Jump to content

K2 Black Panther

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Chinese light tank also called Black Panther, see Type 15 tank.

K2 Black Panther
K2 Black Panthers of the 11th Maneuver Division of the Republic of Korea Army in tank field training
TypeMain battle tank
Place of originSouth Korea
Service history
In service2014–present
Used bySee Operators
Production history
DesignerAgency for Defense Development
Doosan Mottrol
Hyundai Rotem
Poongsan Corporation
Samsung Thales
Samyang Comtech
WIA
Designed1995–2008
ManufacturerHyundai Rotem
Unit cost₩7.8 billion (production batch 1)[1]
US$8.5 million (constant 2009 USD)
Produced2008–present
No. built
  • ROK Army: Lot 1: 100, Lot 2: 106,[2] Lot 3: 54,[3] Lot 4: 150 (ordered)[4]
  • Polish Land Forces: Lot 1: 180 (ordered)
  • Total: 440
Specifications
MassCurb weight: 55 metric tons (54 long tons; 61 short tons)
Combat weight: 56 metric tons (55 long tons; 62 short tons)[5]
LengthOverall: 10.8 meters (35 ft 5 in)
Chassis: 7.5 meters (24 ft 7 in)
Width3.6 meters (11 ft 10 in)
HeightHighest: 2.4 meters (7 ft 10 in)
Lowest: 2 meters (6 ft 7 in)
Crew3 (commander, gunner and driver)
ArmorMIL-12560H armor steel and silicon carbide non-oxide ceramic plate along with ERA and NERA modular add-on armor
Main
armament
Hyundai WIA CN08 120 mm 55 caliber smoothbore gun (40 rounds)
Secondary
armament
1× 12.7×99mm (.50 BMG) K6 heavy machine gun (3,200 rounds)
1× 7.62×51mm NATO coaxial machine gun (12,000 rounds)
Engine
Power/weight27.3 hp/t (20.35 kW/t)[5]
Transmission
  • Lot 1, 2: RENK HSWL 295 TM (5 forward, 5 reverse gears), dry weight: 2,450 kg
  • Lot 3: SNT Dynamics EST15K (6 forward, 3 reverse gears, in development), dry weight: 2,500 kg[8]
SuspensionSemi-active in-arm suspension unit (ISU) with dynamic track tension system (DTTS)[5]
Fuel capacity1,296 liters (342 U.S. gal)
Operational
range
450 km (280 mi)[5]
Maximum speed Paved road: 70 km/h (43 mph)
Cross country: 50 km/h (31 mph)[5]
Acceleration from 0–32 km/h (0–20 mph) in 7.47 seconds (MT883 Ka-501) or 8.77 seconds (DV27K)

K2 Black Panther (Korean: K-2 흑표; Hanja: K-2 黑豹; RR: K-2 Heukpyo) is a South Korean fourth-generation main battle tank (MBT), designed by the Agency for Defense Development and manufactured by Hyundai Rotem. The tank's design began in the 1990s to meet the strategic requirements of the Republic of Korea Army's reform for three-dimensional, high-speed maneuver warfare[9] based on use of network-centric warfare.[10][11][12]

The K2 Black Panther has an advanced fire-control system, in-arm suspension, and a radar, laser rangefinder, and crosswind sensor for lock-on targeting. Its thermographic camera tracks targets up to 9.8 km, and its millimeter-band radar acts as a Missile Approach Warning System, enhancing situational awareness, and soft-kill active protection system deploys smoke grenades to counter incoming projectiles. The K2's autoloader reduces crew size by 25%, providing a faster rate of fire, better fuel efficiency, and lower maintenance costs compared to other western main battle tanks that require human loaders. Additionally, the K2 can operate in indirect fire mode, offering key advantages over Western designs.[13]

Initial production began in 2008 and mass production began in 2013, and the first K2s were deployed to the Republic of Korea Army in July 2014.[14]

History

[edit]

Development

[edit]

South Korea has been accumulating tank development and production technology to increase its self-reliance in producing arms. In 1976, South Korea upgraded its M48 Patton tanks. In 1987, the K1 88-Tank, designed by General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS), was commissioned for service. South Korea participated in its development, and gained tank development capability. The K1 was a derivative of the M1 Abrams, designed by Americans and produced in South Korea, and its associated legal agreements limited South Korea's rights for export, logistics, and future enhancements.[11][12][15][16]

In the early 1990s, Korean engineers suggested producing a new domestically designed tank using the latest available technology, but the military refused due to cost overruns. Instead, South Korea chose to upgrade the K1, and received a technical data upgrade package from GDLS. However, it was limiting its involvement to increase its domestic capability and experience while taking responsibility for the failure. South Korea advanced in turret designs, fire-controlling systems, sights, and composite armors during this process. The operational prototype of the new variant K1A1 was later displayed in 1996, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis delayed its mass production. South Korea worked on further localization during the delay and managed to develop its own designs or produce most parts of the K1A1 under license.[12][16]

XK2 PV1 at the rollout ceremony in March 2007

While the K1A1 development was ongoing, South Korea began to plan a new domestic main battle tank as its tank design and manufacturing capability matured. There were three main reasons for the development of the new tank:

Firstly, despite the increase in localization, K1A1 was still an American design that falls under the United States' export control to protect intellectual rights, which creates a burden when exporting.

Secondly, the M48A3K and the M48A5K operated by the South Korean military were older designs and needed to be replaced with newer, better designs.[17][18]

Thirdly, the Republic of Korea Army was adapting new tactics called three-dimensional high-speed maneuver warfare with network-centric warfare.[9][10] When developers asked the Army what kind of performance the Army wanted to see with the new tank, the Army replied that network warfare capability for command and control is the top priority, not firepower, defense, or mobility. This new capability would need to be built into the new tank.[11][12]

Criticism was made on the new tank developments: "It seemed to many to be too early to adopt a new model, and there were also doubts because it would be the first tank ever designed domestically." However, consensus of the defense sector (the politicians, the military, and developers) viewed the K1 tanks as a "humiliation", because the tank itself was a proof that South Korea lacked in tank developing technology. It was a matter of national pride to have the ability to design and build a leading main battle tank.[12]

Developers claimed that during times of war, military logistics and support of armaments could stop when geopolitics came into play, as witnessed in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. There were also criticisms of many European nations as lacking investment in domestic warfare technology, and relying too much on weapons from partnerships. Historically, South Korea always maintained a policy of self-reliance on weapons, and so the new tank program was authorized.[12]

From July 1995 to December 1997, system concept research was conducted including analysis of required operational capability (ROC), function, performance, operations, logistics, and the technology required. The first step was to develop a modeling and simulation system for theoretical study and analysis. South Korean developers invited experts from around the world, including Sven Berge (Stridsvagn 103), Philip Lett (M1 Abrams), Israel Tal (Merkava), Hayashi Iwao (Type 90), and Richard Ogorkiewicz (European tanks) for a 40-hour seminar to help guide the concepts of the new tank development. Per prior agreement, all the presentations were recorded, and used for guiding system development of the new tank. Then seven researchers of the Agency for Defense Development (ADD), who were responsible for designing the tank, were sent to the United Kingdom for a year of tank development education.[12][18][19]

From November 1998 to December 2002, private companies joined the ADD during exploratory research, and developed core technologies and systems including the tank gun, the electric gun and turret drive system (EGTDS), and the gun autoloader. Other key systems and tests included automatic target detection & tracking, and cognitive identification ability of the combat control system along with its simulator, the semi-active in-arm suspension unit to dramatically increase mobility performance, and the proximity fuse (within 7 meters) for multi-purpose HEAT munition (to shoot down helicopters).[12][19][20]

XK2 PV3 firing its cannon

In 2002, Hilmi Özkök, the commander of Turkish Land Forces, visited the research center and witnessed the simulator capabilities and an actual model of the combat control system. Afterward, Turkey continuously sent its dignitaries to closely monitor progress, and it eventually led to cooperation in developing Turkey's Altay.[12]

The K2 Black Panther on static display

From January 2003 to 2007, a number of test vehicles were built: two test vehicles, the MTR (Mobility Test Rig) and FTR (Firepower Test Rig), and three PV (Pilot Vehicles) were built to demonstrate technology and performance. MTR and FTR conducted mobility, fire control, combat control, and low temperature operating life tests, while PV1, PV2, and PV3 conducted tests on endurance, developer, operator, and integrated logistics support.[18] The last prototype was unveiled on 2 March 2007 at the proving ground in Changwon,[20][21] and the development was officially completed after being declared fit for combat by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) in September 2008. The XK2 development project, which began in 1995 and ended in 2008, cost a total of 452.6 billion won spread over 14 years.[22] The K2 tank began to be called the Black Panther for its speed and valiance.[23]

Improvement

[edit]

In 2020, Samyang Comtech, which produces composite armors, began developing an improvement of front armors for K2 export variants,[24] and later it changed to a modification and development project to completely improve the modular armor for export variants organized by the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality (DTaQ) in 2021.[25]

The third mass-produced K2, which began in 2022, included an improved Battlefield Management System with the Korean Variable Message Format (KVMF),[26][27] and the Korean Commander's Panoramic Sight (KCPS) and Korean Gunner's Primary Sight (KGPS) with improved resolution and daytime automatic target tracking function.[28][29][30]

Design

[edit]

Weapon system and munitions

[edit]
K279 APFSDS-T round
A K2 tank on display along with its K280 HEAT-MP-T munition rounds and K6 heavy machine gun rounds

The main gun and its munitions were developed simultaneously. In the early to mid 1990s, South Korea learned internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminal ballistics for tank guns while license producing the KM256 tank gun; they invented self-sharpening tungsten penetrator for 120 mm APFSDS munitions during the K1A1 program. Using acquired technology, engineers decided to increase firepower with longer gun barrels and enhanced propellants that were NATO compatible.[11][31]

Compared to the 5.3 meters (17 ft) long 44 caliber KM256, the new gun was 6.6 meters (22 ft) in length and sent out projectiles at 12-13 MJ, which was a huge increase from 8-9 MJ. Since the projectile travels at hypersonic speed or at a muzzle velocity of 1,760 m/s (with K279), it was critical to develop HEAT resistance material and stabilization of the projectile.[11][31][32][33][34] Early designs included an unmanned turret variant, which was scrapped in favor of a manned turret during initial exploratory development. Another plan was to equip Rheinmetall's experimental NPzK-140 140 mm smoothbore gun, but this plan was also scrapped due to issues regarding incomplete combustion of 140 mm munitions.[35]

South Korea originally planned to receive technology transfer of chrome plating on tank guns from Switzerland, only a handful of nations having such technology. However, the plan was changed to domestic development after hearing the refusal from Swiss firm. Engineers first tried chrome plating on the KM256 tank gun used by K1A1, then coincidentally found a classified method while reworking on defect-plated guns.[12]

The Black Panther is armed with a chrome plated CN08 120 mm 55 caliber smoothbore gun developed by the ADD and WIA (now Hyundai WIA), and is capable of hitting a 30 centimeters (12 in) size object at range greater than 1 kilometer (0.62 mi).[11][36][37] This is complemented by a home-grown bustle-type autoloader, similar to the Leclerc, which allows the tank to fire up to 10 rounds per minute.[12][38][39] The laser barcode identifier of the autoloader recognizes the classification of pre-barcoded ammunition and selects a type of munition for loading based on mission need. The ammunition is loaded in a 16-shell magazine for ready-to-use, and 24 rounds at frontal hull, carrying a total of 40 rounds for its main armament.[39]

The K2's primary anti-tank munitions, developed by the ADD and Poongsan Corporation, are the K279 APFSDS-T, designed with self-sharpening technology for armored targets, and the K280 HEAT-MP-T, a multipurpose chemical energy round with a proximity fuse that explodes within 7 meters from the target, for all types of targets including low-flying helicopters.[12]

Secondary weapons include a 12.7 mm K6 Heavy Machine Gun and a 7.62 mm M60E2-1 coaxial machine gun. The trigger pull of the coaxial machine gun lightened from 4 kilograms (8.8 lb) to 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) for convenience.[11]

Korean Smart Top-Attack Munition (KSTAM)

[edit]
Main article: KSTAM

The Korean Smart Top-Attack Munition (KSTAM) is a fire-and-forget, top-attack anti-tank munition with an effective operating range of 2–8 kilometers (1.2–5.0 mi), developed specifically for use with the K2. It is launched as a kinetic energy projectile, fired from the main gun in a high trajectory profile comparable to that of a mortar. Upon reaching its designated target area, a parachute deploys, giving on-board millimeter band radar, infrared and radiometer sensors time to seek and acquire stationary or moving targets.[40][41]

When a target is acquired, an explosively formed penetrator (EFP) is fired from a top-down position, to exploit the weaker top armor of tanks. Target acquisition can also be directed manually by the tank crew via a remote link. These characteristics allow the launch vehicle to remain concealed behind cover while firing successive rounds towards the known location of an enemy, or provide indirect fire support against targets hidden behind obstacles and structures.[40][41]

Fire-control system and optics

[edit]
1st generation Korean gunner's primary sight
A platoon of K2 tanks in live fire exercise

The fire-control system (FCS) consists gunner's primary sight (GPS), commander's panoramic sight (CPS), ballistic calculator, electrical gun and turret drive system (EGTDS), and dynamic muzzle reference system (DMRS).[11]

The K2 is equipped with an advanced fire-control system linked to an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) L-band Pulsed Doppler Radar system deployed on the frontal arc of the turret,[42] along with a VAS-1K raman laser rangefinder and crosswind sensor. The system is capable of a "lock-on" mode, which can acquire and track specific targets up to a range of 9.8 kilometers (6.1 mi) using a thermographic camera.[21][35][43] This allows the crew to fire accurately while moving as well as engage low-flying aircraft.

The fire-control system is also linked to an advanced gun stabilizer and trigger-delay mechanism to optimize accuracy while moving in uneven terrain. If the trigger on the main gun is pulled at the same time the tank encounters an irregularity in the terrain, oscillation of the gun barrel will cause temporary misalignment between a mirror-type laser reflector at the top of the barrel and a laser emitter (vertical sensor unit) at the base. This will delay the fire-control system from activating until the beam is re-aligned, improving the chances of hitting the intended target.[39][44]

The Korean Commander's Panoramic Sight (KCPS) and the Korean Gunner's Primary Sight (KGPS) are present in the Black Panther as in the original series of K1A1 tanks, albeit redesigned to utilize the more advanced sensors and armaments deployed on the K2.[35][43] The K2's Korean Gunner's Primary Sight adopts a thermographic camera that is more advanced than K1A1, and the sight provides 4x and 15x magnifications using the optical system, and 30x and 60x magnifications using a digital image processor.[45]

The tank gun and turret are powered by an EGTDS developed by Hyundai Rotem and Doosan Mottrol (now Mottrol). The EGTDS provides high efficiency and high precision drive control, and its performance is improved by 3-axis stabilization. It is also designed to minimize vibration and noise when the turret is driven.[20][46] The turret achieved a rotating speed of 800 mil (45 degrees) per second at the prototype stage.[12]

The commander of the tank has the ability to override the gunner's command, to take control of the turret and gun. Moreover, unconfirmed reports state that, in the event of an emergency, the vehicle can be operated by only two crew members, or even a single one. It is speculated that the fire-control system can automatically spot and track visible targets, compare them using the data link established with other friendly vehicles to prevent redundant target engagements, and fire its main gun without manual input.

Automatic Target Detection and Tracking System

[edit]

K2 has an Automatic Target Detection and Tracking System controlled by the Automatic Target Recognition algorithm.[47][48][49] When the target is identified as a foe by the IFF/SIF (Identification Friend or Foe/Selective Identification Feature) system, the tank automatically aims and performs laser distance measurements on the target even if the tank is maneuvering on irregular terrain while the target is moving. It can lead the target and fire automatically based on ballistic data calculated by the turret mounted laser rangefinder and crosswind sensor.[20][39][47] This feature enhances the performance of inexperienced gunners significantly.[11]

Network-centric warfare capabilities and operability

[edit]

Tactical information communication

[edit]
A cold weather combat training of the tank unit of the 11th Maneuver Division of the ROK Army

The K2 houses the following features which help to improve situational awareness for the crew:

  • C4I (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence) uplink.[5][49]
  • GPS/INS (Global Positioning Satellite/Inertial Navigation System) combined navigation system.[5][10][50]
  • IFF/SIF (Identification Friend or Foe/Selective Identification Feature) system compliant with STANAG 4579.[5][10][49] Located on the main gun mantlet, just above the gun, the system fires a 36 GHz beam in the direction of the gun for a response from the targeted vehicle. If a proper response signal is shown by the target, the fire control system automatically identifies it as a friendly.[51][52] If the target fails to respond to the identification signal, it is then declared as a hostile.
  • C4I linked BMS (Battlefield Management System) allows the vehicle to share its data with friendly units, including other armored vehicles and helicopters.[5][10][30][49]

Operability and maintenance

[edit]

The following features are provided for crew operability and system maintenance:

  • Network-based tank combat training system utilizing 3D virtual reality technology. The embedded training computer designed for the K2 allows driving, gunnery, single tank combat, platoon level combat and command and platoon leaders combat training, and allows real-time information sharing and training with friendly tanks through a network system.[5][50][53][54]
  • Built-in test (BIT) feature to verify the integrity of the tank system. The BIT system provides the convenience of checking the tank for defects in its main functions without any external test equipment.[50][54]

Work is also under way to integrate the experimental autonomous vehicle, unmanned wheeled reconnaissance drone into the Black Panther's systems, giving the tank's crew the ability to scout without disclosing its location.

Defensive capabilities

[edit]

Passive protection systems

[edit]
Reactive armor on the upper and sides

Despite South Korea producing K1 tanks, GDLS strictly prohibited Koreans from using the Special Armor Package (SAP), which was identical to that of the M1 Abrams, in order to protect the United States' intellectual property rights and national security. Armor for main battle tanks was commonly regarded as top secret and its technology was unlikely to be exported. Therefore, developing domestic armor was the only option in order to design a tank.[31] The ADD and Samyang Comtech developed Korean Special Armor Plate (KSAP) for the K1A1 project, and South Korea also keeps most information in secret.[24][55][56] In 1996, South Korea received 1,250 hp variant Russian domestic specification T-80Us along with Kontakt-5 explosive reactive armor (ERA), and studied its composite armor and ERA technology, which contributed to development of domestic armors.[57][58]

The K2 uses a modular armor system in order to replace the inner material much quicker when it is damaged or whenever an enhanced version is available.[11][55] Its armor was redesigned based on K1A1's KSAP, and is made of POSCO MIL-12560H armor steel,[37][59][60] Samyang Comtech silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic plates, and aluminum (Al).[56][61] The frontal armor has been claimed to be effective against the 120 mm APFSDS round fired from the L55 gun.[62] ERA blocks are also present, with the addition of ultra-high hardness and high-hardness armor package and non-explosive reactive armor (NERA) planned for the K2 Product Improvement Program (PIP) and export variant specification.

Inside the hull, an overpressure system is installed to protect the tank crew from chemical and biological weapons,[63][64] an automatic fire suppression system is programmed to detect and put out any internal fires that may occur, and atmospheric sensors alert the crew if the tank enters a hazardous environment.[5][65][66][67] The K2's collective protection system, which integrates positive pressure and A/C devices, has a ventilation capacity of 180 m3/h and an air conditioning capacity of 7,500 kcal/h.[68] In addition, the interior of the tank is equipped with a neutron shielding liner made of a polyethylene-boron moderator to protect the tank crew from neutron radiation caused by nuclear explosions.[63][64][66]

Active protection systems

[edit]
K2 tanks deploy K415 smoke grenades and fire during maneuver drills.
A soft-kill launcher loaded with K419 multispectral screening smoke grenades

The tank is equipped with Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) and Laser Warning Receiver (LWR), which detect homing radar or homing laser aimed at the tank and instantaneously turn the turret in the direction of threats as well as notifying friendly units via network system.[69][70] The tank also has a total of 12 (6 on each side of the turret) Samyang Chemical K415 Visible/IR Screening Smoke Grenade. The K415 blocks visible and infrared view of the K2 from the enemy.[71]

The K2 has a Multispectral Screening Smoke Grenade (MSSG) soft-kill active protection system.[note 1] If a anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) is fired at the K2, the tank immediately warns crews and triangulate the projectile for activating SNT Dynamics SLS (Soft-kill Launcher System)[72] that releases K419 multispectral screening smoke grenade,[71] manufactured by Samyang Chemical, in the direction of the incoming missile at the most effective time.[73][74][75][76] The multispectral screening smoke grenades hide tank from visible, forward-looking infrared, and millimeter wave optics and radar thus disrupt accuracy of missile.[11][77]

The SLS is located at the rear center of the turret top, and is assisted by two Missile Warning Receiver (MWR) on the frontal turret using L-band pulsed doppler radar. Each system covers 90 degrees (total 180 degrees) and 60 degrees at a high angle, and is capable of detecting wire-guided missiles, which does not emit its own radar.[42] The MWR will also be responsible for tracking and targeting incoming missiles for the hard-kill active protection system in future upgrades.

Mobility and maneuverability

[edit]
A demonstration of maneuverability of the K2 Black Panther

The K2 can travel at speeds of up to 70 km/h (43 mph) on road surfaces, accelerate from 0 to 32 km/h (0 to 20 mph) within 7.47 seconds (MT883 Ka-501 engine) or 8.77 seconds (DV27K engine),[78][79] and maintain speeds of up to 50 km/h (31 mph) in off-road conditions. It can also climb 60% slopes (31 degrees) and vertical obstacles 1.3 meters in height.[17] Due to the relatively compact design of the engine, the designers were able to fit an additional compact Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)[80] into the remaining compartment space. This is capable of producing 8~10 kW, and intended to act as an auxiliary power unit with which the tank may power its on-board systems when its main engine is turned off. It will also allow the tank to conserve fuel when idling and minimize the vehicle's thermal and acoustic signatures.

In-arm Suspension Unit (ISU)

[edit]
K2 demonstrating posture control function

The Black Panther fields an advanced semi-active suspension system, called the in-arm suspension unit (ISU),[5] which allows for individual control of every bogie on the tracks. This posture control function can tilt the chassis or lower the overall height by 40 centimeters (16 in).[69] This allows the K2 to "sit", "stand" and "kneel", as well as "lean" towards one side or a corner. "Sitting" gives the tank a lower profile and offers superior handling over roads. "Standing" gives the vehicle higher ground clearance for maneuverability over rough terrain.[20] "Kneeling" augments the angular range in which the tank's gun barrel can elevate and depress, allowing the vehicle to fire its main gun downhill as well as engage low-flying aircraft more effectively. The height adjustable suspension system detects rough road surface conditions in real time through the movement of the first road wheel in front and collects data, and the five road wheels in the rear automatically control the hydraulic pressure of the in-arm suspension unit and variable damper based on this terrain data to maintain optimal driving performance.[68]

The unique suspension system of the Black Panther expands the gun's elevation angles, allowing it to target from a high hill or a low valley. This makes it particularly effective in mountainous areas with steep hills or even in urban cities with tall buildings. K2 can elevate its main gun up to 24 degrees, which allows a curved trajectory attack at a hovering helicopter target 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) away.[81] The suspension system also cushions the chassis from vibrations when traveling over uneven terrain, as the bogies can be individually adjusted on the fly. This contributes to the comfort and overall condition of the operators engaged in fierce battles. The compact in-arm suspension unit with the integration of gas springs and dampers is mounted independently on the side of the chassis to provide additional interior space.[82]

The K2 also has advanced track system called Dynamic Track Tension System (DTTS). Maintaining optimum tension through all maneuvers, it dramatically reduces the chance of throwing a track even in the most extreme situations. The DTTS is also designed to maintain optimal track tension while K2 is maneuvering to minimize the excessive load on the track and prevent the track from peeling off the road wheels.[46][83]

Snorkel System

[edit]
K2 tank fording a shallow river
K2 tank with snorkel

The K2 Black Panther is a unique tank equipped with advanced snorkel capabilities, enabling it to navigate challenging battlefields with numerous rivers. It is fully protected from biochemical attacks by a sealed and air circulation system. This allows the tank to independently cross rivers and reach the battlefield faster than others that require engineers to build bridges or boats for river crossings. The vehicle can cross rivers as deep as 4.1 meters using a snorkel system,[5] which also serves as a conning tower for the tank commander. The system takes approximately 20–30 minutes to prepare.[84][81] The turret becomes watertight while fording, but the chassis can take in 1,900 liters (500 U.S. gal) of water to prevent excessive buoyancy from air inside the vehicle and keep the tracks planted firmly on the ground. Furthermore, the tank can enter combat-ready status as soon as it resurfaces. It is said that K2's predecessor, K1, can cross a river of 2 meter depth after 2 hours of preparation, which also requires assistance from military engineers. However, a K2 tank does not require outside assistance for river crossing.[81][85] This type of self water-crossing ability is beneficial from a tactical perspective, as it allows for more attacking routes.

Engines and powertrains

[edit]

In March 2011, South Korean Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) announced that mass production of the K2, which the Army was expecting to deploy in 2012, would not happen due to problems concerning its engine and transmission.[86] In the evaluation test conducted in March 2012, it was reported that the domestic powerpack did not meet the required operational capability (ROC) proposed by the Ministry of National Defense in three categories: cooling fan speed control, maximum power at low temperature, and acceleration performance.[87]

In April 2012, DAPA announced that due to ongoing issues with the reliability and durability of the domestically produced powerpack, the first 100 production K2s would use German-made Euro Powerpack and that service entry would be delayed until March 2014.[88] The first 15 K2 Black Panther tanks were put into service in June 2014. Faulty domestic engines and transmissions previously halted production, but the lowering of required acceleration performance allowed it to enter service.[89] Until domestic Doosan Infracore (now HD Hyundai Infracore) 1,500 hp engines were produced, the first mass production was employed with a German-made MTU powerpack, which was able to produce 100 vehicles by 2015.[3]

Hyundai Rotem signed a contract from the second batch of 106 K2 tanks in December 2014, but the vehicles continued to have powerpack issues due to the domestic SNT Dynamics transmission failing durability tests. After SNT Dynamics complained about the domestic powerpack test standards, the 107th Defense Acquisition Program Promotion Committee held on November 29, 2017, gave it an opportunity to retest the durability of the transmission, but SNT Dynamics refused to retest the durability of the transmission.[90] In February 2018, DAPA announced the second batch would have a "hybrid" powerpack consisting of the locally developed engine with the German RENK transmission system, allowing them to start entering service in 2019. An additional contract for the production of a third batch of about 110 K2s is to follow within the next several years.[91]

On 25 November 2020, the 131st Defense Acquisition Program Promotion Committee decided to produce tanks in a powerpack that combines domestic engines and German transmissions in the third batch because SNT Dynamics refused to retest the durability of the domestic transmission.[92]

On 6 December 2021, a senior SNT Dynamics official said it solved a technical problem with the transmission defect, and only the Ministry of National Defense's durability test remains in the first half of next year, and the fourth production of the K2 tank will include domestic transmission.[93]

K2 product improvement program (K2 PIP)

[edit]
First prototype of the XK2 with an integrated hard-kill active protection system

The K2 PIP is an improved version of the initial production model of the K2. Improvements will include:

  • Upgraded modular armor package made of ultra-high hardness and high-hardness armor steel combining nanotechnology, developed for the K2 export variant.[24][25][94][95]
  • Upgrading the semi-active in-arm suspension unit to an active in-arm suspension unit.
  • Integration of a high-resolution terrain-scanning system to the vehicle's suspension system. This is purported to allow the vehicle to "plan ahead" by scanning nearby terrain up to 50 meters away in all directions and calculate the optimal position of the bogies in order to improve vehicle handling over uneven terrain.
  • Integration of a hard-kill active protection system.
  • Addition of non-explosive reactive armor.
  • Potentially replacing the 120 mm / L55 gun with an electrothermal-chemical gun, which will significantly increase the vehicle's firepower and potential payload.[96] Later, the plan was scrapped because ADD succeeded in developing a new desensitized propellant for 120 mm munition.

Korean Active Protection System (KAPS)

[edit]

The Korean Active Protection System (KAPS) is an indigenously developed hard-kill active protection system designed to protect the K2 from anti-tank threats. It uses a three-dimensional detection and tracking radar and a thermal imager to detect incoming threats.[97][98][99] Warheads can be detected out to 150 meters from the tank, and a defensive rocket is fired to destroy them at 10–15 meters away.[100][101]

The system can neutralize rocket-propelled grenades and anti-tank guided missiles. It may be installed on other platforms in the future like warships, helicopters, and buildings. Unit price per system is ₩670 million ($600,000).[102] Implementation of the KAPS was cancelled in 2014 due to budgetary issues along with the price of a K2 being at 8 billion won, with addition of the KAPS it would increase procurement costs by 1 billion won per unit.[103]

Production

[edit]
Mass production[2][104][105][106][107]
Batch Year Engine Transmission Total Notes
I 2014–2015 STX Engine/MTU Friedrichshafen MT883 Ka-501 4-short stroke, 12-cylinder water-cooled diesel, dry weight: 2,064 kg[6] RENK HSWL 295 TM 5 forward, 5 reverse gears, dry weight: 2,450 kg 100 Domestic powerpack supply was rejected in the first batch plan due to defects and reliability issues.[87][88] Later, the first batch adopted a modified MT883 Ka-501 engine produced under license by STX Engine through partnership with MTU.[108]
II 2019–2020 HD Hyundai Infracore DV27K 4-long stroke, 12-cylinder water-cooled diesel, dry weight: 2,550 kg[7] RENK HSWL 295 TM 106 After SNT Dynamics, the manufacturer of the domestic transmission, refused to retest the transmission's durability, DAPA decided to combine the domestic engine with the German transmission to produce the tank.[91]
III 2022–2023 HD Hyundai Infracore DV27K SNT Dynamics EST15K 6 forward, 3 reverse gears, dry weight: 2,500 kg[8]
(later changed to RENK HSWL 295 TM) 		54 Because SNT Dynamics did not participate in the durability test, the decision was made to keep the German-built one for the third batch.[92] It also includes an improved battlefield management system with the Korea Variable Message Format (KVMF), and the Korean Commander's Panoramic Sight (KCPS) and Korean Gunner's Primary Sight (KGPS) with improved resolution and daytime automatic target tracking function.[29][30] At the request of the Polish government, 10 of the 54 K2s were deployed to the 20th Mechanized Brigade of the Polish Land Forces after being delivered to Poland on 5 December 2022.[109][110][111][112][113][114]
IV 2024–2028 HD Hyundai Infracore DV27K SNT Dynamics EST15K (conditional supply approval)[note 2][115] 183 (later changed to 150 units) On July 27, 2022, Polish Armaments Group (PGZ) and Hyundai Rotem signed a framework agreement to supply 180 K2 tanks to the Polish Land Forces. Due to the signing of the agreement, a review of the production of 183 tanks scheduled for delivery to the South Korean Army has been delayed, and 180 K2 tanks will be delivered to the Polish Land Forces from 2022.[105][106][116][117][118][119] On 25 May 2023, the 154th Defense Acquisition Program Promotion Committee deliberated and approved a plan to mass-produce 150 K2s with a budget of 1.94 trillion won for the fourth batch of the ROK Army.[4][107]

Exports

[edit]

Turkey

[edit]
See also: Altay (main battle tank)
Altay

In June 2007, South Korea and Turkey negotiated an arms deal worth ₩500 billion (approximately $540 million), which included South Korea's support in the development of Turkey's Altay main battle tank and the export of 40 (+15) KT-1 trainer aircraft to Turkey.[120]

On July 29, 2008, Hyundai Rotem and Turkey's Otokar signed a contract to provide design assistance and technology transfer for the Altay tank project. This collaboration included critical design elements, systems integration, and manufacturing expertise from South Korea, specifically tailored to develop Turkey's domestic manufacturing capabilities.[121]

South Korean contributions to the Altay's development included the transfer of manufacturing technologies for critical components. Hyundai Rotem played a pivotal role in the system design and integration process, while Hyundai WIA provided the 120 mm 55-caliber smoothbore gun technology. Samyang Comtech shared expertise in advanced armor materials, and Poongsan Corporation supported the development of ballistic protection systems. These efforts laid the foundation for Turkey's indigenous capabilities in producing the Altay.[122]

The cooperation extended beyond technical support, encompassing assistance in establishing production lines for key subsystems. Hyundai Rotem guided Otokar in tank systems development, while MKEK (Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation) received tank gun production technologies. Roketsan was supported in the design and manufacturing of advanced armor packages. These collaborative efforts were instrumental in the development of prototypes PV1 and PV2, finalized in 2015, and the Altay project’s official completion in 2016.[123][124]

On 10 March 2021, BMC, the main contractor responsible for the production of Altay tanks, decided to import engines and transmissions from South Korea to address production delays.[125] Seven months later, on 22 October 2021, South Korea's DAPA approved the export of Hyundai Doosan Infracore (now HD Hyundai Infracore) DV27K engines and SNT Dynamics EST15K transmissions to Turkey.[126] In August 2022, durability testing of the powerpack, combining the DV27K engine and EST15K transmission from South Korea, was successfully completed. Following this success, the first batch of Altay tanks will be produced using this Korean powerpack, which includes engines from HD Hyundai Infracore and transmissions by SNT Dynamics.[127][128]

Poland

[edit]
K2GF (Gap Filler)

In January 2020, Poland announced negotiations with Hyundai Rotem for license production of the K2 Black Panther for the Polish Army.[129][130]

On 13 June 2022, the Polish Ministry of Defence announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to purchase at least 180 K2 tanks for the Polish military. The 180 tanks will be produced by Hyundai Rotem in South Korea starting in 2022 and then supplied to the Polish Army.[131][132]

On 27 July 2022, the Polish Armaments Group (PGZ) and Hyundai Rotem signed a framework agreement to supply 180 K2s and 820 K2PLs. The contract includes rapid arms supply and extensive technology transfer from South Korea. 180 K2s will be produced in South Korea and delivered to Poland starting in 2022 and 820 K2PLs will be produced in Poland under license starting in 2026.[116][117][118][119]

On 26 August 2022, the first executive agreement worth $3.37 billion was signed to procure 180 K2s in Morąg, northern Poland. The contract includes training programs, logistics packages, explosive reactive armor packages, 50,000 120 mm, 4.3 million 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm machine gun ammunition for the K2.[133] Soldiers of the 16th Mechanised Division of the Polish Army were sent to South Korea in October 2022 to participate in the training program. The 180 K2 tanks, which will be delivered from 2022 to 2025, will be sequentially deployed to the 20th Mechanised Brigade, 15th Mechanised Brigade and 9th Armoured Cavalry Brigade, which are brigade-class units belonging to the 16th Mechanised Division.[110][134][135][136]

On 7 September 2022, PGZ and Hyundai Rotem signed a partnership agreement to develop and produce tanks, armored vehicles and ground unmanned systems. The contract includes joint cooperation in building manufacturing facilities in Poland for the production and maintenance of 1000 K2s and the production of K3 next-generation main battle tanks. In addition, the facility to be built in Poland will be used as a hub in Europe for the sale and maintenance of Hyundai Rotem's tanks and armored vehicles.[137]

K2 at Radom, Poland (2023)

On 5 December 2022, the first 10 K2s arrived in Poland, just six months following the signing of the agreement.[111][112] They were delivered to the 20th Mechanised Brigade of the 16th Mechanised Division on 9 December 2022.[113][114]

On 31 March 2023, the Polish Ministry of Defense signed a foundational agreement with Hyundai Rotem for a consortium to produce K2PL in Poznań. The agreement included a supply of K2PL, which was redesigned to meet the Polish military's requirements, and a support vehicle based on the K2PL's platform.[138]

On March 11, 2024, it was reported that an additional batch of three K2s was delivered, bringing the total number in the Polish Army to 31.[139] In light of the escalating threat from Russia, it is believed that Poland has requested the swift delivery of the K2 tanks as soon as they are prepared. Hyundai Rotem, the manufacturer, appears to have the capacity to meet this expedited schedule.

On March 17, 2024, it was announced that 4 K2 tanks arrived, and on March 19, another 11.[140]

Failed bids

[edit]

Norway

[edit]

The Norwegian Army considered the K2 (assigned as the K2NO) in a 2020 bid against the Leopard 2A7 and intended to make a decision in late 2022.[141] The government ultimately selected the Leopard 2A7, citing a close and established relationship with the German manufacturer as well as similar tanks being used by other European countries as deciding factors. The prime minister also erroneously cited Poland as a future Leopard 2 operator as part of the reason for the government's choice.[142] Leopard tanks will take some time to arrive in Norway – the first are scheduled to be delivered by 2026 and should be operational by 2031.[143] However, Norway recently announced that it would be putting the Black Panther back into consideration to determine its future battle tank.[144]

Prototypes and variants

[edit]

Prototypes

[edit]
  • XK2 MTR (Mobility Test Rig): Experimental vehicle for mobility tests, with main gun and electronic equipment removed from the turret. Only one was produced.
  • XK2 FTR (Firepower Test Rig): Experimental vehicle for fire control, combat control, and low temperature operation tests. Like MTR, only one was produced for the experiment.
  • XK2 PV (Pilot Vehicle): Experimental vehicle for the technical demonstration test of three XK2s, these vehicles were also called Pilot Vehicles and numbered PV1 through PV3. The main test objectives of these vehicles were endurance tests, developer tests, operator tests, and integrated logistics support tests.
    • XK2: As the last prototype developed based on the XK2 PV released on 2 March 2007, the development was officially completed in September 2008 after the operational test of the Republic of Korea Army.

Variants

[edit]
  • K2: Mass production variant with explosive reactive armor added to the sides of the turret and chassis. Deployed to the Republic of Korea Army starting 1 July 2014.
    • K2 PIP (Product Improvement Program): Improved armor package with ultra-high hardness and high-hardness steel, upgrading of the semi-active in-arm suspension unit (ISU) to an active in-arm suspension unit, integration of a high-resolution terrain-scanning system to the vehicle's suspension system. This allows the vehicle to scan nearby terrain up to 50 meters away in all directions and calculate the optimal position of the enemy in order to improve vehicle handling over rough terrain. The improvement also might include hard-kill active protection system and non-explosive reactive armor.
  • K2EX: Export variant presented at ADEX 2023. It incorporates an active protection system, called KAPS-2, a variant of the Trophy active protection system, a battlefield situational awareness device that provides 360° vision and a RCWS that incorporates an anti-drone gun. A notable feature of this variant is the incorporation of a modification that allows the ammunition to operate with information injection. This innovation allows the crew to control both the timing and shape of munition explosions, improving the adaptability of combat strategies. The side armor of the turret and chassis was also improved.[145][146][147][148][149][150]
  • K2PL: Proposed licensed version of K2 for the Polish Armed Forces as a replacement for their aging fleet of T-72 and PT-91 tanks currently in service.[129] The K2PL retains most of the K2's features, such as the CN08 120 mm gun barrel, bustle type autoloader, pulse-doppler radar and In-arm suspension unit (ISU), 6 road wheels, but it differs from the original version, among others: Trophy hard-kill APS, composite add-on armor, a 12.7mm CROWS, and add-on explosive reactive armor, ammunition storage isolated from the crew, additional armor of the turret and hull by adding detachable panels of layered armor, and in the case of the drive compartment, a mesh and bar armor, designed to protect against HEAT projectiles.[citation needed] Under the framework agreement between PGZ and Hyundai Rotem on the supply of K2 and K2PL, 820 K2PLs will be produced in Poland under license from 2026.[116][117][118][119][151][152][153][154]
  • K2ME: Proposed licensed version of K2 for export to middle eastern countries. It has an upgraded armor package and 7 road wheels, but unlike the K2, it lacks a Laser Warning Receiver (LWR) on the front of the turret.[155]
  • K2NO: Proposed licensed version of K2 for the Norwegian Armed Forces as a replacement for their aging fleet of Leopard 2A4. It is armed with a Trophy hard-kill APS, composite add-on armor, a 12.7mm CROWS, and add-on explosive reactive armor. In addition, preheating devices, battery heating packs, and electric air blow systems have been added to prevent the engine from turning off in Norway's cryogenic environment. The first few tanks were to be shipped from South Korea while the rest were to be built locally. The K2NO was competing against the Leopard 2A7 in tank trials.[156] On February 3, 2023, a decision was made to move forward with the 2A7.

Operators

[edit]
A map of operators of the K2 Black Panther or its variants

Current operators

[edit]
 Poland
Polish Land Forces – On 26 August 2022 the executive agreement was signed to procure K2. A total of 180 K2s will be delivered to the 16th Mechanised Division from 2022 to 2025.[134][135][136]
 South Korea
Republic of Korea Army – Currently, 260 K2 tanks are in service. An additional 150 K2 PIPs are slated to be commissioned.[161]

Potential operators

[edit]
 Armenia
In October 2024, it was announced that Armenia might become an operator of the K2 Black Panther.[162]
 Egypt
Egypt has revealed that it was seeking to procure the Black Panther as trade between the two nations has increased in recent years.[144]
 Peru
In November 16, 2024, Hyundai Rotem announced that it signed a comprehensive agreement with the Peruvian Army's Ordnance Factory (FAME S.A.C.) in Lima, Peru, for the supply of K2 tanks and other ground weapons. Hyundai Rotem President Lee Yong-bae and Jorge Zapata, the representative of the Peruvian Ordnance Factory, signed the 'Ground Equipment Cooperation Framework Agreement' in the presence of the heads of state from both Korea and Peru. This agreement aims to determine the total volume and scale of the K2 tank supply project before moving on to individual execution contracts, which will outline delivery schedules, detailed specifications, training, and maintenance conditions.[163]
 Romania
Romania is interested in purchasing additional tanks to replace its existing fleet of TR-85-800 and TR-85M1. The target mentioned in the local media is of 300 new tanks on top of the 54 M1A2 Abrams already ordered.[164] According to Hyundai Rotem, the target is closer to 500 units.[165]
The Romanian armed forces have approached Germany and South Korea and their defence industry for that programme. The K2 Black Panther tank underwent live-fire testing at the Smârdan training range in Romania in May 2024.[166]
 Slovakia
In 2021, Slovakia discussed a potential K2 buy at the ministerial level.[167]

Failed bids

[edit]
 Norway
Norway put the K2 in competition against the Leopard 2A7V which was selected by the Norwegian Army in 2023, and later on the Leopard 2A8 was ordered.[168]

Summary

[edit]
Operators
(Jan 2024) 		Orders Acquisition Losses In service Note
K2 K2 PIP
South Korea Republic of Korea Army and Marine Corps K2
260
K2 PIP
150 		260 (+150) — 260
0 		The K2 tanks were first put into service in June 2014. In Lot 1, 100 K2 tanks were delivered, followed by 106 K2 tanks in Lot 2. An additional 54 K2 tanks were ordered in Lot 3, with delivery and service expected by 2024. Lastly, 150 K2 PIP tanks were ordered in Lot 4, slated for service by 2028.
Poland Polish Land Forces K2GF
180
K2PL
820 		71
(+119)
(-180) 		(+320)
(+500)
(+180) 		— 71
0 		The contract, signed in July 2022, saw the first 10 K2 tanks arriving in December 2022. Given the security concerns, the remaining 180 K2 tanks are scheduled for sequential delivery as soon as they are ready between 2022 and 2025, with plans for later upgrading them to the K2PL.[169] 56 by 2024 and 96 by 2025.[170] Additionally, 820 K2PL tanks are set to be produced in Poland starting from 2026 onwards.[169]
In service Total orders
1,410 		331 0 — 331
Total acquired: 331
To be manufactured: 1,079

Legend of the colored numbers in the table:

  Systems assembled and produced in South Korea
  Systems assembled or produced outside of South Korea
  2nd hand sold/transferred [ - ] and bought/received [ + ]
  System upgraded, one variant to the other [ - ] / [ + ]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In Korea, this soft-kill active protection system is commonly called multi-region screening smoke grenade (다영역차장 연막유탄).
  2. ^ The military says it will conditionally approve the supply of the domestic transmission if it passes 320 hours of endurance tests and 3,200 kilometers of driving tests organized by the government.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 방사청 "흑표전차 원가 대당 78.1억원". Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  2. ^ a b 케이(K)2전차 2차 양산 전력화 완료. Defense Acquisition Program Administration. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b 현대로템, '흑표' K2전차 3차 양산 사업 수주. Hyundai Motor Group. 22 December 2020. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  4. ^ a b Ji Sung-rim (26 May 2023). "K2 전차 5년간 2조원대 양산...항공통제기 추가 구매". MBC. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "K2 Main Battle Tank". Hyundai Rotem. 2023. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Military Diesel Engine". STX Engine. 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  7. ^ a b "2019 Korea Defense Products Guide" (PDF). Korea Defense Industry Trade Support Center. 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022. p. 87
  8. ^ a b "Powerpacks & Drive Systems" (PDF). SNT Dynamics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022. p. 14
  9. ^ a b 입체 고속 기동전. KBS. 1 October 1996. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e Kim Seok and Son Seung-hyun (31 December 2008). "A Concept Study on Efficiently Improving Performance for Korean MBT" (PDF). Defence Agency for Technology and Quality. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Defense Media Agency (10 March 2016). [첨단국가의 초석, 방위산업] 세계수준의 명품, K2 흑표전차 ①. 국방TV. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Defense Media Agency (5 April 2016). [첨단국가의 초석, 방위산업] 세계수준의 명품, K2 흑표전차 ②. 국방TV. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  13. ^ "Abrams i Czarna Pantera kontra rosyjskie T-14 i T-90M". Default (in Polish). 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
  14. ^ Kim Moon-kyung (27 September 2014). "K2전차 실전배치후 첫 공개...'백발백중'". YTN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  15. ^ Defense Media Agency (17 January 2016). [첨단국가의 초석, 방위산업] 한국형 전차 K1 개발사 ①. 국방TV. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  16. ^ a b Defense Media Agency (10 March 2016). [첨단국가의 초석, 방위산업] 한국형 전차 K1A1. 국방TV. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  17. ^ a b Yoon Sang-yong (15 October 2021). "K2 흑표 전차". bemil. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  18. ^ a b c Kim Han-gyeong (25 June 2018). [한국무기 디테일] ⑫ 국내 국방과학기술이 총 결집된 현대 로템의 K2 흑표 전차. Security Fact. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  19. ^ a b Kim Ui-hwan (2006). 세계 11번째 독자 개발된 차기전차. National Science & Technology Information Service. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  20. ^ a b c d e 승리의 검은 표범! 현대로템 K2전차 '흑표' 지식테스트. Hyundai Rotem. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  21. ^ a b 강바닥 달리는 국산 '차기전차(XK2)' 개발. SBS. 2 March 2007. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  22. ^ Investment Planning and Coordination Center (16 September 2022). "[KISTEP 브리프] K-방산 수출 성과와 민군 R&D 협력의 주요 시사점". Korea Institute of Science & Technology Evaluation and Planning. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022. p. 4
  23. ^ Hyundai Rotem (21 Sep 2017). 승리의 검은 표범! 현대로템 K2전차 '흑표' 지식테스트. Retrieved 21 Sep 2017.
  24. ^ a b c 개발 실적&진행. Samyang Comtech. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  25. ^ a b "History". Samyang Comtech. 2021. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  26. ^ Choi Il-ho (5 October 2014). "An Implementation of KVMF(Korean Variable Message Format) in the Battlefield Management System of Ground Fighting Vehicles" (PDF). LIG Nex1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  27. ^ Choi Il-ho (5 February 2020). "An Implementation of Target Information Management and its Sharing Process among Ground Fighting Vehicles" (PDF). LIG Nex1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  28. ^ Shin Heon-yong, Park Min-ho and Jeon Ki-hyun (October 2020). "Implementation of Day Video Auto-Tracking Function based on Performance Improvement of the Display Units in K2 MBT" (PDF). Defence Agency for Technology and Quality. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  29. ^ a b 케이(K)2전차 2차 양산 전력화 완료. Defense Acquisition Program Administration. 20 January 2022. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  30. ^ a b c "High Speed Radio System". Insopack. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  31. ^ a b c Defense Media Agency (5 April 2016). [첨단국가의 초석, 방위산업] 세계수준의 명품, K2 흑표전차 ③. 국방TV. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  32. ^ 지상전의 왕자 K1A1전차. Defense Media Agency. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  33. ^ "R&D Achievement 50". Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  34. ^ Security Management Institute (25 May 2018). 화기별·탄종별 사격장 안전기준 정립 연구. Republic of Korea Army Headquarters. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. p. 118
  35. ^ a b c Oh Dong-ryong (10 April 2009). 조향 핸들 돌리자 55t의 전차가 사뿐하게 360도 자동회전. The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  36. ^ Lee Ji-hun (5 January 2016). 방위산업, 저성장 시대의 대안 (PDF). SK Securities. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021. p. 14
  37. ^ a b "Altay, Black Panther, Oplot: What are modern battle tanks worth? 3/3". Meta-Defense.fr. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  38. ^ Jung Seong-taek (6 February 2015). 파워팩 논란 K2전차 "전력화 이상무"... 1.2km 떨어진 1.2m 표적지에 '쾅쾅'. The Dong-A Ilbo. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  39. ^ a b c d Jo Haeng-man (19 May 2014). 미래의 전차는 멈추면 살 수 없다. The Science Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  40. ^ a b Agency for Defense Development (31 January 2006). "A Trade Study of the Top Attack Smart Tank Ammunition" (PDF). Journal of the Korea Society of Systems Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  41. ^ a b Poongsan Technology Institute (June 2009). "Systems Analysis on Smart Ammunition for 120mm Tank Gun" (PDF). Korea Association of Defense Industry Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  42. ^ a b Park Gyu-Churl, Ha Jong-Soo (30 June 2009). "L-band Pulsed Doppler Radar Development for Main Battle Tank" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  43. ^ a b Kim Gwan-yong (23 April 2016). "[e-무기]미국산 불량품 고치다 탄생한 한국형 전차의 '눈'". Edaily [ko]. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  44. ^ Sungho Kim (5 April 2016). "A Study on Measurement of Gun's Attitude of K2 MBT Using Inertial Navigation System and Its Effects on the Hit Probability" (PDF). Hyundai Rotem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  45. ^ Hong Seok-min, Kim Hyun-sook and Park Yong-chan (1 June 2005). "Advanced LWIR Thermal Imaging Sight Design" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  46. ^ a b "Defense Applications & Solutions" (PDF). Mottrol. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022. p. 5
  47. ^ a b Jeoun, Young-Mi (29 June 2007). "A ballistic lead-computation method to improve firing accuracy of army combat vehicles" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
  48. ^ Kim Jang-heum (January 2009). 지상군의 핵심전력 전차에 관한 고찰 (PDF). Kunsa Yŏn'gu. Journal of Military History Studies: 322–349. ISSN 2093-1557. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  49. ^ a b c d "K2 Tank". Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  50. ^ a b c "K2 Black Panther Main Battle Tank". Army Technology. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  51. ^ Lee Gwan-woo (19 August 2008). "3km 밖 전차 적ㆍ아군 구분 꼼짝마! ... 태광이엔시, 초고속식별기개발". Korea Economic Daily. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  52. ^ Ahn Su-min (19 August 2008). 차기 전차용 피아식별 핵심 모듈 국산화1000억원 수입대체. Electronic Times Internet. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  53. ^ Roh Keun-lae and Kim Eui-whan (31 December 2008). "Development of Network Based Tank Combat Training Model" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  54. ^ a b 현대로템의 앞선 방위산업 기술력, ADEX 2019에서 증명하다. Hyundai Rotem. 23 October 2019. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  55. ^ a b Seo Ho-geun (November 2020). "K계열 전차 장갑의 성능개량 필요성과 기술추세". The Korean Institute of Defense Technology. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  56. ^ a b "Special Armor Plate for K1A1 Tank, K2 Tank, Altay Tank". Samyang Comtech. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  57. ^ Kim Min-jeong (24 May 2019). 차관급 다수 편성, 대외 협력시 격 더 올라가. Korea Defense Daily. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  58. ^ Kang Sin-geum (22 June 2021). 두 개의 안테나·4색 위장 무늬... 디테일이 살아있다. Korea Defense Daily. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  59. ^ 포스코에도 BTS가 있다. POSCO. 23 July 2020. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  60. ^ "POSCO Armour Plates" (PDF). Subcom Solution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  61. ^ "Non Oxide Ceramics (SiC)". Samyang Comtech. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  62. ^ Ed Kim (26 February 2017). "South Korea's "Low Rider" Tank Is the Ultimate Mountain Fighting Vehicle". War is Boring. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  63. ^ a b "Development Performance". SG Safety Corporation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  64. ^ a b Yang Seung-hyeon (28 June 2010). "[BizⓝCEO] 삼공물산(주)‥보호장비 생산 60년...'국내 1호' 방산 업체". Korea Economic Daily. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  65. ^ "CEO Greeting". DNB. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  66. ^ a b Kim, Euiwhan (September 2014). "A Study on the Technical Aspects of, and the Strategy for, the K1 Series Tank Recapitalization and the K2 Tank Product Improvements" (PDF). Korea Association of Defense Industry Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022. p. 17
  67. ^ Gil So-yeon (7 May 2021). 한화디펜스, 호주 엔지니어링 회사와 계약..."차량화재 안전성 강화". The Guru. Archived from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  68. ^ a b Joo Eun-sik; Park Byung-hee; Choi Myung-jin; Gu Jong-woo (11 October 2019). 전환기 국방환경 변화에 따른 기동전력 발전방안. Korea Research Institute for Strategy. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  69. ^ a b Kim Chul-Hwan (8 October 2014). "True worth of masterwork, "great power" during performance demonstration". Ministry of National Defense. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
  70. ^ Jeong Seung-ik (19 October 2014). 실전 배치된 K-2전차의 위용. Armynuri. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  71. ^ a b "AMMUNITION". Samyang Chemical. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  72. ^ "Protection Weapons" (PDF). SNT Dynamics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022. p. 12
  73. ^ Kang Yun-sik (2010). "전차 생존성 극대화를 위한 소형 대전차 미사일 탐지기술". National Science & Technology Information Service. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  74. ^ Kim Gwan-yong (2 April 2016). "[e-무기]날아오는 로켓탄 1초만에 격추하는 최강의 '방패'". Edaily. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  75. ^ "공격을 미리 아는 똑똑한 전차가 있다?! 진화하는 방호 체계". blog.hyundai-rotem. 15 January 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  76. ^ "카드뉴스로 보는 방산용어 상식 사전". blog.hyundai-rotem. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 8 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  77. ^ Agency for Defense Development (26 December 2014). "Pyrotechnic smoke material for obscruing multi-spectrum using expanded graphite and red phosphorus". Korean Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  78. ^ Choi Seung-uk (11 November 2014). "흑표전차 국산 파워팩, 독일제와 성능 대등". Korea Economic Daily. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  79. ^ Kim Gwang-su (26 September 2014). "탱크 가속성능 기준 완화" 軍, K2 국산화 완료 가닥. Hankook Ilbo. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  80. ^ Farymann & TZEN (2018). "Auxiliary Power Units(APU)". Farymann & TZEN. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  81. ^ a b c Shin In-gyun (3 October 2014). [신인균의 밀리터리 르포] K-2흑표전차와 기동군단. Seoul Shinmun. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  82. ^ "K1A2·K1E1, 성능개량으로 강해지는 전차!". Hyundai Rotem. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  83. ^ Mun-suk Suh; Kunsoo Huh; Daegun Hong; Choonho Lee; Philwhan Choi (1 October 2001). "Development of a Dynamic Track Tensioning System in Tracked Vehicles" (PDF). The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  84. ^ 전투차량인가 잠수함인가? 물속도 누비는 전투차량 총정리. Hyundai Rotem. 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  85. ^ Park Seong-jin (19 April 2016). 육군 K-2 흑표전차, 남한강서 잠수도하 훈련. Kyunghyang Shinmun. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  86. ^ Lee Tae-hoon (28 March 2011). "Made-in-Korea arms struggle with defects". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  87. ^ a b Jeon Hyeon-seok (29 March 2012). [단독] 1200억 투자한 K-2 전차 파워팩 국산화, 결국 실패. The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  88. ^ a b Lee Tae-hoon (2 April 2012). "Korea to buy German engines for K2 tanks". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  89. ^ "South Korea to deploy 100 K-2 Black Panther main battle tanks by 2017". Army Recognition. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  90. ^ 2017년도 국정감사결과 시정 및 처리 요구사항에 대한 처리결과보고서. National Defense Committee. April 2018. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022. p. 147–148
  91. ^ a b Jeff Jeong (14 February 2018). "South Korea's K2 tank to run on German transmission". Defense News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  92. ^ a b Yang Nak-gyu (26 November 2020). "K-2전차, 국산 변속기 결국 포기". Asia Economy. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  93. ^ Kim Byung-wook (6 December 2021). [단독] SNT중공업, K2 전차 "변속기 문제 해결, 4차 물량에 들어갈 것". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  94. ^ 고경도 및 초고경도 철강 장갑판재 기술 개발로 방탄성능 개선에 기여. Agency for Defense Development. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
  95. ^ 국방과학연구소, 고경도 및 초고경도 철강 장갑 판재 기술 개발로 방탄성능 개선에 기여. Defense Acquisition Program Administration. 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  96. ^ Byungha Lee (1 November 2012). "150 kJ Compact Capacitive Pulsed Power System for an Electrothermal Chemical Gun" (PDF). Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  97. ^ Agency for Defense Development (5 April 2011). "Method of MBT Movement Modeling for Performance Analysis of SRMD System" (PDF). Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  98. ^ Agency for Defense Development (5 June 2014). "Methodology of System Alignment using Angular Error Compensation Among Multi-Axes" (PDF). Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology. 17 (3): 342–349. doi:10.9766/KIMST.2014.17.3.342. ISSN 1598-9127. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  99. ^ Agency for Defense Development (5 June 2014). "Performance Analysis of Missile/Rocket Defense System for RPG-7 Defense of Main Battle Tank" (PDF). Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology. 17 (3): 350–357. doi:10.9766/KIMST.2014.17.3.350. ISSN 1598-9127. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  100. ^ Kim Ho-jun (28 February 2012). "軍, 대전차미사일 자동추적ㆍ파괴체계 개발". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  101. ^ Kang Pil-seong (28 February 2012). 대전차 미사일 방어용 '능동파괴체계' 개발. KTV. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  102. ^ Jung Sung-ki (28 February 2012). "S. Korea Develops Active Protection System for Armor". Defense News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  103. ^ Kim Gwang-su (29 September 2014). [단독] K2전차, 핵심 방어장비 장착 안 했다. Hankook Ilbo. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  104. ^ Jon Grevatt (18 October 2019). "ADEX 2019: Hyundai Rotem positions for future tank opportunities". janes. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  105. ^ a b Yang Nak-gyu (21 December 2021). "K2전차 최대물량 생산... 내일 결정". Asia economy. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  106. ^ a b Choi Jae-ho (21 December 2021). [특징주] 방산 이슈株 '현대로템' 현재 주가 시황. nbntv. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  107. ^ a b 제154회 방위사업추진위원회 결과. Defense Acquisition Program Administration. 26 May 2023. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  108. ^ "STX ENGINE PR BROCHURE" (PDF). STX Engine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023. p. 9
  109. ^ Lee Jin-hyeok (3 August 2022). [단독]폴란드 K2전차 수출, 18일 첫 본계약..500대 국내 생산. Daum. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  110. ^ a b FA, MG (15 October 2022). "Gdzie trafią koreańskie czołgi K2? Błaszczak ujawnił decyzję". TVP Info. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  111. ^ a b ADAM ŚWIERKOWSKI (5 December 2022). "K2 i K9 już na polskiej ziemi". Defence24. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  112. ^ a b TD (6 December 2022). "Czołgi K2 i armatohaubice K9 dotarły do Gdyni". Dziennik Zbrojny. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  113. ^ a b "Pierwsze czołgi K2 przekazane żołnierzom Wojska Polskiego". Wojsko Polskie. 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  114. ^ a b Bartłomiej Kucharski (9 December 2022). "Pierwsze czołgi K2 przekazane polskim żołnierzom". zbiam. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  115. ^ Kim Kwan-yong (25 May 2023). "K2 전차 150여대 추가 양산...핵심 장비 '파워팩'도 완전 국산화". Edaily [ko]. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  116. ^ a b c Tomasz Dmitruk (24 July 2022). "Koreańskie zamówienia – Agencja Uzbrojenia ujawnia szczegóły". Dziennik Zbrojny. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  117. ^ a b c Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej (27 July 2022). "Czołgi K2". Polish Ministry of Defence official Twitter. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  118. ^ a b c Kim Yeon-suk (27 July 2022). 폴란드 "한국에 K2 1천대·FA-50 3개편대·K-9 600문 주문"(종합2보). Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  119. ^ a b c Maciej Szopa (28 July 2022). "Poland Procures Korean MBTs, Aircraft, and Howitzers" (PDF). Defence24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  120. ^ "Korea in Huge Arms Export Deal to Turkey". The Chosun Ilbo. 2007-06-22. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  121. ^ Hyundai Rotem (31 July 2008). 터키 전차개발 기술협력 계약 체결. Hyundai Rotem. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  122. ^ Son Won-je (30 July 2008). 터키에 한국형 전차 '흑표' 기술 수출. The Hankyoreh. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  123. ^ "Major Export Cases". Agency for Defense Development. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  124. ^ "Altay National Main Battle Tank of Turkey". GlobalSecurity.org. 2022. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  125. ^ Kim Min-seok (10 March 2021). 터키 차세대 전차 '알타이'에 '국산파워팩' 수출. News1 Korea. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  126. ^ Kim Seung-uk (22 October 2021). 터키 전차에 국산 파워팩 탑재...터키 외무 "수출 승인받아". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  127. ^ Yusuf Emir Işık (11 August 2022). "ALTAY tankı 2025'de milli güç grubuna sahip olacak". defenceturk. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  128. ^ "Korean Power Pack for the K2 Tank". Default (in Polish). 2024-10-29. Retrieved 2024-10-29.
  129. ^ a b Kim Hyun-bin (17 January 2020). "Hyundai Rotem favored to land $9 bil. tank deal with Poland". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  130. ^ "South Korea could sign a deal with Poland for the sale of 800 K2 main battle tanks". Army Recognition. 27 January 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  131. ^ "Wojsko musi być wyposażone w nowoczesny sprzęt". Wicepremier, Minister Obrony Narodowej. 13 June 2022. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  132. ^ PAP (22 July 2022). "Polska kupi w Korei myśliwce FA-50 i czołgi K2". PRZEMYSŁ OBRONNY. Archived from the original on 7 August 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  133. ^ Kim Tae-hoon (19 April 2023). [단독] 국산 기관총탄 430만 발, 우크라 옆 폴란드 간다 / SBS 8뉴스. SBS News. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  134. ^ a b JAKUB PALOWSKI (26 August 2022). "Czołgi, haubice i amunicja za miliardy już w tym roku. Umowy wykonawcze z Koreą podpisane". Defence24. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  135. ^ a b Shin Jun-myeong (27 August 2022). 폴란드와 K2 전차·K9 자주포 7조6천억 규모 계약 체결. YTN. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  136. ^ a b "Poland officially signs order for 180 K2 tanks from South Korea". Army Recognition. 28 August 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  137. ^ "PGZ i Hyundai Rotem podpisały memorandum o partnerstwie". PGZ. 7 September 2022. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  138. ^ Damian Ratka (3 April 2023). "Polish-Korean Consortium Created. K2 Tanks to be Manufactured in Poznan". Defence24. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  139. ^ "pancerniacy rosną w siłę. Do Gdyni drogą morską przybył transport złożony z 3 czołgów". Agencja Uzbrojenia. 11 March 2024. Archived from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  140. ^ Pawel Bejda (19 March 2024). "Na dniach mieliśmy wzmożone dostawy czołgów K2". Pawel Bejda. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  141. ^ Per Erlien Dalløkken (12 April 2021). "Nye stridsvogner: Det blir tysk-koreansk duell i Norge". TU. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  142. ^ Andrea Rognstrand (3 February 2023). "Støre: – Krigen har forsterket argumentene for dette tysk-norsk-nordiske samarbeidet". Forsvarets Forum. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  143. ^ Technology.org (10 Sep 2023). "Norway is Buying New Leopard Tanks – They Will Have a Unique Designation". Technology.org. Retrieved 10 Sep 2023.
  144. ^ a b Carlin (27 February 2024). "K2 Black Panther: K2 PIP Upgrade Means This Monster Tank Is Scary Deadly". The National Interest. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
  145. ^ office_zzam (2023-11-24). "Hyundai Rotem unveils upgraded K2EX Black Panther tank". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  146. ^ Triffaux. "South Korean Company Hyundai Rotem exhibits upgraded K2EX Black Panther tank at Eurosatory 2024". armyrecognition.com. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  147. ^ Suciu, Peter (2024-06-20). "K2EX: The Best Tank on Earth (Not Made in USA) Is Getting Better". The National Interest. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  148. ^ admin (2023-11-21). "Hyundai Rotem Unveils K2EX Black Panther and N-WAV for Global Export - MilitaryLeak.COM". militaryleak.com. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  149. ^ "Eurosatory 2024: Hyundai Rotem unveils upgraded K2 main battle tank". Default. 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  150. ^ "Eurosatory 2024: K2 z aktywną ochroną". defence24.pl (in Polish). 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2024-08-18.
  151. ^ Hyundai Rotem (5 August 2021). 지상 전투용 궤도차량 (PDF). Korean Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  152. ^ militaeraktuell (29 January 2023). "KOREANISCHE "SCHWARZE PANTHER" IN POLEN". militaeraktuell. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  153. ^ JĘDRZEJ GRAF (2 September 2022). "Borsuk z K2, Abrams z ciężkim BWP czyli odbudowa Wojsk Lądowych. Gen. Jabłoński: "Każdy batalion czołgów jest na wagę złota" [WYWIAD]". Defence24. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  154. ^ delfoarse (2 February 2023). "Hyundai Rotem K2 Tank road map for Polish and ROK Army". Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  155. ^ Hyundai Rotem (20 June 2022). 지상 전투용 궤도차량 (PDF). Korean Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  156. ^ "K2NO Main Battle Tank proposal from South Korea Hyundai Rotem for Norwegian army". Army Recognition. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  157. ^ Hyundai Rotem (20 June 2022). 구난 정비용 궤도차량 (PDF). Korean Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  158. ^ Hyundai Rotem (20 June 2022). 지상 기동지원용 궤도차량 (PDF). Korean Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  159. ^ Damian Ratka (28 November 2024). "Druga w listopadzie dostawa czołgów K2 do Polski". Defence24. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  160. ^ a b c Damian Ratka (14 November 2024). "Coś się kończy, coś się zaczyna - K2 za Twarde w Braniewie". Defence24. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  161. ^ Grevatt, Jon (30 May 2019). "Hyundai Rotem restarts K2 tank production". Archived from the original on 30 May 2019.
  162. ^ Kucharski, Bartłomiej (2024-10-06). "Armenia potencjalnym użytkownikiem czołgów K2". Wydawnictwo militarne ZBIAM (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  163. ^ "현대로템, 페루와 지상무기 수출 총괄협약 체결". 현대자동차그룹 뉴스룸 (in Kanuri). 2024-11-18. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  164. ^ Atlamazoglou, Constantine (2023-09-27). "As Russia's war in Ukraine drags on, Kyiv's neighbors are loading up on new high-tech military gear". Business Insider. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
  165. ^ Bae, Changhak (2024-04-05). [단독] 현대로템 K2, 내달 루마니아서 실사격...최종 테스트. The Korea Economic Daily (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  166. ^ "Tancul K-2 "Black Panther", aflat pe lista de dorinţe a Ministerului Apărării, este testat în România la poligonul din Smârdan (Foto)". DefenseRomania (in Romanian). 16 May 2024.
  167. ^ ROBLIN, SÉBASTIEN (2023-03-31). "Can Germany's big cats resist South Korea's Black Panther invasion?". Breaking Defense. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
  168. ^ "Norway's Leopard 2 tanks will be new 2A8 variant with active protection system | Shephard". www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 2024-10-07.
  169. ^ a b Oryx. "A 21st Century Powerhouse: Listing Poland's Recent Arms Acquisitions". Oryx. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
  170. ^ Pacholski (20 March 2024). "Trzecia (tegoroczna) dostawa czołgów K2 Panther w Polsce". ZBIAM. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to K2 Black Panther.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=K2_Black_Panther&oldid=1265541860"