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Iksal

Coordinates: 32°41′N 35°19′E / 32.683°N 35.317°E / 32.683; 35.317
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Iksal
  • אִכְּסָל, אכסאל, כִּסְלוֹת תָּבוֹר‎
  • إكسال
Local council
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259ʔikksal, Ksalot Tabor
Iksal, as seen from Nazareth Illit
Iksal, as seen from Nazareth Illit
Flag of Iksal
Flag
Official seal of Iksal
Seal
Iksal is located in Israel
Iksal
Iksal
Iksal is located in Jezreel Valley region of Israel
Iksal
Iksal
Coordinates: 32°41′N 35°19′E / 32.683°N 35.317°E / 32.683; 35.317
Grid position180/232 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Area
 • Total
9,000 dunams (9 km2 or 3 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
15,336
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)
Name meaningfrom ancient Chesulloth, probably after a personal name[2]
Websiteموقع إكسال
مدرسة إكسال الثانوية
مدرسة إكسال الإعداديةالرازي

Iksal (Arabic: إكسال, Hebrew: אִכְּסָאל, כִּסְלוֹת תָּבוֹר, Kislot Tavor[3]) is an Arab local council in northern Israel, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southeast of Nazareth.[4] It has an area of 9,000 dunams and a population of 15,336 primarily Muslim inhabitants. [1]

Name

The name of the town is believed to derive from Kislot, a biblical town mentioned in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 19:12).[4][5]

History

A view of Iksal from the east, looking towards the southwest

Iksal was known to Josephus as Xaloth.[6][7] Archaeological excavations in Iksal revealed artifacts from the period of Roman and Byzantine rule in Palestine.[8] A ring decorated with the image of a lion dates to this period.[9] Rock-cut tombs, glass vessels and jewelry were also found, as well as agricultural installations from the Byzantine period such as a plastered winepress carved into the rock.[8]

Archaeologist Uzi Leibner says Iksal is one of several villages in Galilee that had a Jewish population during the Roman period, joined later by Christians. [10]

Middle Ages

In 536 a council in Jerusalem convened to condemn Severus of Antioch and his followers. Present at that Council were 45 bishops, including Parthenius, bishop of Exalus, who have been identified with Iksal.[11]

Remains have been excavated dating to the Umayyad period (7th century CE), including pottery and Cream Ware bowls.[12]

On December 22, 946, the forces of the Egyptian Ikhshidid dynasty defeated those of Sayf al-Daula at Iksal. The latter retreated to Aleppo, while the Ikshidid forces advanced onto Damascus.[13]

During the period of Crusader rule in Palestine, a castle was built in Iksal, the ruins of which are visible today.[8] The Crusaders probably built over an older structure dating to the Abbasid, and Fatimid era.[14] A large cemetery on the village ouskirts was known as Mukbarat el Afranj ("Cemetery of the Franks").[15]

Yaqut al-Hamawi described Aksal as a village five leagues from Tiberias near the Abu Futrus river.[16]

Remains from the Mamluk period have also been excavated. Three sites revealed pottery remains from the 14th and 15th century CE.[17]

Ottoman Empire

In 1517, the village came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1596 tax-records it appeared as Ksal, located in the Nahiya of Tabariyya of the Safad Sanjak. The population was 17 households and 1 bachelor, all Muslim. They paid a tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 6,633 Akçe.[18][19]

In 1738 Richard Pococke passed by the place, which he called Zal. He noted that near it was "many sepulchres cut in the rock, some of them are like stone coffins above-ground, others are cut into the rock, like graves, some of them have stone covers over them, so that formerly this might be no inconsiderable place."[20] A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as Iksad.[21]

Edward Robinson, who passed by the village in 1838, repeated Pocockes assertion that Iksal had many sepulchres.[22]

In 1863 Henry Baker Tristram saw the remains of a "Crusader" tower in Iksal,[23] while in 1875, Victor Guérin found it to have 400 inhabitants, all Muslim.[24] In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Iksal as "a large stone village, built in the plains, with a conspicuous square tower, surrounded by gardens and containing about 400 Moslims, many caves and cisterns."[25]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Iksal had about 600 Muslim inhabitants.[26]

British mandate

At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine Iksal had a population of 621 Muslims,[27] increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 752, still all Muslims, in a total of 166 houses.[28]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,110, all Muslims,[29] while the total land area was 16,009 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[30] Of this, 581 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 13,029 for cereals,[31] while 47 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.[32]

Israel

Like many other Arab towns and villages in the Galilee that were left standing after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Iksal surrendered to Israeli forces without putting up a fight. Individuals who had collaborated with Zionist officials prior to Israel's establishment, negotiated the terms of surrender and transition to rule under the new military government.[33]

Demographics

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a low ranking (3 out of 10) on the country's socioeconomic index (December 2001). Only 65.3% of students are entitled to a matriculation certificate after Grade 12 (2000). The average salary that year was NIS 3,640 per month, whereas the national average was NIS 6,835. Its population has grown at an annual rate of 2.8%. In Iksal, about 60 percent of the inhabitants are family relations of one another.[34]

Archaeology

In 2008 and 2012, archaeological surveys were conducted at the ancient site by Daniel Zohar and Mouqary `Abdallah on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA).[35]

Notable people


Social and family structure

The town of Iksal is home to several prominent families whose histories and contributions have significantly shaped the village's cultural and social landscape, including the families:

  • Habashi
  • Abd el-Hadi
  • Shadafna
  • Darawshi
  • Shalaby

where the majority are the former two

Darawshe Family

The Darawshe family has resided in Iksal for generations and is part of Israel’s Palestinian Arab minority. The family has produced notable individuals, including Moad Darawshe, a paramedic who was recognized for his humanitarian work in treating Israelis injured in attacks. (KTSM News)

Abd el-Hadi Family

The Abd el-Hadi family has been engaged in almond cultivation in Iksal since 2009. The village’s favorable climate and soil conditions have allowed for the development of a thriving almond farming industry, with approximately 100 families involved in cultivating almonds across 3,000 dunams (750 acres). Their contribution to agriculture has played a vital role in the local economy. (Sindyanna of Galilee)

Shalaby Family

Historical photographs from the Anisa Shalaby Collection highlight members of the Shalaby family, indicating their longstanding presence in Iksal. (Palestinian Oral History Archive)

Cultural and Oral Traditions

Iksal has a rich oral tradition, encompassing proverbs, tales, legends, poems, prayers, songs, and drama performances, which offer deeper insight into the village's past. These narratives have been passed down through generations, preserving the heritage and collective memory of its residents. (IC

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 126
  3. ^ HaReuveni, Immanuel (1999). Lexicon of the Land of Israel (in Hebrew). Miskal - Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books. p. 37. ISBN 965-448-413-7.
  4. ^ a b Freedman et al, 2000, p. 236.
  5. ^ Aharoni, 1979, pp. 120, 257.
  6. ^ Armstrong, 2009, p. 42.
  7. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 366
  8. ^ a b c Alexandre, 2008, Iksal, Final Report
  9. ^ Chancey, 2005, p. 216.
  10. ^ Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 321–324, 362–371, 396–400, 414–416. ISBN 978-3-16-151460-9.
  11. ^ Bagatti, 2001, p. 217
  12. ^ Zidan, 2019, Iksal
  13. ^ Gil, 1997, pp. 319-320
  14. ^ Sharon, 2013, p. 302
  15. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 385 ff
  16. ^ Le Strange, 1890, pp. 390-1
  17. ^ Mokary, 2011, Iksal, Final report
  18. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 187
  19. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  20. ^ Pococke, 1745, vol II, p. 65
  21. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 167 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 182
  23. ^ Trisdam, 1865, p. 124
  24. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 108-109
  25. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 363
  26. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 184
  27. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Nazareth, p. 38
  28. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 73
  29. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 8
  30. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 62
  31. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 109
  32. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 159
  33. ^ Cohen, 2010, p.17
  34. ^ Cushner, 2004, p.86
  35. ^ Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2008, Survey Permit # A-5483; Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2012, Survey Permit # A-6637

Bibliography

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