Lazaret, Niger
Lazaret | |
|---|---|
Suburb | |
  Lazaret Location in Niger | |
| Coordinates: 13°33′22″N 2°7′45″E / 13.55611°N 2.12917°E | |
| Country |  Niger |
| Region | Niamey Urban Community |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
Lazaret is a northern suburb of Niamey, Niger. It is best known historically for its refugee camp with many Tuareg people. The camp became the largest in the Sahel during the extreme drought of 1973-1975.[1]
Location
[edit]The Sahel is a belt of grassland and savanna, with areas of woods and shrubs, that runs along the southern rim of the Sahara desert. It includes parts of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad. The people of the region mostly live through herding, farming and fishing. Farming in most areas depends on the rain that falls during a three-month period of the summer, although irrigation is practiced along the banks of rivers and lakes. The region is subject to periodic droughts.[2]
Refugee camp
[edit]A long period of below-average rainfall occurred in the Sahel between the late 1960s and the early 1980s. The drought was extreme between 1968 and 1974, with around 100,000 people dying. Farmers and pastoralists were forced to move, with many ending up in refugee camps.[2] The Lazaret camp was mostly occupied by Tuareg nomads who had moved south from Mali, and held up to 20,000 people.[3] Traditionally breeders, the Tuaregs had been forced to seek refuge in the camps when the drought killed their herds.[4] The nomads at Lazaret had lost at least one sixth of their strength before resigning themselves to move to the camp.[5] Some of them, suffering from acute malnutrition, died after reaching the camp from diseases such as measles or pneumonia.[6]
Lazaret was one of the most extended of the Sahelian camps, situated 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of Niamey, the capital of Niger, on the road to Ouallam. The local authorities largely delegated management of the camps to charitable organizations, the Catholic Mission in the case of Lazaret. This organization relied on people among the refugees who were recognized as chiefs to handle distribution of supplies and to maintain a degree of order. [7] Each quarter of the camp was named after the place of origin of the refugees and reproduced the social structure of that region.[8] Some of the housing was made of mats purchased by the Catholic mission while the rest were made from cardboard, rags or other material recovered by the refugees from the streets of the capital.[9]
The Red Cross undertook many of the camp operations, supplying a clinic, tents and food.[10] Many of the refugees lacked such basic equipment as pots in which to store water.[11] The Red Cross feared that an epidemic of cholera would break out in the camps once the 1974 rainy season began. The nomad refugees in the Lazaret camp were most at risk.[12] They were in poor health and the crowded conditions were ideal for the spread is disease.[11]
In October 1974 the camp was moved to a new location, Lazaret II, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Niamey in order to limit contact between the refugees and the capital.[7] The new camp remained full, with the families grouped by place of origin: Gao, Bourem, Timbuktu or Kidal. The French Red Cross renewed its aid for another year.[13] In April 1975 UNESCO reported that 13,000 nomads had been counted in the Lazaret camp.[14] Later the whole population had to move again to the Gao plateau in Mali, where nothing had been prepared for their reception.[15] Normal rainfall arrived in 1976. Goats and sheep gave birth and livestock levels began to return to normal. The refugees from Lazaret began to return to their grazing lands.[16]
Later history
[edit]Despite the drought, the period from 1970 to 1988 was one in which the economy of Niger boomed, driven by revenue from the uranium mines at Arlit. In this period, the population of Niamey grew from 108,000 to 398,365 inhabitants.[17] The city expanded from 1,367 hectares (3,380 acres) in 1970 to 4,400 hectares (11,000 acres) by 1977, in the process annexing the peripheral villages. The flimsy huts of Lazaret were replaced by solid buildings of baked mud.[18] One of the first bilingual (French and Hausa) schools in Niger was founded in Lazaret in October 1983.[19] As of 2003 Lazaret was the location for a major market, mostly for animals and animal products brought from the countryside for sale to the butchers and industrial users of Niamey.[20]
References
[edit]- Citations
- ^ Janin 2010, p. 30-31.
- ^ a b Batterbury 1998.
- ^ Reyna & Downs 1999, p. 232.
- ^ Grégoire 2010, p. 40.
- ^ Piguet 1998, p. 174.
- ^ Heinzerling 1974.
- ^ a b Bonnecase 2011, p. 239.
- ^ Janin 2010, p. 33.
- ^ Janin 2010, p. 31-32.
- ^ Vautier 2011, p. 1974.
- ^ a b Janin 2010, p. 32.
- ^ Martin 1991, p. 377.
- ^ Vautier 2011, p. 1975.
- ^ Bernault 1999, p. 375.
- ^ Cipriani 1997, p. 193.
- ^ Vautier 2011, p. 1966.
- ^ Aloko-N'Guessan, Diallo & Motcho 2010, p. 30.
- ^ Aloko-N'Guessan, Diallo & Motcho 2010, p. 31.
- ^ Garba & Hanafiou 2010, p. 8.
- ^ Damon & Igue 2003, p. 309.
- Sources
- Aloko-N'Guessan, Jérôme; Diallo, Amadou; Motcho, Kokou Henri (2010). Villes et organisation de l'espace en Afrique. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2811103392.
- Batterbury, Simon (May 1998). "The Sahel region; assessing progress twenty-five years after the great drought". Geographical. London.
- Bernault, Florence (1999). Enfermement=prison et châtiments en Afrique. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2865379469.
- Bonnecase, Vincent (2011). La Pauvrete au Sahel: Du Savior Colonial a la Mesure Internationale. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2811105457.
- Cipriani, Roberto (1997). Aux sources des sociologies de langue française et italienne. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2738449980.
- Damon, Jacqueline; Igue, Ogunsola John (2003). L'Afrique de l'Ouest dans la compétition mondiale: quels atouts possibles?. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 284586471X.
- Garba, Maman; Hanafiou, Hamidou (2010). "Les Langues de scolarisation dans l'enseignement fondamental en Afrique subsaharienne francophone : cas du Niger".
- Grégoire, Emmanuel (2010). Touaregs du Niger, le destin d'un mythe. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2811103521.
- Heinzerling, Larry (April 17, 1974). "Camp Lazaret End Of Road For Many Starving Refugees". Lewiston Evening Journal. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
- Janin, Pierre (2010). Surveiller et nourrir: Politique de la faim. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2811104344.
- Martin, François (1991). Le Niger du président Diori. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2738409520.
- Piguet, François (1998). Des nomades entre la ville et les sables: sédentarisation dans la corne de l'Afrique. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 978-2-86537-880-7. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- Reyna, Stephen P.; Downs, R. E. (1999). Deadly developments: capitalism, states and war. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9056995901.
- Vautier, Maguy (2011). Vents de sable. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2296148017.