB320) and identified as Ahmose-Sipair. This was disputed as Prince Ahmose-Sipair is always portrayed as an adult on the coffin of the scribe and other antiquities, thus the child-mummy cannot be his.[41]
KV55 mummy Akhenaten or Smenkhkare 18th Male 1907 1907 Uncertainty remains over the identity of this mummy as the young age at death is inconsistent with Akhenaten's reign. CT scans done in 2010 strongly suggest that the mummy may be Pharaoh Smenkhkare.
— KV21A Ankhesenamun 18th Female 1817 1817 Assumed to be Ankhesenamun, as she is the mother of the two fetuses found in Tutankhamun's tomb. Uncertainty remains if the mummy found in KV55 is accepted to be Akhenaten. She is also known as mummy KV21A, after the tomb that she was discovered in.
KV60A Hatshepsut 18th Female 1903 1903 In 1903, Howard Carter had discovered tomb KV60 in the Valley of the Kings. It contained two female mummies: one identified as Hatshepsut's wet nurse and the other unidentified. The latter of the two (KV60A), was removed from the tomb in 2007 and identified as Hatshepsut by inspecting the mouth. These results have since been disputed from a 2011 study which cited a misplaced molar.
The Younger Lady Nebetah, Beketaten or Nefertiti 18th Female 1898 1898 This mummy was found lying in a side chamber of KV35. The body was extensively damaged by past tomb robbers which caused numerous holes. Early speculation was that the mummy belonged to Queen Nefertiti. DNA testing published in 2010 revealed The Younger Lady is a daughter of Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his chief wife Tiye and the mother of Tutankhamun. This report concluded that the mummy is likely Beketaten, or Nebetah.[42] Despite the DNA results, Egyptologists such as Marc Gabolde and Aidan Dodson support the identification of this body as that of Nefertiti.[43][44]
— Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 6th Male 1881 1881 A mummy was uncovered in 1881 by Émile and Heinrich Karl Brugsch in the black basalt sarcophagus of the burial chamber of the Pyramid of Merenre. The mummy is that of a 1.66 m (5.4 ft)-tall man, already in a poor condition at discovery as ancient tomb robbers had partially torn off its wrappings. The Brugsch brothers further damaged the mummy while transporting it back to Cairo.

Preliminary forensic analyses indicated that it belonged to a young man, with possible traces of his sidelock of youth still visible at the time of discovery. The identity of the mummy remains uncertain as Grafton Elliot Smith, who performed these analyses, observed that the technique employed for the wrapping was typical of the 18th Dynasty rather than the 6th. Re-wrapping of older mummies are known to have occurred, even during the New Kingdom, so that this observation does not necessarily preclude that the mummy be that of Merenre. The mummy has not been studied since and its identification remains uncertain.

— Sanakht 3rd Male 1901 1901 A mummy was uncovered in 1881 by John Garstang in the large mastaba K2 at Beit Khallaf. The mummy was over 1.87 m (6 ft 1+1⁄2 in) tall, which is considerably taller than the 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in) average of prehistoric and later Egyptians. The specimen's skull was very large and capacious. Although his cranial index was unusually broad and almost brachycephalic, the proportions of his long bones were tropically adapted like those of most other ancient Egyptians; especially those from the predynastic period. His overall cranial features, however, were closer to those of dynastic period Egyptian skulls.[45] It was long thought that the mummy inside mastaba K2 at Beit Khallaf was Sanakht's, as excavations there yielded relief fragments bearing his name. However, some Egyptologists now regard this mastaba as the burial of a high official, prince or queen rather than that of a pharaoh,[46] while others continue to support the first hypothesis.[47]
The mummy in the boat Setnakhte 20th Male 1898 1898 The alleged mummy of Setnakhte has never been identified with certainty, although the so–called "mummy in the boat" found in KV35 was sometimes identified with him, an attribution rejected by Aidan Dodson who rather believes the body belonged to a royal family member of Amenhotep II of the 18th Dynasty. In any case the mummy was destroyed by looters in 1901, thus preventing any analysis on it.[48]
— — Sneferu 4th Male 1950 1950 Fragments of human remains and wrappings were found in the burial chamber of the Red Pyramid and examined by Dr. Ahmed Mahmud el Batrawi. The remains belonged to a middle-aged man and the wrappings were consistent with Old Kingdom mummification techniques. It is uncertain if these remains belong to Sneferu.[49][50]
Unknown woman B Tetisheri 17th/18th Female 1881 1881 No tomb has yet been conclusively identified with Queen Tetisheri, though a mummy that may be hers was included among other members of the royal family that were reburied in the Royal Cache.
— Thutmose I or Ahmose Sapair[51][52] 18th Male 1881 1881 Egyptologist Gaston Maspero thought this was the mummy of Thutmose I largely on the strength of familial resemblance to the mummies of Thutmose II and Thutmose III. In 2007 though, Dr. Zahi Hawass announced that the mummy is a thirty-year-old man who had died as a result of an arrow wound to the chest. Due to the young age of the mummy and the cause of death, it was determined that the mummy was probably not of Thutmose I and the mummy could actually be Ahmose Sapair.[53][54][55] Despite this, the mummy was included in the 2021 Pharaohs' Golden Parade.
Qurna Queen — 17th Female 1908 1908 The quality of the Qurna Queen's burial goods and the location of her grave near the valley of the kings have lead researchers to conclude that she was a senior member of the royal family.[56] Damage to her coffin means her name is lost.[56]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mummies have been found by archaeologists whom have determined their royal status, but have not been able to provide any real conclusive name. These are usually given informal numbers based on their tomb locations (ex: KV##A (Valley of the Kings) and QV##A (Valley of the Queens). These nameless individuals are not listed here as not enough given information is available.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Shaw, Ian and Nicholson, Paul. The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. p. 84. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1995. ISBN 0-8109-9096-2
  2. ^ Ann Macy Roth, The Ahhotep Coffins, Gold of Praise: Studies of Ancient Egypt in honor of Edward F. Wente, 1999
  3. ^ Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson (2004) ISBN 0-500-05128-3, p. 128
  4. ^ Demas, Martha, and Neville Agnew, eds. 2012. Valley of the Queens Assessment Report: Volume 1. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. Getty Conservation Institute, link to article
  5. ^ Smith, G Elliot. The Royal Mummies, pp. 15–17. Duckworth, 2000 (reprint).
  6. ^ G.E. Smith, Catalogue General Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musee du Caire: The Royal Mummies, 1912, pp 6-8 and pl IV. Available via University of Chicago
  7. ^ Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar N. (December 2020). "Computed tomography examination of the screaming mummy "Unknown-Woman-A"". Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 51 (1). doi:10.1186/s43055-020-00255-6.
  8. ^ E.G. Smith, Catalogue General Antiquites Egyptiennes du Musee du Caire: The Royal Mummies, Cairo, 1912; retrieved from The University of Chicago Library
  9. ^ Mummy of Ahmose-Sitkamose
  10. ^ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., p. 128
  11. ^ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., p.137
  12. ^ Dodson & Hilton, p.134
  13. ^ Dodson & Hilton, p.135
  14. ^ Dodson & Hilton, p.137
  15. ^ Beckerath, Jürgen von, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, (1997) p.190
  16. ^ Strouhal, Eugen; Vyhnánek, Luboš; Gaballah, M. F.; Saunders, S. R.; Woelfli, W.; Bonani, G.; Němečková, Alena (2001). "Identification of Royal Skeletal Remains from Egyptian Pyramids". Anthropologie. 39 (1): 15–24. ISSN 0323-1119. JSTOR 26292543.
  17. ^ Michael Rice: Who is who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London/New York 1999. ISBN 978-0-203-44328-6, p. 117.
  18. ^ Baker, Darrell (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC. Stacey International. ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9. p.250
  19. ^ Habicht, Michael E.; Bianucci, Raffaella; Buckley, Stephen A.; Fletcher, Joann; Bouwman, Abigail S.; Öhrström, Lena M.; Seiler, Roger; Galassi, Francesco M.; Hajdas, Irka; Vassilika, Eleni; Böni, Thomas; Henneberg, Maciej; Rühli, Frank J. (November 30, 2016). "Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0166571. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1166571H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166571. PMC 5130223. PMID 27902731.
  20. ^ a b Hawass, Zahi; Ismail, Somaia; Selim, Ashraf; Saleem, Sahar N; Fathalla, Dina; Wasef, Sally; Gad, Ahmed Z; Saad, Rama; Fares, Suzan; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Gad, Yehia Z; Pusch, Carsten M; Zink, Albert R (2012). "Who killed Ramesses III?". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 345 (7888): 39–40. ISSN 0959-8138. JSTOR 23493394.
  21. ^ Verner, Miroslav (2001c). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. p.354
  22. ^ Bill Manley (ed.), "The missing tombs of Tanis" in The Seventy Great Mysteries of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson Ltd. p.97
  23. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Äegyptischen Pharaonischen (Mainz: Phillip von Zabern, 1997), p.190
  24. ^ Rice, Michael (1999). Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge.
  25. ^ "New Pharaonic Tomb Discovered in Egypt - ABC News". ABC News. 2014-01-28. Archived from the original on 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  26. ^ William Matthew Flinders Petrie: Illahun, Kahun and Gurob. 1889–1890. Nutt, London 1891 (Onlineversion).
  27. ^ Michael Rice (1999). Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge.
  28. ^ J. von Beckerath (1997). Chronologie des Äegyptischen Pharaonischen (in German). Phillip von Zabern. p. 190.
  29. ^ Bill Manley (ed.), "The missing tombs of Tanis" in The Seventy Great Mysteries of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson Ltd. p.97
  30. ^ Bill Manley (ed.), "The missing tombs of Tanis" in The Seventy Great Mysteries of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson Ltd. p.97
  31. ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8. p.156-157
  32. ^ Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. p.204. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988
  33. ^ Shaw, Ian; and Nicholson, Paul. The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. p. 289. The British Museum Press, 1995
  34. ^ Verner, Miroslav (2001d). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1703-8. p.334
  35. ^ Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05128-3., p.141
  36. ^ Wolfgang Helck: [1]Urkunden der 18. Dynastie, Heft 18, Berlin 1956, pp. 1447
  37. ^ Dodson & Hilton, pp.135,141
  38. ^ Betsy Bryan: The 18th Dynasty before the Amarna Period, in Ian Shaw (editor): The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford, New York 2000, ISBN 978-0192804587, p. 248
  39. ^ Dylan (July 22, 2014). "The so-called Royal Cachette TT 320 was not the grave of Ahmose Nefertari!". www.dylanb.me.uk. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  40. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. ISBN 0-500-05145-3
  41. ^ "XVIII'th Dynasty Gallery I". The Theban Royal Mummy Project. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  42. ^ Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Yehia Z.; Ismail, Somaia; Khairat, Rabab; Fathalla, Dina; Hasan, Naglaa; Ahmed, Amal; Elleithy, Hisham; Ball, Marcus; Gaballah, Fawzi; Wasef, Sally; Fateen, Mohamed; Amer, Hany; Gostner, Paul; Selim, Ashraf; Zink, Albert; Pusch, Carsten M. (February 2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family". The Journal of the American Medical Association. 303 (7): 641. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  43. ^ Dodson, Aidan (2018). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian counter-reformation (Revised ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-977-416-859-8.
  44. ^ Gabolde, Marc (2013). "L'ADN de la famille royale amarnienne et les sources égyptiennes - de la complémentarité des méthodes et des résultats". Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne, Montpellier: UMR 5140 - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier (in French). 3 (6): 177–203. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  45. ^ Myers, Charles S. (1901). "The Bones of Hen Nekht, an Egyptian King of the Third Dynasty". Man. 131: 152–153. doi:10.2307/2839307. JSTOR 2839307.
  46. ^ Nicolas Grimal: A History of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell-Publishing, Oxford 1992, ISBN 0-631-19396-0, p. 64.
  47. ^ Ilaria Incordino: Reign of Horus Sanakht: possible founder of the Third Dynasty. In: Francesco Raffaele, Massimiliano Nuzzolo and Ilaria Incordino: Recent Discoveries and Latest Researches in Egyptology. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-447-06251-0, p. 145-155.
  48. ^ Schneider, Thomas (2010). "Contributions to the Chronology of the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period". Ägypten & Levante. 20., pp. 386–387
  49. ^ Batrawi, A. (1951). "The Skeletal Remains from the Northern Pyramid of Sneferu". Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte. 51: 435–440. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  50. ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
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