Heart of Frédéric Chopin

The heart of Frédéric Chopin was separated from his body after he died in Paris, France, on 17 October 1849, aged 39. The Polish composer Frédéric Chopin had a fear of being buried alive and requested that his physician Jean Cruveilhier perform an autopsy. While Chopin's body was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, his heart was immersed in alcohol (probably cognac) and placed in an oak container.

Before his death, one of Chopin's last requests was that his eldest sister, Ludwika Jędrzejewicz, take his heart to Poland to be buried at a local church. She complied with his wishes, smuggling his heart through customs at the Austrian border, past Russian border agents and into Poland. It was given to the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw and kept in the catacombs. After a local journalist discovered the heart in a box, it was transferred to the upper part of the church in 1879 and immured in a pillar.

During the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, Chopin's heart was taken from the church by Nazi officials to the headquarters of SS commander Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. It was later returned to the Polish people and sent to Milanówek for safekeeping. On 17 October 1945, a delegation transported the heart back to Warsaw, where it was returned to its place in the Holy Cross Church.

Speculation as to the reason for Chopin's premature death led to requests by scholars and scientists to conduct an analysis of the heart tissue. While he was said to have died from tuberculosis, it was speculated that he may have had cystic fibrosis. A request to sample the heart tissue was refused by the Polish government, but the heart's container was secretly removed from the pillar for a visual inspection in 2014.^[1]

Death and removal of heart

Composer Frédéric Chopin had poor health throughout his life. He suffered from respiratory problems, chronic diarrhea, and weight loss.^[2] As an adult, he weighed less than 45 kilograms (99 lb).^[3] In 1849, knowing that he would soon die, Chopin made arrangements for his funeral. He had a fear of being buried alive (taphophobia) and requested to his sister that his heart be removed from his body and taken to Warsaw to be buried at a local church.^[4]^[5]

Chopin died in Paris on 17 October 1849. On the day before his death, Chopin requested that his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, conduct an autopsy. During the autopsy, Cruveilhier removed Chopin's heart and submerged it in alcohol, probably cognac.^[6] His body was buried in Paris at the Père Lachaise Cemetery, while his heart was placed in a crystal jar that was hermetically sealed. Months later, in early 1850, his sister transported the heart to Poland.^[7] The heart would eventually come to be treated as an exceptional artefact within the culture of Poland, afforded the respect usually reserved for saintly relics.^[8]

Smuggling the heart into Poland

In early January 1850, Chopin's eldest sister, Ludwika Jędrzejewicz, returned from France by rail to Poland with her daughter and her brother's heart. She carried the heart with her, concealing its container underneath her cloak or skirt^[6] as she smuggled it through a customs inspection at the Austrian border and past Russian border agents into Poland.^[4] Soviet music historian Igor Boelza wrote about her journey, explaining that Jędrzejewicz had hidden "a small oak trunk under her dress. In it was a casket made of ebony wood, containing a precious vessel holding Chopin's heart".^[5]

Chopin's heart arrived in Warsaw and was kept by his sister and mother, resting on top of a dresser at the home of Jędrzejewicz and the Kalasanty family.^[5] Prior to Jędrzejewicz's death in 1855, she may have arranged for the transfer of the heart to Warsaw's Holy Cross Church. There was opposition within the church's clergy to having the heart in the upper part of the church, as Chopin was not a saint.^[5] Instead, the heart was tucked away in the church's catacombs and lay there undisturbed and unlabeled for over two decades. In 1878, journalist Adam Pług found the heart in a box and wrote about his discovery in a Warsaw journal.^[9]

The clergy of the church were persuaded to move the heart in part due to the fact that the heart of novelist Klementyna Hoffmanowa was being kept in the Wawel Cathedral. With the support of apostolic administrator Antoni Ksawery Sotkiewicz, the heart was moved to the upper part of the church on 1 March 1879 and immured in the first pillar on the left, facing towards the church's great nave. The transfer of the heart took place in secret due to fears that Tsarist authorities would seize it. Composer Władysław Żeleński was one of the organizers of the transfer ceremony, which was attended by around a dozen people.^[5]^[4]

On 29 February 1880, Chopin's heart was consecrated. A tablet carved from Carrara marble by sculptor Leonard Marconi and dedicated to the memory of Chopin was installed on the pillar a week later. A biblical verse from Matthew 6:21 was inscribed onto one of the plaques: "For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also."^[5]^[9]

For decades, the heart was the sole public monument in Warsaw honoring Chopin that the Tsarist authorities allowed. It drew "covert displays of nationalist fervor". Once Poland achieved independence in 1918, it became an open shrine.^[7] In 1926, Archbishop Antoni Szlagowski said of Chopin: "All our past sings in him, all our slavery cries in him, the beating heart of the nation, the great king of sorrows."^[7]

Nazi possession and return

After the German Army captured Warsaw in 1939, performances of Chopin's music were banned, the Fryderyk Chopin Institute was shuttered, and the Frédéric Chopin Monument in Łazienki Park was destroyed.^[5] During the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the Holy Cross Church was damaged and captured by the Nazis. A German priest by the name of Schulze requested that the occupying forces be allowed to take possession of Chopin's heart for safekeeping. It was taken by SS officer Heinz Reinefarth^[7] and then given to SS commander Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, who kept it at his headquarters as part of his collection of curios.^[4]

As the occupation was drawing to a close, Bach-Zelewski, known for his brutal suppression of the uprising, returned the heart. Polish journalist Andrzej Pettyn [pl], who wrote a definitive account of Chopin's heart,^[5] wrote that Bach-Zelewski's gesture "aimed at reducing his own fault and presenting himself to the world in a more favorable light."^[7] Bach-Zelewski ordered that Chopin's heart be transferred to the auxiliary bishop of Warsaw Antoni Szlagowski [pl]. German officials arranged for a film crew to document the transfer of the heart to Szlagowski as a part of Nazi propaganda. At the moment the urn containing the heart was to be handed over, the spotlights they were using malfunctioned, an event for which Szlagowski said to his colleagues: "Thank the Lord. This time these barbarians will not succeed in their propaganda ploy."^[7] Szlagowski had the heart transferred to St. Hedwig Church in Milanówek, escorted by a contingent of German soldiers.^[9]

Milanówek and return to Warsaw

Upon the arrival of Chopin's heart in Milanówek, it was hidden out of fear that the Germans would try to repossess it. The heart was briefly kept at the house of a professor named Antoniewicz and the apartment of the pianist Maria Findeisen. Thereafter, the heart was kept by Archbishop Szlagowski, atop a piano, in his private chapel until October 1945. A small wooden casket was created to hold the urn. Bronisław Edward Sydow [pl], a member of the board of the Fryderyk Chopin Institute, approached officials from the Provisional Government of National Unity to arrange a ceremonial return of the heart to the Holy Cross Church, which by that time had been mostly restored. The Executive Committee of the National Celebration of the Return of Chopin's Heart to Warsaw was established on 18 September 1945.^[5] Sydow asked to check the condition of the relic and examined the heart in Milanówek. The container was opened and Sydow observed:

The urn consisted of an outer box made of oak, smooth, on a dark bylaid, in which there is a second mahogany box polished with marquetry (porte lines) embellished. Recessed in the lid is a silver plate in the form of a heart, with an engraved inscription containing Frederic Chopin's birth and death dates. This box is surrounded by lead plates for protection from moisture. Inside this box is a large crystal jar hermetically sealed, in which, in transparent alcohol, is Chopin's perfectly preserved heart. What is striking is the size of the heart, for a figure of average height it is immeasurably large. Presumably under the influence of heart disease, which primarily contributed to Chopin's early death, in addition to tuberculosis.^[5]

On 17 October 1945, the 96th anniversary of Chopin's death, the urn containing his heart was handed over to Leopold Petrzyk in Milanówek in St. Hedwig Church's courtyard. A delegation including pianist Bolesław Woytowicz then transported it by car to Żelazowa Wola, the village where Chopin was born, via a meandering 90-kilometre (56 mi) route taking it through Grodzisk Mazowiecki and Błonie. Crowds lined up along the route, which was adorned with white and red Polish flags.^[5]^[7] Petrzyk passed the urn along to then-President Bolesław Bierut, who handed it over to Warsaw mayor Stanisław Tołwiński [pl]. Following a short concert by pianist Henryk Sztompka [pl], the delegation proceeded to Warsaw. There, Wiktor Grodzicki [pl] gave a welcoming speech, saying in part:

This heart first beat 135 years ago, in nearby Żelazowa Wola, and soon began to beat more vividly to the sound of a folk song resounding from peasant huts, and when not many years had passed, the same peasant, Masurian song, amplified a thousandfold by Chopin's heart and genius, was already resounding throughout Europe, and today, 96 years after that heart stopped beating – it resounds throughout the world, bearing witness to the immortal values of our song, our culture and our nation.^[5]

After the heart arrived in Warsaw, an afternoon commemorative service at Holy Cross Church was broadcast to the nation, with both the president and the prime minister of Poland in attendance.^[9] A eulogy given by musicology professor Hieronim Feicht [pl] was described by the newspaper Życie Warszawy as "a profound analysis of the artistic values of Chopin's music". The heart was then returned to the pillar beneath a bust of Chopin created by sculptor Andrzej Pruszyński [pl].^[5]

Secret exhumation and examination

Over the years, speculation about the cause of Chopin's death led to calls to examine the heart. In 2008, scholars requested that a DNA analysis of the heart's tissue be conducted to determine if Chopin had died from cystic fibrosis rather than tuberculosis. Cystic fibrosis was unknown during his lifetime and was thought to be a better explanation for his symptoms.^[7] The request was refused by the Polish government.^[10]

On 14 April 2014, a group of church officials, scientists and representatives from the Fryderyk Chopin Institute disinterred the jar containing Chopin's heart. Researchers examined the heart in secret, though they limited themselves to a visual inspection and did not open the jar. They took photographs, applied sealing wax to the jar, and only revealed that they had made an inspection five months later.^[4]

The scientists published their findings in a 2017 article in The American Journal of Medicine. They wrote that the floppy and massively engorged heart appeared to have been removed using the "French method"—pulling it out and severing the aorta and pulmonary artery. The surface of the heart had a frosted appearance, being covered with a "fine, whitish, massive fibrillary coating". Hemorrhagic effusions were observed, as were three small white-glass nodules. The authors of the article concluded that Chopin had pericarditis which was brought on by tuberculosis.^[11] A letter to the editor published in the American Journal of Medicine called the diagnosis of tuberculosis into question.^[12]

Another inspection of the heart is not expected to take place until 2064.^[9]

References

^ "Frédéric Chopin's heart shows signs of TB, say Polish experts". The Guardian. Associated Press. 17 September 2014. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
^ Kubba, Adam K.; Young, Madeleine (January 1998). "The Long Suffering of Frederic Chopin". Chest. 113 (1): 210–216. doi:10.1378/chest.113.1.210. PMID 9440592.
^ O'Shea JG (1987). "Was Frédéric Chopin's illness actually cystic fibrosis?". The Medical Journal of Australia. 147 (11–12): 586–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133693.x. PMID 3320707.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Quinn, Annalisa (6 November 2017). "Chopin's Heart, Pickled in a Jar, Offers Clues to His Death". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Pettyn, Andrzej (2010). Chopin w Milanówku: Rok Chopinowski 2010 (PDF) (in Polish). Grodzisk Maz: Arkuszowa Drukarnia Offsetowa. ISBN 978-83-926807-8-9.
^ ^a ^b Gengaro, Christine Lee (2017). Experiencing Chopin: A Listener's Companion. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4422-6087-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Ross, Alex (5 February 2014). "Chopin's Heart". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
^ Jagielska–Burduk, Alicja (2022). Cultural Heritage as a Legal Hybrid: Between Public and Private Law. Springer Nature. p. 64. ISBN 978-3-031-04946-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Walker, Alan (2018). Fryderyk Chopin: A Life and Times. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-71437-6.
^ McKie, Robin (26 July 2008). "Row over plan to DNA test Chopin's heart". The Observer. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
^ Witt, Michał; Szklener, Artur; Kawecki, Jerzy; Rużyłło, Witold; Negrusz-Kawecka, Marta; Jeleń, Michał; Langfort, Renata; Marchwica, Wojciech; Dobosz, Tadeusz (February 2018). "A Closer Look at Frederic Chopin's Cause of Death". The American Journal of Medicine. 131 (2): 211–212. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.09.039. PMID 29031593.
^ Charlier, Philippe; Perciaccante, Antonio; Herbin, Marc; Appenzeller, Otto; Bianucci, Raffaella (April 2018). "The Heart of Frederic Chopin (1810–1849)". The American Journal of Medicine. 131 (4): e173 – e174. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.12.005. PMID 29555048. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2023.