Inflammatory reflex
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The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines and a motor or efferent arc, which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production. Increased signaling in the efferent arc inhibits inflammation and prevents organ damage.
It has also been shown that the brain can use this circuit to regulate the immune response and to extend the immunological memory.[1][2]
Molecular mechanism
[edit]The molecular basis of cytokine-inhibiting signals requires the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor receptor expressed on cytokine-producing cells.[3][4] The release of acetylcholine in the spleen suppresses the production of TNF and other cytokines which causes damaging inflammation.[5] Signaling in the efferent arc of the inflammatory reflex, termed the "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway," provides a regulatory check on the innate immune system response to invasion and injury. The action potentials that arise in the vagus nerve are transmitted to the spleen, where a subset of specialized T cells are activated to secrete acetylcholine. The net effect of the reflex is to prevent the damage caused by excessive cytokine production.[6]
Therapeutic potential
[edit]Evidence from experimental disease models of arthritis, colitis, sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, and congestive heart failure indicate that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can prevent or reverse these diseases.[7] Some research suggests that it is possible to implant nerve stimulants to replace anti-inflammatory drugs that target cytokine activity (e.g. anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 antibodies).[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Koren, Tamar; Yifa, Re’ee; Amer, Mariam; Krot, Maria; Boshnak, Nadia; Ben-Shaanan, Tamar L.; Azulay-Debby, Hilla; Zalayat, Itay; Avishai, Eden; Hajjo, Haitham; Schiller, Maya (2021-11-08). "Insular cortex neurons encode and retrieve specific immune responses". Cell. 184 (24): 5902–5915.e17. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.013. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34752731. S2CID 243843719.
- ^ L, Esther; huis (2021-11-08). "The Brain Can Recall and Reawaken Past Immune Responses". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ Tracey KJ (June 2009). "Reflex control of immunity". Nat Rev Immunol. 9 (6): 418–28. doi:10.1038/nri2566. PMC 4535331. PMID 19461672.
- ^ Tracey, Kevin J. (December 2002). "The inflammatory reflex". Nature. 420 (6917): 853–859. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..853T. doi:10.1038/nature01321. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12490958. S2CID 1791045.
- ^ Rosas-Ballina M, Ochani M, Parrish WR, et al. (August 2008). "Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (31): 11008–13. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511008R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803237105. PMC 2504833. PMID 18669662.
- ^ Rosas-Ballina M, Olofsson PS, Ochani M, et al. (2011). "Acetylcholine-Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit". Science. 334 (6052): 98–101. Bibcode:2011Sci...334...98R. doi:10.1126/science.1209985. PMC 4548937. PMID 21921156.
- ^ Tracey KJ (February 2007). "Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (2): 289–96. doi:10.1172/JCI30555. PMC 1783813. PMID 17273548.
- ^ Fox, Douglas (2017). "The shock tactics set to shake up immunology". Nature. 545 (7652): 20–22. Bibcode:2017Natur.545...20F. doi:10.1038/545020a. PMID 28470211. S2CID 4385501.