John William Nicholson

John William Nicholson
John William Nicholson
	Nicholson second from left in the automobile, 1913
Born	1 November 1881; Darlington, County Durham, England
Died	3 October 1955 (aged 73)
Nationality	Great Britain
Awards	Adams Prize (1919); FRS (1917);
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematician

John William Nicholson, FRS^[1] (1 November 1881 – 3 October 1955) was an English mathematician and physicist. Nicholson is noted as the first to create an atomic model that quantized angular momentum as h/2π.^[2]^[3] Nicholson was also the first to create a nuclear and quantum theory that explains spectral line radiation as electrons descend toward the nucleus, identifying hitherto unknown solar and nebular spectral lines.^[4]^[5] Niels Bohr quoted him in his 1913 paper of the Bohr model of the atom.^[6]

Career

Based on the results of astronomical spectroscopy of nebula he proposed in 1911 the existence of several yet undiscovered elements. Coronium with an atomic weight of 0.51282, nebulium with a weight of 1.6281 and protofluorine with a weight of 2.361.^[1] Ira Sprague Bowen was able to attribute the spectroscopical lines of nebulium to doubly ionized oxygen making the new elements obsolete for their explanation.^[7] Some authors have pointed out the remarkable success that Nicholson's work initially experienced in spite of being founded on concepts that were eventually shown to be incorrect.^[8]

Awards and honours

Nicholson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1917.^[1] In 1919, Nicholson won the Adams Prize.

Papers by John William Nicholson

On electrical vibrations between confocal elliptic cylinders, with special reference to short waves. Phil. Mag. 10, 225-236. (1905)
On the diffraction of short waves by a rigid sphere. Phil. Mag. 11, 193-205.
A general solution of the electromagnetic relations. Phil. Mag. 13, 259-265.
The scattering of sound by spheroids and disks. Phil. Mag. 14, 364-377.
On the reflexion of waves from a stratum of gradually varying properties, with application to sound. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 81, 286-299. (1908)
Inductance in parallel wires. Nature, Loud. 77, 295.
The simple equivalent of an alternating current in parallel wires. Nature, Loud. 80, 247-248.
The inductance of two parallel wires. Phil. Mag. 17, 255-275.
Inductance and resistance in telephone and other circuits. Phil. Mag. 18, 417-432.
The scattering of light by a large conducting sphere. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 9, 67-80. (1910)
The effective resistance and inductance of a helical coil. Phil. Mag. 19, 77-91.
On the bending of electric waves round the earth. Phil. Mag. 19, 276-278.
On the bending of electric waves round a large sphere. Phil. Mag. 19, 516-537, and 20, 157-172.
The accelerated motion of an electrified sphere. Phil. Mag. 20, 610-618. The accelerated motion of a dielectric sphere. Phil. Mag. 20, 828-835.
A possible relation between uranium and actinium. Nature, Lond. 87, 515. (1911)
On the bending of electric waves round a large sphere. Phil. Mag. 21, 62-68, 281-295. (1912)
"The Constitution of the Solar Corona. II," Month. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc, 72 (1912), 677-692;
"The Constitution of the Solar Corona. III," ibid., 729-739.
On the damping of the vibrations of a dielectric sphere, and the radiation from a vibrating electron. Phil. Mag. 21, 438-446.
On the number of electrons concerned in metallic conduction. Phil. Mag. 22, 245-266.
Note on optical properties of fused metals. Phil. Mag. 22, 266-268.
On the bending of electric waves round a large sphere. Phil. Mag. 24, 755-765.
The pressure of radiation on a cylindrical obstacle. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 11, 104-126.
The scattering of light by a large conducting sphere (second paper). Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 11, 277-284.
Uniform rotation, the principle of relativity, and the Michelson-Morley experiment. Phil. Mag. 24, 820-827.
Atomic models and X-ray spectra. Nature, Lond. 92, 583-584. (1914)
The constitution of atoms and molecules. Nature, Lond. 93, 268-269. (1914)
Sur les poids atomiques des elements des nebuleuses. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 158, 1322-1323. (1914)
The high frequency spectra of the elements and the structure of the atom. Phil. Mag. 27, 541-564.
Atomic structure and the spectrum of helium. Phil. Mag. 28, 90-103. (With T. R. Merton.)
On the distribution of intensity in broadened spectral lines Phil. Trans. A, 216, 459-488. (With T. R. Merton.)
On intensity relations in the spectrum of helium. Phil. Trans. A, 220, 137-173.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wilson, W. (1956). "John William Nicholson 1881-1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2: 209–214. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1956.0014. JSTOR 769485.
^
- Nicholson, J. W. (1911a). "The spectrum of Nebulium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 49. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72...49N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.1.49.
- Nicholson, J. W. (1911b). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona I". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 139. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72..139N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.2.139.
- Nicholson, J. W. (1912a). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 677–693. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.677.
- Nicholson, J. W. (1912b). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona III". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (9): 729–740. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.9.729.
- Nicholson, J. W. (1912c). "On the new nebular line at λ4353". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 693. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..72..693N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.693.
^ McCormmach, Russell (1966). "The Atomic Theory of John William Nicholson". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 3 (2): 160–184. doi:10.1007/BF00357268. JSTOR 41133258. S2CID 120797894.
^ Heilbron, John L. (2013). "The path to the quantum atom". Nature. 498 (7452): 27–30. doi:10.1038/498027a. PMID 23739408. S2CID 4355108.
^ Nicholson 1912a, Nicholson 1912b
^ Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 6th series. 26 (151): 1–25. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955.
^ Bowen, I. S. (1927). "The Origin of the Nebulium Spectrum". Nature. 120 (3022): 473. Bibcode:1927Natur.120..473B. doi:10.1038/120473a0.
^ *Scerri, E.R. (2016). A Tale of Seven Scientists. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023299-3.

[frs-1] Wilson, W. (1956). "John William Nicholson 1881-1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2: 209–214. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1956.0014. JSTOR 769485.

[2] 
Nicholson, J. W. (1911a). "The spectrum of Nebulium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 49. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72...49N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.1.49.

Nicholson, J. W. (1911b). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona I". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 139. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72..139N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.2.139.

Nicholson, J. W. (1912a). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 677–693. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.677.

Nicholson, J. W. (1912b). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona III". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (9): 729–740. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.9.729.

Nicholson, J. W. (1912c). "On the new nebular line at λ4353". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 693. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..72..693N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.693.

[3] Nicholson, J. W. (1911a). "The spectrum of Nebulium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 49. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72...49N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.1.49.

[4] Nicholson, J. W. (1911b). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona I". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 139. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72..139N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.2.139.

[5] Nicholson, J. W. (1912a). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 677–693. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.677.

[6] Nicholson, J. W. (1912b). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona III". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (9): 729–740. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.9.729.

[7] Nicholson, J. W. (1912c). "On the new nebular line at λ4353". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 693. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..72..693N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.693.

[3] McCormmach, Russell (1966). "The Atomic Theory of John William Nicholson". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 3 (2): 160–184. doi:10.1007/BF00357268. JSTOR 41133258. S2CID 120797894.

[4] Heilbron, John L. (2013). "The path to the quantum atom". Nature. 498 (7452): 27–30. doi:10.1038/498027a. PMID 23739408. S2CID 4355108.

[5] Nicholson 1912a, Nicholson 1912b

[6] Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 6th series. 26 (151): 1–25. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955.

[Bowen1927-7] Bowen, I. S. (1927). "The Origin of the Nebulium Spectrum". Nature. 120 (3022): 473. Bibcode:1927Natur.120..473B. doi:10.1038/120473a0.

[Scerri2016-8] *Scerri, E.R. (2016). A Tale of Seven Scientists. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-023299-3.

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