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Hypercoaster

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The world's first hypercoaster, Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point

A hypercoaster is a roller coaster with a height or drop measuring at least 200 feet (61 m).[1][2] The term was first coined by Arrow Dynamics and Cedar Point in 1989 with the opening of the world's first hypercoaster, Magnum XL-200, which features a height of 205 feet (62 meters). The next hypercoaster, Pepsi Max Big One, opened five years later at Blackpool Pleasure Beach featuring a height of 213 feet (65 m).

Other roller coaster manufacturers may or may not recognize the term hypercoaster when naming their models. Intamin calls their hypercoaster model a Mega Coaster, and Bolliger & Mabillard labels theirs a Hyper Coaster. The competition between amusement parks to build increasingly taller roller coasters eventually led to the next height classification for roller coasters known as giga coasters, which have a height or drop measuring at least 300 feet (91 m). This was soon followed by the world's first strata coasters – exceeding 400 feet (120 m) – with the release of Top Thrill Dragster in 2003.

History

[edit]

The world's first hypercoaster was Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point, which cost $8 million to construct. Cedar Point hired Arrow Dynamics for the design and construction began in 1988. Since its debut on May 6, 1989, Magnum XL-200 has accommodated over 36 million riders.[3] Cedar Point's official blog states that after building the ride, "...discussion was focused on just what a roller coaster such as Magnum should be called. After all, it had no loops like most of the other large steel coasters of the time and was so much bigger and faster than its non-looping brethren. After a couple of years, the name everyone agreed upon was hypercoaster."[4]

Description

[edit]

Hypercoasters were originally built for speed and airtime, to counter the trend of constructing bigger and bigger looping coasters. To accomplish this the elements of a hypercoaster often include a large first drop, several additional drops of declining height, a large turn or helix, and then many airtime-inducing hills. Hypercoasters are commonly designed with an out and back layout, although there are occasionally hypercoasters that use a twister layout, such as Raging Bull at Six Flags Great America, and others that combine both, such as Diamondback at Kings Island.

Hypercoasters are highly-ranked in the annual Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards. In 2006, Six Flags New England's Superman: Ride of Steel (later named Bizarro and Superman The Ride) was ranked first place. Others such as Magnum XL-200 (third), Nitro (fourth), and Apollo's Chariot (fifth) followed closely behind in the top five, with hypercoasters making up the majority of the Top 10 Steel Coasters.[5] By 2010, hypercoasters completely filled the top 10, as well as 16 of the top 20.[6]

Hypercoasters were first manufactured by Arrow Dynamics in the late 1980s to early 1990s. Since then, a number of companies, including Bolliger & Mabillard, Intamin, D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, and Giovanola have designed and constructed hypercoasters.

Though hypercoasters are typically steel roller coasters, Son of Beast at Kings Island was the first and only wooden hypercoaster. Due to a number of issues, the ride was eventually demolished in 2012.[7][8]

In 2018, Cedar Point opened the first hybrid hypercoaster, Steel Vengeance. Steel Vengeance is the first hypercoaster manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction.[9]

Bolliger & Mabillard

[edit]
Hyper Coaster
Goliath's first drop at Six Flags Over Georgia in Georgia.[10]
StatusIn production
First manufactured1999
No. of installations20
ManufacturerBolliger & Mabillard
Rows8
Riders per row4
Restraint StyleClamshell restraints
Hyper Coaster at RCDB
A train passes through Diamondback's splashdown element.

Bolliger & Mabillard (B&M) has produced 18 models over 21 years of production of hyper coasters, making it one of the more successful models manufactured by the company.[11]

The first installation of the hyper coaster was Apollo's Chariot located in Busch Gardens Williamsburg.[12][13] It was one of the two models released in 1999, the other being the Floorless Coaster. It was made in a similar style to the TOGO, D. H. Morgan Manufacturing, and Arrow Dynamics hypercoasters. In 2012, B&M produced its first giga coaster, Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, exceeding 300 feet in height. Bolliger & Mabillard do not use the term giga, but have continued to produce roller coasters in this class.[14]

The typical design of B&M's hyper coaster model includes a large lift hill then a large drop with a steep angle of descent, and typically includes airtime hills. One exception, Raging Bull at Six Flags Great America does not have this standard "out-and-back" layout, but rather features a "twister" layout.[15]

The trains feature seven to nine cars of one row with four seats, resulting in each train seating 28 to 36 riders. Depending on the dispatch time and the number of trains, the coasters typically have a capacity of 1,200 to 1,500 riders per hour. Each seat features a unique clamshell restraint. Some trains used on B&M Hyper Coasters feature staggered seats, where the two outer seats are located farther back than the two center seats, creating a more open experience. Currently, this staggered seating arrangement is only featured on four coasters: Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, Thunder Striker at Carowinds, and Shambhala at PortAventura Park.

Golden Ticket Awards

[edit]
See also: Golden Ticket Awards

The B&M Hyper Coaster has been the most successful model in the Golden Ticket Awards.[citation needed]

B&M Hyper Coasters in the Top 15 Steel Coasters at the Golden Ticket Awards
Coaster 2009[16] 2010[17] 2011[18] 2012[19] 2013[20] 2014[21] 2015[22] 2016[23] 2017[24] 2018[25] 2019[26]
Nitro 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 4th 5th 5th 5th 7th 11th 10th
Apollo's Chariot 5th 4th 7th 4th 5th 7th 6th 6th 11th 6th 8th
Goliath (SFOG) 4th 5th 4th 9th 7th 9th 12th 14th
Diamondback 7th 11th 10th 14th 4th 11th 9th 8th 10th 14th
Behemoth 12th 13th 15th 15th
Raging Bull 14th
Thunder Striker 7th 8th 10th 7th 8th
Leviathan 15th 6th 8th 7th 6th 8th 9th
Fury 325 4th 1st 1st 1st 1st
Mako 15th

List of hypercoasters

[edit]

The following is a list of roller coasters with a height of at least 200 feet (61 m). Shuttle roller coasters are typically not classified as hypercoasters and are therefore listed separately.[27]

Manufacturer Number Production
Intamin 23 (5 Shuttle) 1999–present
Bolliger & Mabillard 20 1999–present
Arrow Dynamics 5 1989–2001
D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 5 1996–2001
Premier Rides 4 (All Shuttle) 1997–2000
S&S Worldwide 4 2006–2012
Mack Rides 5 2017–present
Rocky Mountain Construction 3 2018–present
Giovanola 2 2000–2001
TOGO 2 1996–1997
Gerstlauer 1 2015
Chance Morgan 1 2004
Lagoon Amusement Park 1 2015
Meisho Amusement Machines 1 (All Shuttle) 1983
Roller Coaster Corporation of America 1 2000
S&S Sansei 1 2019–present
Vekoma 2 (1 Shuttle) 2010-present

Complete circuit

[edit]
Name Park Country Manufacturer Height Opened Status Ref
Magnum XL-200 Cedar Point  United States Arrow Dynamics 205 ft (62 m) May 1989 Operating [28]
The Big One Blackpool Pleasure Beach  United Kingdom Arrow Dynamics 213 ft (65 m) May 1994 Operating [29]
Desperado Buffalo Bill's  United States Arrow Dynamics 209 ft (64 m) August 1994 SBNO [30]
Wild Thing Valleyfair  United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 207 ft (63 m) May 1996 Operating [31]
Fujiyama Fuji-Q Highland  Japan TOGO 259 ft (79 m) July 1996 Operating [32]
Big Apple Coaster New York-New York Hotel & Casino  United States TOGO 203 ft (62 m)[note 1] January 1997 Operating [33]
Steel Force Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom  United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 200 ft (61 m)[note 2] May 1997 Operating [34]
Mamba Worlds of Fun  United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 205 ft (62 m) April 1998 Operating [35]
Apollo's Chariot[a] Busch Gardens Williamsburg  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 170 ft (52 m)[note 3] March 1999 Operating [36]
Raging Bull Six Flags Great America  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 202 ft (62 m)[note 4] May 1999 Operating [37]
Ride of Steel Six Flags Darien Lake  United States Intamin 208 ft (63 m) May 1999 Operating [38]
Goliath Six Flags Magic Mountain  United States Giovanola 235 ft (72 m) February 2000 Operating [39]
Superman The Ride Six Flags New England  United States Intamin 208 ft (63 m) May 2000 Operating [40]
Superman – Ride of Steel Six Flags America  United States Intamin 197 ft (60 m)[note 5] May 2000 Operating [41]
Millennium Force[b] Cedar Point  United States Intamin 310 ft (94 m) May 2000 Operating [42]
Son of Beast Kings Island  United States Roller Coaster Corporation of America 218 ft (66 m) May 2000 Removed [43]
Steel Dragon 2000[b] Nagashima Spa Land  Japan D. H. Morgan Manufacturing 318.3 ft (97.0 m) August 2000 Operating [44]
Nitro Six Flags Great Adventure  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 230 ft (70 m) April 2001 Operating [45]
Titan Six Flags Over Texas  United States Giovanola 245 ft (75 m) April 2001 Operating [46]
Phantom's Revenge Kennywood  United States D. H. Morgan Manufacturing/Arrow Dynamics 160 ft (49 m)[note 6] May 2001 Operating [47]
X2 Six Flags Magic Mountain  United States Arrow Dynamics 175 ft (53 m)[note 7] January 2002 Operating [48]
Silver Star Europa-Park  Germany Bolliger & Mabillard 239.5 ft (73.0 m) March 2002 Operating [49]
Xcelerator Knott's Berry Farm  United States Intamin 205 ft (62 m) June 2002 Operating [50]
Thunder Dolphin Tokyo Dome City Attractions  Japan Intamin 262.5 ft (80.0 m) May 2003 Operating [51]
Top Thrill 2[c] Cedar Point  United States Intamin 420 ft (130 m) May 2003 SBNO [52]
Superman el Último Escape Six Flags México  Mexico Chance Morgan 219.8 ft (67.0 m) November 2004 Operating [53]
SheiKra Busch Gardens Tampa  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 200 ft (61 m) May 2005 Operating [54]
Kingda Ka[c] Six Flags Great Adventure  United States Intamin 456 ft (139 m) May 2005 SBNO [55]
Stealth Thorpe Park  United Kingdom Intamin 205.1 ft (62.5 m) March 2006 Operating [56]
Goliath Six Flags Over Georgia  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 200 ft (61 m) April 2006 Operating [57]
Zaturn Space World  Japan Intamin 205 ft (62 m) April 2006 Removed [58]
Eejanaika Fuji-Q Highland  Japan S&S Worldwide 249 ft (76 m) July 2006 Operating [59]
Griffon Busch Gardens Williamsburg  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 205 ft (62 m) May 2007 Operating [60]
Behemoth Canada's Wonderland  Canada Bolliger & Mabillard 230 ft (70 m) May 2008 Operating [61]
Diamondback Kings Island  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 230 ft (70 m) April 2009 Operating [62]
Diving Coaster Happy Valley Shanghai  China Bolliger & Mabillard 213.3 ft (65.0 m) August 2009 Operating [63]
Thunder Striker Carowinds  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 232 ft (71 m) March 2010 Operating [64]
Pantherian[b] Kings Dominion  United States Intamin 305 ft (93 m) April 2010 Operating [65]
Wild Eagle Dollywood  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 210 ft (64 m) March 2012 Operating [66]
Leviathan[b] Canada's Wonderland  Canada Bolliger & Mabillard 306 ft (93 m) April 2012 Operating [67]
Dinoconda China Dinosaurs Park  China S&S Worldwide 226.4 ft (69.0 m) April 2012 Operating [68]
Shambhala PortAventura Park  Spain Bolliger & Mabillard 249.3 ft (76.0 m) May 2012 Operating [69]
Skyrush Hersheypark  United States Intamin 200 ft (61 m) May 2012 Operating [70]
Bullet Coaster[a] Happy Valley Shenzhen  China S&S Worldwide 196.8 ft (60.0 m)[note 8] July 2012 SBNO [71]
OCT Thrust SSC1000[a] Happy Valley Wuhan  China S&S Worldwide 196.8 ft (60.0 m)[note 9] March 2014 SBNO [72]
Fury 325[b] Carowinds  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 325 ft (99 m) March 2015 Operating [73]
The Oath of Kärnan Hansa Park  Germany Gerstlauer 239.5 ft (73.0 m) July 2015 Operating [74]
Cannibal Lagoon Amusement Park  United States Lagoon Amusement Park 208 ft (63 m) July 2015 Operating [75]
Flash Lewa Adventure  China Mack Rides 200.2 ft (61.0 m) January 2016 Operating [76]
Flying Aces Ferrari World Abu Dhabi  United Arab Emirates Intamin 206.7 ft (63.0 m) February 2016 Operating [77]
Valravn Cedar Point  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 223 ft (68 m) May 2016 Operating [78]
Coaster Through the Clouds Nanchang Wanda Park  China Intamin 242.8 ft (74.0 m) May 2016 Operating [79]
Mako SeaWorld Orlando  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 200 ft (61 m) June 2016 Operating [80]
Red Force[b] Ferrari Land  Spain Intamin 367 ft (112 m) April 2017 Operating [81]
DC Rivals HyperCoaster Warner Brothers Movie World  Australia Mack Rides 202.1 ft (61.6 m) September 2017 Operating [82]
Steel Vengeance Cedar Point  United States Rocky Mountain Construction 205 ft (62 m) May 2018 Operating [83]
Draken Gyeongju World  South Korea Bolliger & Mabillard 206.7 ft (63.0 m) May 2018 Operating [84]
Hyperion Energylandia  Poland Intamin 252 ft (77 m)[note 10] July 2018 Operating [85]
Hyper Coaster Land Of Legends Park  Turkey Mack Rides 200.2 ft (61.0 m) 2018 Operating [86]
Yukon Striker Canada's Wonderland  Canada Bolliger & Mabillard 223 ft (68 m)[note 11] May 2019 Operating [87]
Steel Curtain Kennywood  United States S&S Sansei 220 ft (67 m) July 2019 SBNO [88]
Zadra Energylandia  Poland Rocky Mountain Construction 206 ft (63 m) August 2019 Operating [89]
Orion[d] Kings Island  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 287 ft (87 m)[note 12] July 2020 Operating [90]
Candymonium Hersheypark  United States Bolliger & Mabillard 210 ft (64 m) July 2020 Operating [91]
Iron Gwazi Busch Gardens Tampa  United States Rocky Mountain Construction 206 ft (63 m) March 2022 Operating [92]
Beyond the Cloud Suzhou Amusement Land Forest World  China Mack Rides 203.4 ft (62.0 m) July 2022 Operating [93]
Hyperia Thorpe Park  United Kingdom Mack Rides 236 ft (72 m) May 2024 Operating [94]
Falcons Flight[e] Six Flags Qiddiya  Saudi Arabia Intamin 619 ft (189 m) TBD Under Construction [95]
Iron Rattler Six Flags Qiddiya  Saudi Arabia Vekoma 208 ft (63 m) TBD Under Construction [96]
Spitfire Six Flags Qiddiya  Saudi Arabia Intamin 239 ft (73 m) TBD Under Construction [97]

Shuttle

[edit]
Name Park Country Manufacturer Height Opened Status Ref
Moonsault Scramble Fuji-Q Highland  Japan Meisho Amusement Machines 229.7 ft (70.0 m) June 1983 Removed [98]
Tower of Terror II[b] Dreamworld  Australia Intamin 377.3 ft (115.0 m) January 1997 Removed [99]
Superman: Escape from Krypton[c] Six Flags Magic Mountain  United States Intamin 415 ft (126 m) March 1997 SBNO [100]
Batman & Robin: The Chiller Six Flags Great Adventure  United States Premier Rides 200 ft (61 m) June 1997 Removed [101]
Mr. Freeze Six Flags Over Texas  United States Premier Rides 218 ft (66 m) March 1998 Operating [102]
Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast Six Flags St. Louis  United States Premier Rides 218 ft (66 m) April 1998 Operating [103]
Speed – The Ride NASCAR Café  United States Premier Rides 224 ft (68 m) April 2000 Removed [104]
Wicked Twister Cedar Point  United States Intamin 215 ft (66 m) May 2002 Removed [105]
Big Air E-DA Theme Park  Taiwan Vekoma 209.3 ft (63.8 m) December 2010 Operating [106]
Turbo Track Ferrari World Abu Dhabi  United Arab Emirates Intamin 210 ft (64 m) March 2017 Operating [107]
Legendary Twin Dragon / 传奇双龙 Chongqing Sunac Land  China Intamin 229.6 ft (70.0 m) February 2021 Operating [108]
  1. ^ a b c This is a hypercoaster that is not taller than 200 ft (61 m), but has a drop of over 200 ft (61 m).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g This is a hypercoaster that is also a giga coaster, a roller coaster that exceeds 300 ft (91 m) in height.
  3. ^ a b c This is a hypercoaster that is also a strata coaster, a roller coaster that exceeds 400 ft (120 m) in height.
  4. ^ This is a giga coaster that is not taller than 300 ft (91 m), but has a drop of over 300 ft (91 m).
  5. ^ This is a hypercoaster that is also an exa coaster, a roller coaster that exceeds 600 ft in height
[edit]

B&M

[edit]

Other manufacturers

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Drop height is 144 ft (44 m)
  2. ^ Drop height is 205 ft (62 m)
  3. ^ Drop height is 210 ft (64 m)
  4. ^ Drop height is 208 ft (63 m)
  5. ^ Drop height is 205 ft (62 m)
  6. ^ Drop height is 228 ft (69 m)
  7. ^ Drop height is 215 ft (66 m)
  8. ^ Drop height is 221.2 ft (67.4 m)
  9. ^ Drop height is 221.2 ft (67.4 m)
  10. ^ Drop height is 269 ft (82 m)
  11. ^ Drop height is 245 ft (75 m)
  12. ^ Drop height is 300 ft (91 m)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "When Brain Trauma Is at the Other End Of the Thrill Ride". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  2. ^ "Millennium Force: The Hypercoaster Rules No More". Thrillride.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  3. ^ "CP Mobile". Cedarpoint.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-26. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  4. ^ "More Thoughts on Magnum". Cedarpoint.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  5. ^ "The List: 2006 Top 50 Steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 2006. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  6. ^ "The List: 2010 Top 50 Steel Roller Coasters" (PDF). Amusement Today. September 11, 2010. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  7. ^ "What's next for Son of Beast? Future of Kings Island roller coaster unclear". Cincinnati.com. 2011-04-23. Archived from the original on 2011-04-27. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  8. ^ "Son of Beast roller coaster to be removed to make room for future park expansion". Kings Island. July 27, 2012. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
  9. ^ "Steel Vengeance is Cedar Point's record-breaking replacement for Mean Streak roller coaster (Video) | cleveland.com". 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
  10. ^ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  11. ^ "B&M Hyper Coaster". 14 August 2012.
  12. ^ Deacle, Robin (September 5, 1998). "New Ride Not For Mere Mortals". Daily Press. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  13. ^ Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  14. ^ "Bolliger & Mabillard – Products". Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
  15. ^ Backmann, Dave (October 22, 1998). "Six Flags' new ride will offer 'hyper-twister' thrills". Kenosha News. Retrieved July 8, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "2009 Golden Ticket Awards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19.
  17. ^ "2010 Golden Ticket Awards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19.
  18. ^ "2011 Golden Ticket Awards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19.
  19. ^ "2012 Golden Ticket Awards" (PDF).
  20. ^ "2013 Golden Ticket Awards" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19.
  21. ^ "2014 Golden Ticket Awards" (PDF).
  22. ^ "2015 Golden Ticket Awards" (PDF).
  23. ^ "2016 Golden Ticket Awards". 11 September 2016.
  24. ^ "2017 Golden Ticket Awards". 11 September 2017.
  25. ^ "2018 Golden Ticket Awards". 8 September 2018.
  26. ^ "2019 Golden Ticket Awards". 7 September 2019.
  27. ^ "Watch the plunge from this new 325-foot roller coaster". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
  28. ^ Marden, Duane. "Magnum XL-200  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  29. ^ Marden, Duane. "Big One  (Blackpool Pleasure Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  30. ^ Marden, Duane. "Desperado  (Buffalo Bill's Resort & Casino)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  31. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wild Thing  (Valleyfair!)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  32. ^ Marden, Duane. "Fujiyama  (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  33. ^ Marden, Duane. "Big Apple Coaster  (New York, New York Hotel & Casino)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  34. ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Force  (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  35. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mamba  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  36. ^ Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  37. ^ Marden, Duane. "Raging Bull  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  38. ^ Marden, Duane. "Ride of Steel  (Darien Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  39. ^ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  40. ^ Marden, Duane. "Superman the Ride  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  41. ^ Marden, Duane. "Superman – Ride of Steel  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  42. ^ Marden, Duane. "Millennium Force  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  43. ^ Marden, Duane. "Son of Beast  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  44. ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Dragon 2000  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  45. ^ Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  46. ^ Marden, Duane. "Titan  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  47. ^ Marden, Duane. "Phantom's Revenge  (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  48. ^ Marden, Duane. "X2  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  49. ^ Marden, Duane. "Silver Star  (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  50. ^ Marden, Duane. "Xcelerator  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  51. ^ Marden, Duane. "Thunder Dolphin  (Tokyo Dome City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  52. ^ Marden, Duane. "Top Thrill Dragster  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  53. ^ Marden, Duane. "Superman el Último Escape  (ix Flags Mexico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  54. ^ Marden, Duane. "SheiKra  (Busch Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  55. ^ Marden, Duane. "Kingda Ka  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  56. ^ Marden, Duane. "Stealth  (horpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  57. ^ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  58. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zaturn  (Space World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  59. ^ Marden, Duane. "Eejanaika  (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  60. ^ Marden, Duane. "Griffon  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  61. ^ Marden, Duane. "Behemoth  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  62. ^ Marden, Duane. "Diamondback  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  63. ^ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (Happy Valley Shanghai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  64. ^ Marden, Duane. "Thunder Striker  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  65. ^ Marden, Duane. "Project 305  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  66. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle  (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  67. ^ Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  68. ^ Marden, Duane. "Dinoconda  (China Dinosaurs Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  69. ^ Marden, Duane. "Shambhala  (PortAventura Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  70. ^ Marden, Duane. "Skyrush  (Hershey Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  71. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bullet Coaster  (Happy Valley Shenzhen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  72. ^ Marden, Duane. "OCT Thrust SSC1000  (Happy Valley Wuhan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  73. ^ Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  74. ^ Marden, Duane. "Schwur des Kärnan  (Hansa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  75. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cannibal  (Lagoon Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  76. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flash  (Lewa Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  77. ^ Marden, Duane. "Flying Aces  (Ferrari World Abu Dhabi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  78. ^ Marden, Duane. "Valravn  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  79. ^ Marden, Duane. "Coaster Through the Clouds  (Nanchang Wanda Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  80. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  81. ^ Marden, Duane. "Red Force  (Ferrari Land])". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  82. ^ Marden, Duane. "DC Rivals HyperCoaster  (Warner Brothers Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  83. ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Vengeance  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  84. ^ Marden, Duane. "Draken / 드라켄  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  85. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hyperion  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  86. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hyper Coaster  (Land of Legends Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  87. ^ Marden, Duane. "Yukon Striker  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  88. ^ Marden, Duane. "Steel Curtain  (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  89. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zadra  (Energylandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
  90. ^ Marden, Duane. "Orion  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  91. ^ Marden, Duane. "Candymonium  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  92. ^ Marden, Duane. "Iron Gwazi  (Busch Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  93. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hurricane Roller Coaster / 飓风过山车  (Suzhou Amusement Land Forest World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  94. ^ Marden, Duane. "Hyperia  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  95. ^ Marden, Duane. "Falcons Flight  (Six Flags Qiddiya)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  96. ^ Marden, Duane. "Iron Rattler  (Six Flags Qiddiya)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  97. ^ "Spitfire - Six Flags Qiddiya (Al Muzahimiyah, Ar Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)". rcdb.com. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  98. ^ Marden, Duane. "Moonsault Scramble  (Fuji-Q Highland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  99. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tower of Terror II  (Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  100. ^ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Escape from Krypton  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  101. ^ Marden, Duane. "Batman & Robin: The Chiller  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  102. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  103. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mr. Freeze Reverse Blast  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  104. ^ Marden, Duane. "Speed – The Ride  (Nascar Café)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  105. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wicked Twister  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  106. ^ Marden, Duane. "Big Air  (E-DA Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
  107. ^ Marden, Duane. "Turbo Track  (Ferrari World Abu Dhabi)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  108. ^ Marden, Duane. "Legendary Twin Dragon / 传奇双龙  (Chongqing Sunac Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  109. ^ Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  110. ^ Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
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