Jump to content

Spirited Away

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Kaonashi)
For the concept in Japanese folklore which the film refers to, see Spirit away.

Spirited Away
Chihiro, dressed in bathhouse work clothes is standing in front of an image containing a group of pigs and the city behind her. Text below reveal the title and film credits, with the tagline to Chihiro's right.
Theatrical release poster
Japanese name
Kanji千と千尋の神隠し
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnSen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi
Directed byHayao Miyazaki
Written byHayao Miyazaki
Produced byToshio Suzuki
Starring
CinematographyAtsushi Okui
Edited byTakeshi Seyama
Music byJoe Hisaishi
Production
company
Distributed byToho
Release date
  • 20 July 2001 (2001-07-20)
Running time
125 minutes[1]
CountryJapan
LanguageJapanese
Budget$19.2 million[2][3]
Box office$395.8 million[a]

Spirited Away (Japanese: 千と千尋の神隠し, Hepburn: Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi, lit. 'Sen and Chihiro's Spiriting Away') is a 2001 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki. Spirited Away tells the story of Chihiro "Sen" Ogino, a ten-year-old girl who, while moving to a new neighborhood, inadvertently enters the world of kami (spirits of Japanese Shinto folklore).[7] After her parents are turned into pigs by the witch Yubaba, Chihiro takes a job working in Yubaba's bathhouse to find a way to free herself and her parents and return to the human world. The film was animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network, Dentsu, Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Tohokushinsha Film, and Mitsubishi and distributed by Toho.[8]

Miyazaki wrote the screenplay after he decided the film would be based on the ten-year-old daughter of his friend Seiji Okuda, the film's associate producer, who came to visit his house each summer.[9] At the time, Miyazaki was developing two personal projects, but they were rejected. With a budget of US$19 million, production of Spirited Away began in 2000. Pixar animator John Lasseter, a fan and friend of Miyazaki, convinced Walt Disney Pictures to buy the film's North American distribution rights, and served as executive producer of its English-dubbed version.[10] Lasseter then hired Kirk Wise as director and Donald W. Ernst as producer, while screenwriters Cindy and Donald Hewitt wrote the English-language dialogue to match the characters' original Japanese-language lip movements.[11]

Released in Japan on 20 July 2001, Spirited Away was widely acclaimed and commercially successful,[12] grossing $395.8 million at the worldwide box office.[a][13] Accordingly, it became the highest-grossing film in Japanese history with a total of ¥31.68 billion ($305 million).[14] It held the record for 19 years until it was surpassed by Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train in 2020.[15]

Spirited Away was a co-recipient of the Golden Bear with Bloody Sunday at the 2002 Berlin International Film Festival and became the first hand-drawn, Japanese anime and non-English-language animated film to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 75th Academy Awards.[16] The film is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time and has been included in various "best-of" lists, including ranking fourth on BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century.

Plot

[edit]

Ten-year-old Chihiro Ogino and her parents are traveling to their new home. Chihiro's father decides to take a shortcut. He stops in front of a tunnel leading to what appears to be an abandoned amusement park, which her mother insists on exploring over Chihiro's protestations. Upon finding a seemingly empty restaurant still stocked with food, Chihiro's parents immediately begin to eat. While exploring further, Chihiro finds an enormous bathhouse and meets a boy named Haku, who warns her to return across the riverbed before sunset. However, Chihiro discovers her parents have been transformed into pigs and she cannot cross the now-flooded river.

Haku finds Chihiro and instructs her to ask for a job from the bathhouse's boiler-man, Kamaji, a yōkai commanding the susuwatari. Kamaji instead asks a worker named Lin to send Chihiro to Yubaba, the witch who runs the bathhouse and cursed her parents, as well as Haku's master. Yubaba tries to frighten Chihiro away, but eventually gives her a work contract. As Chihiro signs the contract with her name (千尋), Yubaba takes away the second kanji in her name, renaming her Sen (千). She soon forgets her real name, and Haku later explains that Yubaba controls people by taking their names; if she completely forgets hers like he once did, she will never be able to leave the spirit world.

The other workers, except for Kamaji and Lin, frequently mock Sen. While working, she invites a silent creature named No-Face inside, believing him to be a customer. The spirit of a polluted river arrives as Sen's first customer. After she cleans him, he gives her a magic emetic dumpling as a token of gratitude. Meanwhile, No-Face demands food from the bathhouse workers, granting gold copied from the river spirit in exchange. However, when Sen declines the gold and leaves, he angrily swallows some workers.

Sen sees paper shikigami attacking a dragon and recognizes the dragon as Haku metamorphosed. When the seriously injured Haku crashes into Yubaba's penthouse, Sen follows him upstairs. A shikigami that stowed away on her back shapeshifts into Yubaba's twin sister Zeniba, who turns Yubaba's son, Boh, into a mouse and creates a false copy of him. Zeniba tells Sen that Haku has stolen a magic golden seal from her that carries a deadly curse. Haku strikes the shikigami, causing Zeniba to vanish. Once he and Sen fall into the boiler room, she gives him part of the emetic dumpling to vomit up the seal and a slug that Sen disgustedly kills.

Sen resolves to return the seal and apologize to Zeniba. She confronts an engorged No-Face and feeds him the rest of the dumpling to regurgitate the workers. No-Face follows Sen out of the bathhouse, and Lin helps them leave. Sen, No-Face, and Boh travel to see Zeniba with train tickets gifted by Kamaji. Meanwhile, Yubaba nearly orders Sen's parents' slaughtering, but Haku reveals Boh is missing and offers to retrieve him if Yubaba releases Sen and her parents. Yubaba complies, but only if Sen can pass a final test.

Sen meets with Zeniba, who makes her a magic hairband and reveals that Yubaba used the slug to control Haku. Using his dragon form, Haku flies Sen and Boh back, while No-Face decides to stay with Zeniba. Mid-flight, Sen recalls falling into the Kohaku River years earlier and being washed safely ashore, correctly guessing Haku's real identity as the spirit of the Kohaku River (ニギハヤミ コハクヌシ, Nigihayami Kohakunushi).

When they arrive at the bathhouse, Yubaba tests Sen to identify her parents among a group of pigs to leave. After she answers correctly that none of the pigs are her parents, her contract disappears and she is given back her real name. Haku takes her to the now-dry riverbed and vows to meet her again. Chihiro crosses the riverbed to her restored parents. Shortly before leaving for her new home, Chihiro looks back at the tunnel with her hairband from Zeniba still intact.

Voice cast

[edit]
Character name Voice actor
English Japanese Japanese English
Chihiro Ogino / Sen Ogino Chihiro (荻野 千尋) / Sen (千)[b] Rumi Hiiragi Daveigh Chase
Haku / Spirit of the Kohaku River Haku (ハク) / Nigihayami Kohakunushi (饒速水小白主)[c] Miyu Irino Jason Marsden
Yubaba Yubāba (湯婆婆)[d] Mari Natsuki Suzanne Pleshette
Zeniba Zeniiba (銭婆)[e]
Kamaji Kamajii (釜爺)[f] Bunta Sugawara David Ogden Stiers
Lin Rin (リン) Yoomi Tamai Susan Egan
Chichiyaku Chichiyaku (父役) Tsunehiko Kamijō Paul Eiding
Aniyaku (assistant Manager) Aniyaku (兄役) Takehiko Ono [jp] John Ratzenberger
No-Face[g] Kaonashi (顔無し)[g] Akio Nakamura [jp] Bob Bergen
Aogaeru Aogaeru (青蛙)[h] Tatsuya Gashūin [jp]
Bandai-gaeru (foreman) Bandai-gaeru (番台蛙)[i] Yō Ōizumi Rodger Bumpass
Boh (baby) Bō (坊) Ryunosuke Kamiki Tara Strong
Akio Ogino (Chihiro's father) Ogino Akio (荻野 明夫) Takashi Naitō [jp] Michael Chiklis
Yūko Ogino (Chihiro's mother) Ogino Yūko (荻野 悠子) Yasuko Sawaguchi Lauren Holly
River Spirit Kawa no Kami (河の神) Koba Hayashi [jp] Jim Ward
Radish Spirit Oshira-sama (お白様)[j] Ken Yasuda Jack Angel

Production

[edit]

Development and inspiration

[edit]

"I created a heroine who is an ordinary girl, someone with whom the audience can sympathize [...]. [I]t's not a story in which the characters grow up, but a story in which they draw on something already inside them, brought out by the particular circumstances [...]. I want my young friends to live like that, and I think they, too, have such a wish."

—Hayao Miyazaki[17]

During summers, Hayao Miyazaki spent his vacation at a mountain cabin with his family and five girls who were friends of the family. The idea for Spirited Away came about when he wanted to make a film for these friends. Miyazaki had previously directed films for small children and teenagers such as My Neighbor Totoro and Kiki's Delivery Service, but he had not created a film for ten-year-old girls. For inspiration, he read the shōjo manga magazines (like Nakayoshi and Ribon) that the girls had left at the cabin, but felt they only offered subjects on "crushes" and romance. Miyazaki felt this was not what these young friends "held dear in their hearts", and resolved to make the film about a young heroine whom they could look up to.[17]

Close up photograph of Hayao Miyazaki, smiling and wearing a suit and tie in front of a gold-colored mosaic.
Hayao Miyazaki used shōjo manga magazines for inspiration to direct Spirited Away.

Miyazaki had wanted to produce a new film for years, but his two previous proposals—one based on the Japanese book Kiri no Mukō no Fushigi na Machi (霧のむこうのふしぎな町) by Sachiko Kashiwaba, and another about a teenage heroine—were rejected. His third proposal, which ended up becoming Spirited Away, was more successful. The three stories revolved around a bathhouse that was inspired by one in Miyazaki's hometown. He thought the bathhouse was a mysterious place, and there was a small door next to one of the bathtubs in the bath house. Miyazaki was always curious about what was behind it, and he made up several stories about it, one of which inspired the bathhouse setting of Spirited Away.[17]

A Japanese dragon ascends toward the heavens with Mount Fuji in the background in this print from Ogata Gekkō. Spirited Away is heavily influenced by Japanese Shinto-Buddhist folklore.[7]

Production of Spirited Away commenced in February 2000 on a budget of ¥1.9 billion (US$15 million).[2] Walt Disney Pictures financed ten percent of the film's production cost for the right of first refusal for American distribution.[18][19] As with Princess Mononoke, Miyazaki and the Studio Ghibli staff experimented with computer animation. With the use of more computers and programs such as Softimage 3D, the staff learned the software, but used the technology carefully so that it enhanced the story, instead of "stealing the show". Each character was mostly hand-drawn, with Miyazaki working alongside his animators to see if they were getting it just right.[2] The biggest difficulty in making the film was to reduce its length. When production began, Miyazaki realized it would be more than three hours long if he made it according to his plot. He had to delete many scenes from the story, and tried to reduce the "eye candy" in the film because he wanted it to be simple. Miyazaki did not want to make the hero a "pretty girl". At the beginning, he was frustrated at how she looked "dull" and thought, "She isn't cute. Isn't there something we can do?" As the film neared the end, however, he was relieved to feel "she will be a charming woman."[17]

A medium shot photograph of a hot spring in the city of Matsuyama on the island of Shikoku, Japan.
Dōgo Onsen
A wide photograph of a hallway from the Takahashi Korekiyo residence in the Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum, which was one of Miyazaki's inspirations in creating the spirit world's buildings.
The Takahashi Korekiyo residence in the Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum was one of Miyazaki's inspirations in creating the spirit world's buildings.

During production, Miyazaki often sought inspiration by visiting the Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum in Koganei, Tokyo. He based some of the buildings in the spirit world on the Pseudo-Western style buildings from the Meiji period that were available there. The museum made Miyazaki feel nostalgic, "especially when I stand here alone in the evening, near closing time, and the sun is setting – tears well up in my eyes."[17] Another major inspiration was the Notoya Ryokan (能登谷旅館), a traditional Japanese inn located in Yamagata Prefecture, famous for its exquisite architecture and ornamental features.[20] While some guidebooks and articles claim that the old gold town of Jiufen in Taiwan served as an inspirational model for the film, Miyazaki has denied this.[21] The Dōgo Onsen is also often said to be a key inspiration for the Spirited Away onsen/bathhouse.[22]

Toshio Suzuki, the producer of the film, also cites European inspirations and influences in the production of Spirited Away. He specifically invokes the structure of the film as European-inspired due to Miyazaki's own influences by European films such as The Snow Queen and The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep.[23]

Music

[edit]
Main article: Music of Spirited Away

The film score of Spirited Away was composed and conducted by Miyazaki's regular collaborator Joe Hisaishi, and performed by the New Japan Philharmonic.[24] The soundtrack received awards at the 56th Mainichi Film Competition Award for Best Music, the Tokyo International Anime Fair 2001 Best Music Award in the Theater Movie category, and the 17th Japan Gold Disk Award for Animation Album of the Year.[25][26][27] Later, Hisaishi added lyrics to "One Summer's Day" and named the new version of the song "The Name of Life" (いのちの名前, "Inochi no Namae") which was performed by Ayaka Hirahara.[28]

The closing song, "Always With Me" (いつも何度でも, "Itsumo Nando Demo", lit. 'Always, No Matter How Many Times') was written and performed by Youmi Kimura, a composer and lyre-player from Osaka.[29] The lyrics were written by Kimura's friend Wakako Kaku. The song was intended to be used for Rin the Chimney Painter (煙突描きのリン, Entotsu-kaki no Rin), a different Miyazaki film which was never released.[29] In the special features of the Japanese DVD, Hayao Miyazaki explains how the song in fact inspired him to create Spirited Away.[29] The song itself would be recognized as Gold at the 43rd Japan Record Awards.[30]

Besides the original soundtrack, there is also an image album, titled Spirited Away Image Album (千と千尋の神隠し　イメージアルバム, Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi Imēji Arubamu), that contains 10 tracks.[31]

English dub

[edit]

John Lasseter, Pixar animator and a fan and friend of Miyazaki, would often sit with his staff and watch Miyazaki's work when encountering story problems. After seeing Spirited Away Lasseter was ecstatic.[32] Upon hearing his reaction to the film, Disney CEO Michael Eisner asked Lasseter if he would be interested in introducing Spirited Away to an American audience. Lasseter obliged by agreeing to serve as the executive producer for the English adaptation. Following this, several others began to join the project: Beauty and the Beast co-director Kirk Wise and Aladdin co-producer Donald W. Ernst joined Lasseter as director and producer of Spirited Away, respectively.[32] Screenwriters Cindy Davis Hewitt and Donald H. Hewitt penned the English-language dialogue, which they wrote in order to match the characters' original Japanese-language lip movements.[11]

The cast of the film consists of Daveigh Chase, Jason Marsden, Suzanne Pleshette (in her final film role before her death in January 2008), Michael Chiklis, Lauren Holly, Susan Egan, David Ogden Stiers and John Ratzenberger (a Pixar regular). Advertising was limited, with Spirited Away being mentioned in a small scrolling section of the film section of Disney.com; Disney had sidelined their official website for Spirited Away[32] and given the film a comparatively small promotional budget.[19] Marc Hairston writing for FPS Magazine argues that this was a justified response to Studio Ghibli's retention of the merchandising rights to the film and characters, which limited Disney's ability to properly market the film.[19]

Themes

[edit]

Supernaturalism

[edit]

The major themes of Spirited Away, heavily influenced by Japanese Shinto-Buddhist folklore, centre on the protagonist, Chihiro, and her liminal journey through the realm of spirits. The central location of the film is a Japanese bathhouse where a great variety of Japanese folklore creatures, including kami, come to bathe. Miyazaki cites the solstice rituals when villagers call forth their local kami and invite them into their baths.[7] Chihiro also encounters kami of animals and plants. Miyazaki says of this:

In my grandparents' time, it was believed that kami existed everywhere – in trees, rivers, insects, wells, anything. My generation does not believe this, but I like the idea that we should all treasure everything because spirits might exist there, and we should treasure everything because there is a kind of life to everything.[7]

Chihiro's archetypal entrance into another world changes her status as one somewhere between child and adult. Chihiro also stands outside societal boundaries in the supernatural setting. The use of the word kamikakushi (literally 'hidden by gods') within the Japanese title, and its associated folklore, reinforces this liminal passage: "Kamikakushi is a verdict of 'social death' in this world, and coming back to this world from Kamikakushi meant 'social resurrection.'"[33]

Additional themes are expressed through No-Face, who reflects the characters who surround him, learning by example and taking the traits of whomever he consumes. This nature results in No-Face's monstrous rampage through the bathhouse. After Chihiro saves No-Face with the emetic dumpling, he becomes timid once more. At the end of the film, Zeniba decides to take care of No-Face so he can develop without the negative influence of the bathhouse.[34]

Fantasy

[edit]

The film has been compared to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, as the stories are set in fantasy worlds, involve disturbances in logic and stability, and there are motifs such as food having metamorphic qualities; though other developments and themes are not shared.[35][36][37]

Yubaba has many similarities to the Coachman from the 1940 film Pinocchio, in the sense that she mutates humans into pigs in a similar way that the boys of Pleasure Island were mutated into donkeys. Upon gaining employment at the bathhouse, Yubaba's seizure of Chihiro's true name symbolically kills the child,[38] who must then assume adulthood. She then undergoes a rite of passage according to the monomyth format; to recover continuity with her past, Chihiro must create a new identity.[38]

Traditional Japanese culture

[edit]

Spirited Away contains critical commentary on modern Japanese society concerning generational conflicts and environmental issues.[39] Chihiro has been seen as a representation of the shōjo, whose roles and ideology had changed dramatically since post-war Japan.[39] Just as Chihiro seeks her past identity, Japan, in its anxiety over the economic downturn occurring during the release of the film in 2001, sought to reconnect to past values.[38] In an interview, Miyazaki has commented on this nostalgic element for an old Japan.[40]

Japanese philosophy plays a huge role in Spirited Away, specifically through concepts like Kami and principles like Mottainai and On.[41] The concept of Kami, for instance, involves various spirits that each represent different elements and aspects of nature. The principle of Mottainai, which is deeply ingrained in Japanese culture, embodies a sense of regret towards waste, valuing the complete utilization of an object or resource. While the principle of On, a key tenet of Japanese ethics that signifies a sense of moral indebtedness, plays a significant role in Chihiro's character development.

Western consumerism

[edit]

Similar to the Japanese concept of On, the film can be partly understood as an exploration of the effect of greediness and Western consumerism on traditional Japanese culture.[42] For instance, Yubaba is stylistically unique within the bathhouse, wearing a Western dress and living among European décor and furnishings, in contrast with the minimalist Japanese style of her employees' quarters, representing the Western capitalist influence over Japan in its Meiji period and beyond. Along with its function within the ostensible coming of age theme, Yubaba's act of taking Chihiro's name and replacing it with Sen (an alternate reading of chi, the first character in Chihiro's name, lit. 'one thousand') can be thought of as symbolic of capitalism's single-minded concern with value.[39]

The film's setting encapsulates Miyazaki's commentary on modern Japanese values and the erosion of cultural heritage. The bathhouse, situated within an abandoned theme park, symbolizes Japan's distorted cultural identity. This once-traditional locale is marred by neon signs and Westernization, exemplifying cultural degradation. Early scenes highlight economic concerns and consumerism. The film's visuals underscore the commercialization of Japanese culture. The failed theme park serves as a metaphor for the unsuccessful fusion of ideologies. The Meiji design of the park is the setting for Chihiro's parents' metamorphosis – the family arrives in an imported Audi car and the father wears a European-styled polo shirt, reassuring Chihiro that he has "credit cards and cash", before morphing into literal consumerist pigs because of their bad habits.[43] Miyazaki has stated:

Chihiro's parents turning into pigs symbolizes how some humans become greedy. At the very moment Chihiro says there is something odd about this town, her parents turn into pigs. There were people that "turned into pigs" during Japan's bubble economy (consumer society) of the 1980s, and these people still haven't realized they've become pigs. Once someone becomes a pig, they don't return to being human but instead gradually start to have the "body and soul of a pig". These people are the ones saying, "We are in a recession and don't have enough to eat." This doesn't just apply to the fantasy world. Perhaps this isn't a coincidence and the food is actually (an analogy for) "a trap to catch lost humans".[42]

The bathhouse of the spirits cannot be seen as a place free of ambiguity and darkness.[44] Many of the employees are rude to Chihiro because she is human, and corruption is ever-present;[39] it is a place of excess and greed, as depicted in the initial appearance of No-Face.[45] In stark contrast to the simplicity of Chihiro's journey and transformation is the constantly chaotic carnival in the background.[39]

Environmentalism

[edit]

Commentators have often referred to environmental themes in the films of Miyazaki. In Spirited Away, two major instances of allusions to environmental issues have been noted. Pam Coats, for example, a Vice President of Walt Disney Feature Animation, describes Chihiro dealing with the "stink spirit", who, it turns out, is actually a river spirit but is so corrupted with filth that one cannot tell what it is at first glance. It only becomes clean again when Chihiro pulls out a huge amount of trash, including car tires, garbage, and a bicycle. This alludes to human pollution of the environment, and how people can carelessly toss away things without thinking of the consequences and of where the trash will go.[46]

The second allusion is seen in Haku himself. Haku does not remember his name and lost his past, which is why he is stuck at the bathhouse. Eventually, Chihiro remembers that he used to be the spirit of the Kohaku River, which was destroyed and replaced with apartments. Because of humans' need for development, they destroyed a part of nature, causing Haku to lose his home and identity. This can be compared to deforestation and destruction of natural habitats; humans tear down nature, cause imbalance in the ecosystem, and demolish animals' homes to satisfy their want for more space (housing, malls, stores, etc.) but do not think about how it can affect other living things.[47][48]

Release

[edit]

Box office and theatrical release

[edit]

Spirited Away was released theatrically in Japan on 20 July 2001 by distributor Toho. It grossed a record ¥1.6 billion ($13.1 million) in its first three days, beating the previous record set by Princess Mononoke.[49] It was number one at the Japanese box office for its first eleven weeks and spent 16 weeks there in total.[50] After 22 weeks of release and after grossing $224 million in Japan, it started its international release, opening in Hong Kong on 13 December 2001.[51] It was the first film that had grossed more than $200 million at the worldwide box office excluding the United States.[52][53] It went on to gross ¥30.4 billion to become the highest-grossing film in Japanese history, according to the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan.[54] It also set the all-time attendance record in Japan, surpassing the 16.8 million tickets sold by Titanic.[55] Its gross at the Japanese box office has since increased to ¥31.68 billion, as of 2020.[56][57]

In February 2002, Wild Bunch, an international sales company that had recently spun off from its former parent StudioCanal, picked up the international sale rights for the film outside of Asia and France.[58] The company would then on-sell it to independent distributors across the world. On 13 April 2002, The Walt Disney Company acquired the Taiwanese, Singapore, Hong Kong, French and North American sale rights to the film, alongside Japanese Home Media rights.[59]

Disney's English dub of the film, supervised by Lasseter, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2002[60] and was later released in the United States on 20 September 2002. The film grossed $450,000 in its opening weekend from 26 theatres. Spirited Away had very little marketing, less than Disney's other B-films, with a maximum of 151 theatres showing the film in 2002.[19] After the 2003 Oscars,[61] it expanded to 714 theatres. It ultimately grossed around $10 million by September 2003.[62] Outside of Japan and the United States, the movie was moderately successful in both South Korea and France where it grossed $11 million and $6 million, respectively.[63] In Argentina, it is in the top 10 anime films with the most tickets sold.[64]

In the United Kingdom, then-independent based film distributor Optimum Releasing acquired the rights to the movie from Wild Bunch in January 2003.[65] The company then released it theatrically on 12 September 2003.[66][67] The movie grossed $244,437 on its opening weekend from 51 theatres, and by the end of its theatrical run in October, the movie has grossed $1,383,023 in the country.[68]

About 18 years after its original release in Japan, Spirited Away had a theatrical release in China on 21 June 2019. It follows the theatrical China release of My Neighbour Totoro in December 2018.[69] The delayed theatrical release in China was due to long-standing political tensions between China and Japan, but many Chinese became familiar with Miyazaki's films due to rampant video piracy.[70] It topped the Chinese box office with a $28.8-million opening weekend, beating Toy Story 4 in China.[71] In its second weekend, Spirited Away grossed a cumulative $54.8 million in China, and was second only behind Spider-Man: Far From Home that weekend.[72] As of 16 July 2019, the film has grossed $70 million in China,[73] bringing its worldwide total box office to over $346 million as of 8 July 2019.[74]

Spirited Away's worldwide box office total stands at US$395,802,070.[a]

Home media

[edit]

Spirited Away was first released on VHS and DVD formats in Japan by Buena Vista Home Entertainment on 19 July 2002.[75] The Japanese DVD releases include storyboards for the film and the special edition includes a Ghibli DVD player.[76] Spirited Away sold 5.5 million home video units in Japan by 2007,[77] and holds the record for most home video copies sold of all-time in the country as of 2014.[78] The movie was released on Blu-ray by Walt Disney Studios Japan on 14 July 2014, and DVD was also reissued on the same day with a new HD master, alongside several other Studio Ghibli movies.[79][80]

In North America, the film was released on DVD and VHS formats by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on 15 April 2003.[81] The attention brought by the Oscar win resulted in the film becoming a strong seller.[82] The bonus features include Japanese trailers, a making-of documentary which originally aired on Nippon Television, interviews with the North American voice actors, a select storyboard-to-scene comparison and The Art of Spirited Away, a documentary narrated by actor Jason Marsden.[83] The movie was released on Blu-ray by and North America by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on 16 June 2015.[84] GKIDS and Shout! Factory re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on 17 October 2017 following the expiration of Disney's previous deal with Studio Ghibli in the country in North America.[85] On 12 November 2019, GKIDS and Shout! Factory issued a North-America-exclusive Spirited Away collector's edition, which includes the film on Blu-ray, and the film's soundtrack on CD, as well as a 40-page book with statements by Toshio Suzuki and Hayao Miyazaki, and essays by film critic Kenneth Turan and film historian Leonard Maltin.[86][87] Along with the rest of the Studio Ghibli films, Spirited Away was released on digital markets in the United States for the first time, on 17 December 2019.

In the United Kingdom, the film was released on DVD and VHS as a rental release through independent distributor High Fliers Films PLC following the film's limited theatrical release. It was later officially released on DVD in the UK on 29 March 2004, with the distribution being done by Optimum Releasing themselves.[88] In 2006, the DVD was reissued as a single-disc release (without the second one) with packaging matching other releases in Optimum's "The Studio Ghibli Collection" range.[89] The then-renamed StudioCanal UK released the movie on Blu-ray on 24 November 2014, A British 20th Anniversary Collector's Edition, similar to other Studio Ghibli anniversary editions released in the UK, was released on 25 October 2021.[90]

In the United States, the 2015 Blu-ray release grossed $9,925,660 from 557,613 physical units sold as of 21 February 2021.[91] In the United Kingdom, the film's Studio Ghibli anniversary release appeared several times on the annual lists of best-selling foreign language film on home video, ranking number six in 2015,[92] number five in 2016,[93] and number one in 2019.[94]

Television

[edit]

The film was aired on Nippon TV (NTV) in Japan, on 24 January 2003. It became NTV's most-watched film of all time with a 46.9% audience rating, surpassing the 35.1% record previously set by Princess Mononoke in 1999.[95]

In the United Kingdom, the film was watched by 670,000 viewers on BBC2 in 2010. This made it the year's most-watched foreign-language film on BBC, and the year's second highest foreign film on UK television (below the Indian Bollywood film Om Shanti Om).[96] Spirited Away was later watched by 300,000 UK viewers on BBC2 in 2011, making it the year's most-watched foreign-language film on BBC2.[97] Combined, the film drew a 970,000 UK television viewership on BBC2 between 2010 and 2011.

Reception

[edit]

Critical response

[edit]

Spirited Away received widespread acclaim. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 96% approval rating based on 221 reviews, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Spirited Away is a dazzling, enchanting, and gorgeously drawn fairy tale that will leave viewers a little more curious and fascinated by the world around them."[98] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 96 out of 100 based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[12]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a full four stars, praising the work and Miyazaki's direction. Ebert also said that Spirited Away was one of "the year's best films", as well as adding it to his "Great Movies" list.[99] Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times positively reviewed the film and praised the animation. Mitchell drew a favorable comparison to Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, and wrote that Miyazaki's "movies are as much about moodiness as mood" and that "the prospect of animated figures' not being what they seem – either spiritually or physically – heightens the tension".[37] Derek Elley of Variety said that Spirited Away "can be enjoyed by sprigs and adults alike" and praised the animation and music.[100] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times praised Miyazaki's direction and the voice acting, as well as saying that the film is the "product of a fierce and fearless imagination whose creations are unlike anything a person has seen before."[101] Orlando Sentinel's critic Jay Boyar also praised Miyazaki's direction and said the film is "the perfect choice for a child who has moved into a new home."[102]

In 2004, Cinefantastique listed the film as one of the "10 Essential Animations".[103] In 2005, Spirited Away was ranked by IGN as the 12th-best animated film of all time.[104] The film is also ranked number 9 of the highest-rated movies of all time on Metacritic, being the highest rated traditionally animated film on the site. The film ranked number 10 in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.[105] In 2010, Rotten Tomatoes ranked it as the 13th-best animated film on the site,[106] and in 2012, as the 17th.[107] In 2019, the site considered the film to be #1 among 140 essential animated movies to watch.[108] The film was ranked at number 46 on Time Out magazine's list of "The 100 Best Movies of All Time".[109] The film is listed within the top ten on the British Film Institute's list of "Top 50 films for children up to the age of 14".[110] In 2016, it was voted the fourth-best film of the 21st century by the BBC, as picked by 177 film critics from around the world, making it the highest-ranking animated film on the list.[111] In 2017, The New York Times ranked it as the second best film of the 21st Century so far.[112] In 2021, the Writers Guild of America ranked Spirited Away's screenplay the 67th greatest of the 21st century so far.[113] In 2022, the film was ranked number 75 on Sight & Sound's greatest films list, being one of two animated films to make the list (alongside Miyazaki's own My Neighbor Totoro).[114][115]

In his book Otaku, Hiroki Azuma observed: "Between 2001 and 2007, the otaku forms and markets quite rapidly won social recognition in Japan," and cites Miyazaki's win at the Academy Awards for Spirited Away among his examples.[116]

Accolades

[edit]
Award Year Category Recipient Result Ref.
Animation Kobe 2001 Theatrical Film Award Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Blue Ribbon Awards Best Film Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
5th Japan Media Arts Festival Grand Prize Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Mainichi Film Awards Best Film Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Best Animated Film Spirited Away Won
Best Director Hayao Miyazaki Won
25th Japan Academy Award 2002 Best Film Spirited Away Won [117]
Best Song Youmi Kimura Won
52nd Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Spirited Away Won[k] [118]
Cinekid Festival Cinekid Film Award Spirited Away Won[l] [119]
21st Hong Kong Film Awards Best Asian Film Spirited Away Won [120]
Tokyo Anime Award Animation of the Year Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Best Art Direction Yôji Takeshige [ja] Won
Best Character Design Hayao Miyazaki Won
Best Director Hayao Miyazaki Won
Best Music Joe Hisaishi Won
Best Screenplay Hayao Miyazaki Won
Best Voice Actor Rumi Hiiragi as Chihiro Won
Notable Entry Hayao Miyazaki Won
National Board of Review National Board of Review Award for Best Animated Film Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
New York Film Critics Online Best Animated Feature Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
75th Academy Awards 2003 Best Animated Feature Spirited Away Won [121]
30th Annie Awards Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Directing in an Animated Feature Production Hayao Miyazaki Won
Annie Award for Writing in a Feature Production Hayao Miyazaki Won
Annie Award for Music in a Feature Production Joe Hisaishi Won
8th Critics' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
29th Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Saturn Award for Best Writing Hayao Miyazaki
Cindy Davis Hewitt (English adaptation)
Donald H. Hewitt (English adaptation) 		Nominated
Saturn Award for Best Music Joe Hisaishi Nominated
Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation (Long Form) Spirited Away Nominated [citation needed]
7th Golden Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Amsterdam Fantastic Film Festival Silver Scream Award Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
Christopher Awards Feature Film Spirited Away Won [citation needed]
57th British Academy Film Awards 2004 Best Film Not in the English Language Spirited Away Nominated [citation needed]

Impact and legacy

[edit]
Double-decker bus in London carrying an advertisement banner for the stage adaption cast of Spirited Away in April 2024

Film industry

[edit]

Spirited Away is frequently regarded as one of the best films of the 21st century as well as one of the greatest animated films ever made.[122][123][124] Comic Book Resources wrote that the film "set the bar extremely high for all anime movies that followed it – including Studio Ghibli's" and further explained that "It's a movie many people re-watch due to its comfort and nostalgia, and since Netflix brought the Ghibli movies to North America last year, it's become even more accessible".[125] Swapnil Dhruv Bose from Far Out Magazine declared the film to be "the greatest animated film of all time" and explained that it "resonated with audiences all over the world despite the existence of cultural barriers is because of its brilliantly devised universality" and has the ability to "generate fascinating multiplicities which morph according to the age of the viewer". In another article detailing Hayao Miyazaki's wide impact to the film industry, he wrote "The influence of Spirited Away can be easily observed in Disney productions like Brave and Frozen, thanks to John Lasseter's (the Chief Creative Officer of Pixar) efforts to introduce it to Western audiences".[126][127] Vice also declared Spirited Away to be the all-time best animated film and wrote that the film "showed how breathtaking, heartfelt, and serious animation can be" that "Pixar, Disney, and other mainstream animators have still failed to genuinely realize 15 years later".[128]

Film director Steven Spielberg said that Spirited Away might be "better than any Disney films" he has ever seen.[129] Rayna Denison, professor of film, television, and media studies, told Time that "This is a film made by a master animator at the height of his powers and it is one where the quality of the animation really does set it apart from everything else around it. Nobody else was making films that looked like this or that were as inventive as this was at this time".[130] The film has been cited as influence for various Disney and Pixar animated films. Production designer Harley Jessup said that he initially looked at Spirited Away and was inspired by the spiritual feelings elements to utilize them in Coco.[131] Co-writers Ken and Ryan Firpo cited the film as one of the influences that helps them explore "ideas of morality and humanity" in Eternals.[132] Turning Red's director Domee Shi named Spirited Away as one of her favorite animated films and one of the influences for her film.[133]

Commercial and cultural significance

[edit]

According to Time, Spirited Away "arrived at a time when animation was widely perceived as a genre solely for children, and when cultural differences often became barriers to the global distribution of animated works" but it "shattered preconceived notions about the art form and also proved that, as a film created in Japanese with elements of Japanese folklore central to its core, it could resonate deeply with audiences around the world". Denison emphasized that John Lasseter and Disney "boosted Spirited Away's visibility in America by heavily campaigning for the film to be considered for the Academy Awards", and cited it as one of the reasons why it won Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[134] Writer Jonathan Clements, whose published works revolve around East Asian culture, anime, and Japanese television dramas, emphasized that the film's Oscar win was "a wake-up call for a lot of people in the film business who had been disregarding Japanese animation for years".[135] Susan Napier, professor of Japanese studies at Tufts University, called Spirited Away's wins at major Western award shows "a very big shot in the arm to the Japanese animation industry". She further explained that cartoons in the West have often been seen as "childish, vulgar, things that you didn't take seriously" but after the film took home the Academy Award, people were starting to see animation as "a real art form".[136][page needed]

Stage adaptation

[edit]

A stage adaptation of Spirited Away was announced in February 2021 with a world premiere planned in Tokyo on 28 February 2022. It is written and directed by John Caird, with Toho as the production company, with Studio Ghibli's blessing. The role of Chihiro is played by both Kanna Hashimoto and Mone Kamishiraishi.[137][138] In August 2023, it was announced that the production would have its European premiere at the London Coliseum from April 2024,[139] with most of the cast reprising their roles.[140]

Main Cast
Character name Actor (Double Cast)
Chihiro (千尋) Kanna Hashimoto Mone Kamishiraishi
Haku (ハク) Kotarou Daigo Hiroki Miura
Kaonashi (顔無し) Koharu Sugawara Tomohiko Tsujimoto
Rin (リン) Miyu Sakihi Fuu Hinami
Kamajī (釜爺) Tomorowo Taguchi Satoshi Hashimoto
Yubāba (湯婆婆) / Zenība (銭婆) Mari Natsuki Romi Park

Limited time re-release

[edit]

On a limited time release from 11 November to 18 December in 2022,[141][142] the Imperial Theater performance of the play was available for rental in Japan in several streaming services such as Abema, Amazon Prime Video Japan, Docomo Anime Store, FOD, Hulu Japan and U-Next.[143]

There were 2 versions of the play available for rental:

  • Stage "Spirited Away" (Chihiro role: Kanna Hashimoto) ≪Imperial Theater performance version≫ (First distribution). Japanese: 舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：橋本環奈)≪帝国劇場公演版≫（初配信）[144][145][141][142][146][147]
  • Stage "Spirited Away" (Chihiro role: Mone Kamishiraishi) ≪Imperial Theater Performance Version≫ (Re-edited Version). Japanese: 舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：上白石萌音)≪帝国劇場公演版≫（再編集版）[148][149][150][151][146][152]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Spirited Away's Worldwide Box Office:
    • Original Run including re-release until Studio Ghibil Fest 2020 – US$395,580,000 (¥47,030,975,000)[4]
    • 2021 re-release in Spain – €186,772[5] (US$222,070 (equivalent to $249,696 in 2023))[6]
  2. ^ Lit. "one thousand".
  3. ^ Lit. "flourishing swift-flowing amber [river] god".
  4. ^ Lit. "bathhouse granny".
  5. ^ Lit. "money granny".
  6. ^ Lit. "boiler grandad".
  7. ^ a b Lit. "faceless".
  8. ^ Lit. "blue frog".
  9. ^ Lit. "reception desk frog".
  10. ^ Lit. "Great White Lord".
  11. ^ Shared with Bloody Sunday
  12. ^ Shared with The Little Bird Boy

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Spirited Away (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  2. ^ a b c The Making of Hayao Miyazaki's "Spirited Away" – Part 1 Archived 12 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jimhillmedia.com.
  3. ^ Herskovitz, Jon (15 December 1999). "'Mononoke' creator Miyazaki toons up pic". Variety. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  4. ^ Harding, Daryl. "Demon Slayer: Mugen Train Overtakes Your Name to Become 2nd Highest-Grossing Anime Film of All Time Worldwide". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  5. ^ España, Taquilla (24 May 2021). "El viaje de Chihiro". TAQUILLA ESPAÑA (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  6. ^ "Spirited Away 2021 Re-release (Spain)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Boyd, James W. and Tetsuya Nishimura. [2004] 2016. "Shinto Perspectives in Miyazaki's Anime Film 'Spirited Away' (PDF) Archived 20 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine." Journal of Religion & Film 8 (3):Article 4.
  8. ^ "Sen To Chihiro No Kamikakushi Archived 4 December 2012 at archive.today". http://www.bcdb.com , 13 May 2012
  9. ^ Sunada, Mami (Director) (16 November 2013). 夢と狂気の王国 [The Kingdom of Dreams and Madness] (Documentary) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Studio Ghibli. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014. Interview with Toshio Suzuki
  10. ^ "15 Fascinating Facts About Spirited Away". mentalfloss.com. 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  11. ^ a b Turan, Kenneth (20 September 2002). "Under the Spell of 'Spirited Away'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  12. ^ a b "Spirited Away (2002)". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  13. ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (13 December 2020). "Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Film Is 1st Since Spirited Away to Earn 30 Billion Yen". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  14. ^ Harding, Daryl. "Toho Updates Spirited Away Lifetime Japanese Box Office Gross as Demon Slayer: Mugen Train Inches Closer to #1". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Demon Slayer Overtakes Spirited Away as Japan's Highest Grossing Film Ever". ScreenRant. 29 December 2020. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  16. ^ "The 75th Academy Awards (2003)". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 5 October 2014. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  17. ^ a b c d e Miyazaki on Spirited Away // Interviews // Archived 25 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Nausicaa.net (11 July 2001).
  18. ^ Hill, Jim (14 April 2020). "The Making of Hayao Miyazaki's "Spirited Away" – Part 1". jimhillmedia.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d "Spirited Away by Miyazaki". FPS Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  20. ^ "Notoya in Ginzan Onsen stop business for renovation. | Tenkai-japan:Cool Japan Guide-Travel, Shopping, Fashion, J-pop". Tenkai-japan. 1 July 2010. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  21. ^ "Focus Newspaper: Hayao Miyazaki, 72-year-old Mischievous Youngster (from 3:00 mark)". TVBS TV. 13 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  22. ^ Dogo Onsen Archived 13 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine japan-guide.com
  23. ^ Mizukubo, Momoe. "It's Child's Play for Studio Ghibli". Look Japan. Archived from the original on 29 June 2002. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  24. ^ Miyazaki's Spirited Away (CD). Milan Records. 10 September 2002. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015.
  25. ^ "第56回 日本映画大賞 (56th Japan Movie Awards)". Mainichi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  26. ^ "Results From Tokyo Anime Fair Awards". Anime Nation. 19 February 2002. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  27. ^ "The 17th Japan Gold Disc Award 2002". Recording Industry Association of Japan. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  28. ^ "晩夏(ひとりの季節)/いのちの名前 (The name of life/late summer)". Ayaka Hirahara. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  29. ^ a b c "Yumi Kimura". Nausicaa.net. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  30. ^ "第43回日本レコード大賞 (43rd Japan Record Award)". Japan Composer's Association. Archived from the original on 9 October 2003. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  31. ^ "久石譲 千と千尋の神隠し イメージアルバム (Joe Hisaishi Spirited Away Image Album)". Tokuma Japan Communications. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  32. ^ a b c The Making of Hayao Miyazaki's "Spirited Away" – Part 3 Archived 17 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Jimhillmedia.com.
  33. ^ Reider, Noriko T. 11 February 2009. "Spirited Away: Film of the Fantastic and Evolving Japanese Folk Symbols." Film Criticism 29(3):4–27.
  34. ^ Gomes, Paul. "Lesson Plan – Spirited Away" (PDF). UHM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  35. ^ Sunny Bay (22 June 2016). "Beyond Wonderland: 'Spirited Away' Explores The Significance of Dreams in the Real World". moviepilot.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016.
  36. ^ "Influences on the Film | Spirited Away". SparkNotes. 2004. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016.
  37. ^ a b Mitchell, Elvis (20 September 2002). "Movie Review – Spirited Away". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  38. ^ a b c Satoshi, Ando. 11 February 2009. "Regaining Continuity with the Past: Spirited Away and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." Bookbird 46(1):23–29. doi:10.1353/bkb.0.0016.
  39. ^ a b c d e Napier, Susan J. 11 February 2009. "Matter Out of Place: Carnival, Containment and Cultural Recovery in Miyazaki's Spirited Away." Journal of Japanese Studies 32(2):287–310. doi:10.1353/jjs.2006.0057.
  40. ^ Mes, Tom (7 January 2002). "Hayao Miyazaki Interview". Midnight Eye. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  41. ^ Bean, Travis (20 July 2023). "Spirited Away: The Definitive Explanation". Film Colossus. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  42. ^ a b Gold, Corey (14 July 2016). "Studio Ghibli letter sheds new light on Spirited Away mysteries". SoraNews24. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  43. ^ "HSC Extension course" (PDF). New South Wales Department of Education and Training. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
  44. ^ Thrupkaew, Noy. "Animation Sensation: Why Japan's Magical Spirited Away Plays Well Anywhere." American Prospect 13.19: 32–33. Academic OneFile. Gale. 11 February 2009.
  45. ^ Harris, Timothy. "Seized by the Gods". Quadrant 47.9: 64–67. Academic OneFile. Gale. 11 February 2009.
  46. ^ Coats, Pam (27 January 2011). "Making of Spirited Away". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  47. ^ Saporito, Jeff. "What does "Spirited Away" say about Environmentalism?". ScreenPrism. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  48. ^ "What does "Spirited Away" say about Environmentalism?". The Take. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  49. ^ Groves, Don (30 July 2001). "Dinos + Ogre = Monster o'seas B.O.". Variety. p. 12.
  50. ^ Groves, Don (15 October 2001). "'Raider' rules Japan; 'Rouge' rosy in France". Variety. p. 15.
  51. ^ Boland, Michaela (24 December 2001). "'Rings' tolls in bright B.O. day o'seas". Variety. p. 9.
  52. ^ Johnson, G. Allen (3 February 2005). "Asian films are grossing millions. Here, they're either remade, held hostage or released with little fanfare". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  53. ^ Groves, Don (22 October 2001). "Romance, laffs boos o'seas B.O.". Variety. p. 12.
  54. ^ Sudo, Yoko (4 June 2014). "'Frozen' Ranks as Third-Biggest Hit in Japan". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2014. Walt Disney's Frozen has surpassed ¥21.2 billion (about $212 million) in box office sales as of this week and now ranks as the third-highest-grossing movie ever in Japan, according to the company ... Having topped Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Frozen now trails only Titanic, which opened in 1997 and grossed ¥26.2 billion, and Hayao Miyazaki's Spirited Away, which opened in 2001 and brought in ¥30.4 billion, according to the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan Inc.
  55. ^ Groves, Don (1 October 2001). "H'wood makes 'Rush' into Japan". Variety. p. 16.
  56. ^ Harding, Daryl (15 December 2020). "Toho Updates Spirited Away Lifetime Japanese Box Office Gross as Demon Slayer: Mugen Train Inches Closer to #1". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  57. ^ 歴代興収ベスト100 [All-time box-office top 100] (in Japanese). Kogyo Tsushinsha. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  58. ^ "Wild Bunch adds Spirited Away, amongst others". Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  59. ^ "Copyrights to 'Spirited Away' sold to Disney". 13 April 2002. Archived from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  60. ^ Ball, Ryan (9 September 2001). "Spirited Away Premieres at Toronto Int'l Film Fest". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  61. ^ Abramovitch, Seth (1 December 2021). "Hollywood Flashback: 'Spirited Away' Broke Records and Made Oscar History". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  62. ^ "Spirited Away Box Office and Rental History". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 21 April 2006.
  63. ^ "Spirited Away – Original Release". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  64. ^ Oliveros, Mariano (23 July 2015). "Los films de anime que lideran la taquilla argentina" (in Spanish). Ultracine. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  65. ^ "Optimum brings Japanese mega-hit Spirited Away to UK | News | Screen". Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  66. ^ "Spirited Away". Optimum Releasing. Archived from the original on 2 October 2003. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  67. ^ "BBC Collective – Spirited Away". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 November 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  68. ^ "Spirited Away". Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  69. ^ "Hayao Miyazaki's 2001 Classic 'Spirited Away' Finally Gets Release in China". The Hollywood Reporter. 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  70. ^ "These five Studio Ghibli films really should be released in China". South China Morning Post. 17 December 2018. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  71. ^ Coyle, Jake (23 June 2019). "'Toy Story 4' opens big but below expectations with $118M". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  72. ^ "Daily Box Office". EntGroup. 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  73. ^ "Daily Box Office". EntGroup. 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  74. ^ "Spirited Away – All Releases". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  75. ^ 千と千尋の神隠し (in Japanese). Walt Disney Japan. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  76. ^ "ブエナビスタ、DVD「千と千尋の神隠し」の発売日を7月19日に決定" (in Japanese). AV Watch. 10 May 2002. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  77. ^ 均, 中村 (23 May 2007). "110万冊無料配布。"ゲドを読む。"の狙いを読む 宮崎吾朗監督作品「ゲド戦記」DVDのユニークなプロモーション". Nikkei Business (in Japanese). Nikkei Business Publications. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  78. ^ "Frozen Home Video Tops Spirited Away as Fastest to Sell 2 Million Copies in Japan". Anime News Network. 14 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  79. ^ "千と千尋の神隠し｜ブルーレイ・DVD・デジタル配信｜ディズニー公式". Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  80. ^ "Amazon.co.jp： 千と千尋の神隠し [Blu-ray]: 宮崎駿: DVD". Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  81. ^ Conrad, Jeremy (14 March 2003). "Spirited Away". IGN. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  82. ^ Reid, Calvin (28 April 2003). "'Spirited Away' Sells like Magic". Publishers Weekly. Vol. 250, no. 17. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  83. ^ "Studio Ghibli – The Official DVD Website". Disney. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  84. ^ "Amazon.com: Spirited Away (2-Disc Blu-ray + DVD Combo Pack): Daveigh Chase, Lauren Holly, Michael Chiklis, Suzanne Pleshette, Jason Mardsen, Tara Strong, Susan Egan, John Ratzenberger, David Ogden Stiers, Hayao Miyazaki, Original Story And Screenplay By Hayao Miyazaki: Movies & TV". Amazon. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  85. ^ Giardina, Carolyn (17 July 2017). "Gkids, Studio Ghibli Ink Home Entertainment Deal". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  86. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (13 August 2019). "'Spirited Away' Special Collector's Edition Will Be Available For a Limited Time This November". Slashfilm. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020.
  87. ^ "Spirited Away [Collector's Edition]". The Studio Ghibli Collection. Los Angeles: GKIDS. ASIN B07W8LJLB3. Archived from the original on 20 August 2020..
  88. ^ "Spirited Away (2 Discs) (Studio Ghibli Collection)". Play. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  89. ^ "Optimum Releasing – Spirited Away". Optimum Releasing. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  90. ^ Amie, Cranswick (20 July 2021). "StudioCanal announces Spirited Away 20th Anniversary Collector's Edition". Flickering Myth. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  91. ^ "Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (2001) – Video Sales". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  92. ^ Statistical Yearbook 2016 (PDF). United Kingdom: British Film Institute (BFI). 2016. p. 144. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  93. ^ Statistical Yearbook 2017 (PDF). United Kingdom: British Film Institute (BFI). 2017. pp. 140–1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  94. ^ BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020. United Kingdom: British Film Institute (BFI). 2020. p. 94. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  95. ^ Hamano, Keiji; Kitae, Hiroyuki; Udagawa, Shoji; Watanabe, Yasuko; Uchiyama, Takashi (November 2007). The Japanese Market for UK Films. Cinema Alliance Limited, UK Film Council, British Film Institute. pp. 58–9. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via Yumpu.
  96. ^ "Statistical Yearbook 11" (PDF). British Film Institute (BFI). 2011. p. 109. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  97. ^ "BFI Statistical Yearbook 2012" (PDF). British Film Institute (BFI). 2012. p. 125. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  98. ^ "Spirited Away (2002)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  99. ^ Ebert, Roger (20 September 2002). "Spirited Away". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  100. ^ Elley, Derek (18 February 2002). "Spirited Away Review". Variety. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  101. ^ Turan, Kenneth (20 September 2002). "Under the Spell of 'Spirited Away'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  102. ^ Boyar, Jay (11 October 2002). "'Spirited Away' – A Magic Carpet Ride". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  103. ^ Persons, Dan (February–March 2004). "The Americanization of Anime: 10 Essential Animations". Cinefantastique. Vol. 36, no. 1. p. 48. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  104. ^ "The Top 25 Animated Movies of All-Time". IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  105. ^ "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema – 10. Spirited Away". Empire. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012.
  106. ^ "Best Animated Films – Spirited Away". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  107. ^ "Best Animated Films". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  108. ^ "140 essential animated movies to watch now Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine." Rotten Tomatoes. 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  109. ^ "The 100 Best Movies of All Time". 8 April 2021. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  110. ^ "Watch This: Top fifty films for children up to the age of 14". Archived 25 May 2012.
  111. ^ "The 21st Century's 100 greatest films". BBC. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017.
  112. ^ "The 25 Best Films of the 21st Century So Far". The New York Times. 9 June 2017. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  113. ^ Pedersen, Erik (6 December 2021). "101 Greatest Screenplays Of The 21st Century: Horror Pic Tops Writers Guild's List". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  114. ^ Ugwu, Reggie (1 December 2022). "Chantal Akerman's 'Jeanne Dielman' Named Greatest Film of All Time in Sight and Sound Poll". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  115. ^ "The Greatest Films of All Time". BFI. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  116. ^ Azuma, Hiroki (10 April 2009). "Preface". Otaku. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0816653515. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  117. ^ "List of award-winning films at the 25th Japan Academy Awards". Japan Academy Awards Association (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  118. ^ "Prizes & Honours 2002". Berlinale. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  119. ^ "'Bird,' 'Spirited' nab kid kudos". Variety. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  120. ^ "第21屆香港電影金像獎得獎名單 List of Award Winner of The 21st Hong Kong Film Awards". Hong Kong Film Awards. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  121. ^ "The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  122. ^ "The 50 Best Movies of the Decade (2000–2009)". Paste. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  123. ^ "Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade". Metacritic. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  124. ^ "Top 100 Animation Movies". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  125. ^ Waxman, Nicole (22 July 2021). "Spirited Away's Powerful Legacy Lives On, 20 Years Later". CBR.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  126. ^ Dhruv Bose, Swapnil (26 June 2021). "20 years of a Hayao Miyazaki masterpiece: Why 'Spirited Away' is the greatest animated film of all time". Far Out Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  127. ^ Dhruv Bose, Swapnil (5 January 2021). "Hayao Miyazaki: The life and lasting influence of the Studio Ghibli auteur-animator". Far Out Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  128. ^ Ewens, Hannah (20 July 2016). "Why 'Spirited Away' Is the Best Animated Film of All Time". Vice. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  129. ^ Peters, Megan (25 April 2018). "Steven Spielberg Reveals How Hayao Miyazaki Inspires Him". comicbook. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  130. ^ Moon, Kat (20 July 2021). "How Spirited Away Changed Animation Forever". Time. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  131. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (28 August 2017). "How 'Coco' Was Influenced By 'John Wick', 'Spirited Away,' And Mexican History". Slash Film. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  132. ^ McGlynn, Anthony (15 November 2021). "Eternals was inspired by Spirited Away and Final Fantasy 7". The Digital Fix. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  133. ^ Havis, Richard James (9 March 2022). "Anime's influence on Pixar's Turning Red – Spirited Away is director Domee Shi's favourite movie – and how its giant panda is a metaphor for the pains of growing up". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  134. ^ Moon, Kat (20 July 2021). "How Spirited Away Changed Animation Forever". Time. Archived from the original on 5 August 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  135. ^ Clements, Jonathan (28 November 2013). Anime: A History (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1844573905.
  136. ^ Napier, Susan J. (2018). Miyazakiworld: A Life in Art. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22685-0.
  137. ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (25 February 2021). "'Spirited Away': Hayao Miyazaki's Classic Animated Oscar Winner To Be Adapted For The Stage". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  138. ^ McGee, Oona (10 November 2021). "First look at Studio Ghibli's new Spirited Away live-action stage play". SoraNews24.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  139. ^ "European premiere of Spirited Away to be staged in London". WhatsOnStage.com. 2 August 2023. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  140. ^ "Full cast announced for SPIRITED AWAY European premiere". London Box Office. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  141. ^ a b "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：橋本環奈)≪帝国劇場公演版≫（初配信） | アニメ動画 | dアニメストア". dアニメストア (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  142. ^ a b "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」（千尋役：橋本環奈）≪帝国劇場公演版≫（初配信）｜フジテレビの人気ドラマ・アニメ・TV番組の動画が見放題＜FOD＞". フジテレビの動画配信サービスFOD｜ドラマ アニメ TV番組が見放題 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  143. ^ Chapman, Paul. "Spirited Away Stage Play Streams Additional Performances in Japan". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  144. ^ "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役:橋本環奈)≪帝国劇場公演版≫(初配信) (映画) | 無料動画・見逃し配信を見るなら | ABEMA". ABEMA | 無料動画・話題の作品が楽しめる新しい未来のテレビ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  145. ^ "Amazon.co.jp: 舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：橋本環奈)≪帝国劇場公演版≫(初配信) : 橋本環奈, 三浦宏規, 辻本知彦, 妃海風, 橋本さとし, 夏木マリ, 宮﨑駿, ジョン・ケアード, ジョン・ケアード: Prime Video". Amazon.co.jp: プライム・ビデオ: Prime Video (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  146. ^ a b "Hulu(フールー): 人気映画、ドラマ、アニメが見放題！". 舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」の検索結果 | Hulu(フールー) 【お試し無料】 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  147. ^ "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：橋本環奈)≪帝国劇場公演版≫（初配信）(舞台・演劇 / 2022)の動画視聴 | U-NEXT 31日間無料トライアル". U-NEXT＜ユーネクスト＞ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  148. ^ "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役:上白石萌音)≪帝国劇場公演版≫(再編集版) (映画) | 無料動画・見逃し配信を見るなら | ABEMA". ABEMA | 無料動画・話題の作品が楽しめる新しい未来のテレビ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  149. ^ "Amazon.co.jp: 舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：橋本環奈)≪帝国劇場公演版≫(初配信) : 橋本環奈, 三浦宏規, 辻本知彦, 妃海風, 橋本さとし, 夏木マリ, 宮﨑駿, ジョン・ケアード, ジョン・ケアード: Prime Video". Amazon.co.jp: プライム・ビデオ: Prime Video (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  150. ^ "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：上白石萌音)≪帝国劇場公演版≫（再編集版） | アニメ動画 | dアニメストア". dアニメストア (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  151. ^ "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」（千尋役：上白石萌音）≪帝国劇場公演版≫（再編集版）｜フジテレビの人気ドラマ・アニメ・TV番組の動画が見放題＜FOD＞". フジテレビの動画配信サービスFOD｜ドラマ アニメ TV番組が見放題 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  152. ^ "舞台「千と千尋の神隠し」(千尋役：上白石萌音)≪帝国劇場公演版≫（再編集版）(舞台・演劇 / 2022)の動画視聴 | U-NEXT 31日間無料トライアル". U-NEXT＜ユーネクスト＞ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Boyd, James W., and Tetsuya Nishimura. 2004. "Shinto Perspectives in Miyazaki's Anime Film 'Spirited Away'." The Journal of Religion and Film 8(2).
  • Broderick, Mick (2003). "Intersections Review, Spirited Away by Miyazaki's Fantasy". Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context (9). Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  • Callis, Cari. 2010. "Nothing that Happens is ever Forgotten." In Anime and Philosophy, edited by J. Steiff and T. D. Tamplin. New York: Open Court. ISBN 9780812697131.
  • Cooper, Damon (1 November 2010), "Finding the spirit within: a critical analysis of film techniques in spirited Away.(Critical essay)", Babel, vol. 45, no. 1, Australian Federation of Modern Language Teachers Associations, pp. 30(6), ISSN 0005-3503
  • Coyle, Rebecca (2010). Drawn to Sound: Animation Film Music and Sonicity. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84553-352-6. Drawn to Sound focuses on feature-length, widely distributed films released in the period since World War II, from producers in the USA, UK, Japan and France-from Animal Farm (1954) to Happy Feet (2006), Yellow Submarine (1968) to Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005), Spirited Away (2001) and Les Triplettes de Belleville (2003).
  • Denison, Rayna (2008). "The global markets for anime: Miyazaki Hayao's Spirited away (2001)". In Phillips, Alastair; Stringer, Julian (eds.). Japanese Cinema: Texts and Contexts. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32847-0.
  • Fielding, Julien R. (2008). Discovering World Religions at 24 Frames Per Second. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5996-8. Several films with a 'cult-like' following are also discussed, such as Fight Club, Princess Mononoke, Spirited Away, and Jacob's Ladder.
  • Fox, Kit. "Spirited Away". Animerica. Archived from the original on 7 April 2004.
  • Galbraith IV, Stuart (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6004-9. Since its inception in 1933, Toho Co., Ltd., Japan's most famous movie production company and distributor, has produced and/or distributed some of the most notable films ever to come out of Asia, including Seven Samurai, Godzilla, When a Woman Ascends the Stairs, Kwaidan, Woman in the Dunes, Ran, Shall We Dance?, Ringu, and Spirited Away.
  • Geortz, Dee (2009). "The hero with the thousand-and-first face: Miyazaki's girl quester in Spirited away and Campbell's Monomyth". In Perlich, John; Whitt, David (eds.). Millennial Mythmaking: Essays on the Power of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature, Films and Games. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4562-2.
  • Hooks, Ed (2005). "Spirited Away". Acting in Animation: A Look at 12 Films. Heinemann Drama. ISBN 978-0-325-00705-2.
  • Knox, Julian (22 June 2011), "Hoffmann, Goethe, and Miyazaki's Spirited Away.(E.T.A. Hoffmann, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Hayao Miyazaki)(Critical essay)", Wordsworth Circle, 42 (3), Wordsworth Circle: 198(3), doi:10.1086/TWC24043148, ISSN 0043-8006, S2CID 169044013
  • Matthews, Kate (2006), "Logic and Narrative in 'Spirited Away'", Screen Education (43): 135–140, ISSN 1449-857X
  • Napier, Susan J. (2005). Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7051-0.
  • Osmond, Andrew (2008). Spirited away = Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan on behalf of the British Film Institute. ISBN 978-1844572304.
  • Suzuki, Ayumi. 2009. "A nightmare of capitalist Japan: Spirited Away", Jump Cut 51
  • Yang, Andrew. 2010. "The Two Japans of 'Spirited Away'." International Journal of Comic Art 12(1):435–52.
  • Yoshioka, Shiro (2008). "Heart of Japaneseness: History and Nostalgia in Hayao Miyazaki's Spirited Away". In MacWilliams, Mark W (ed.). Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 268–285. doi:10.4324/9781315703152-19 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-7656-1601-2. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spirited Away.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Spirited Away.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Spirited_Away&oldid=1255378212"