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Hans Cory

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Hans Cory
Born1889, Vienna, Austrian-Hungarian Empire
Died1962 (aged 72–73), Dar es Salaam, Tanganyika
NationalityAustrian-Hungarian Empire, later United Kingdom
Occupation(s)anthropologist, sociologist, art collector
Known forAfrican figurines: their ceremonial use in puberty rites in Tanganyika

Hans Cory OBE (born Hans Koritschoner; 18 March 1889 – 24 April 1962) was a self-taught British social anthropologist of Austrian descent, farmer and sociologist with a special interest in traditional lifestyles of ethnic groups in former Tanganyika, now Tanzania. Little is known about his childhood and youth in Vienna as well as about his life before the First World War in colonial German East Africa.

Born in Vienna, Austria, and having lived most of his adult life in Tanganyika, he died at age 73 in Dar es Salaam. His publications on a wide range of ethnographic subjects constitute an important record of the history of Tanganyika.

Life and career

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Early life

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Cory was born as Hans Koritschoner in 1889 in Vienna, then capital of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, as son of physician Samuel Robert Koritschoner and his wife Rebekka Amalia Koritschoner (née Goldschmidt). He was married to Lillian Koritschoner (née Wolff) and was said to come from a musical family.[1] According to British ethnomusicologist Hugh Tracey, with whom Cory shared his collection of folk music of the Sukuma and Nyamwezi, writings by his Viennese contemporary Sigmund Freud prompted Cory to explore mental illness and African forms of therapy through ritual dances and music.[2][3]

Cory had arrived before the First World War in the former colony of German East Africa. After the German defeat in World War I, Great Britain took over Tanganyika as a British mandate territory, and Cory was sent to a British camp in Palestine as a prisoner of war. In 1926, he returned to Tanganyika and became a farmer in Morogoro region, while at the same time pursuing his studies of African life and traditions that he had begun during the war.[2][4]

Ethnographic studies and publications

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Speaking Swahili and several local dialects, he had a special interest in the cultural traditions of ethnic groups, at the time called tribes. A self-taught anthropologist with long years of ethnographic studies based on participant observation, Cory collected extensive ethnographic field data, including traditional music, wall paintings and ritual sculptures. Based on this, he published several articles and books about such diverse subjects as colonial history, traditional law, land tenure, ethnic customs and beliefs, secret societies and witchcraft, food and plants, as well as traditional songs and poetry.[3][5]

From the 1930s to 1950s, he collected about 1000 clay figurines used for initiation rites and published works on this topic, most notably his African figurines: their ceremonial use in puberty rites in Tanganyika.[6][7] According to German ethnologist Elisabeth Grohs, who studied puberty ceremonies and the use of figurines in Tanzania in the 1960s, Cory donated a large number of these figurines at the end of his life to the Dar es Salaam National Museum.[8] Some of these figurines were published in 1994 in the catalogue for the German exhibition "Tanzania - Masterpieces of African Sculpture", accompanied by art historical essays in German and Swahili.[9][10]

In his 1944 article: "Figurines used in the Initiation Ceremonies of the Nguu of Tanganyika Territory", Cory described the ritual "use of figurines and songs in combination [...] generally used in East Africa at puberty ceremonies for both sexes." He also noted a "rigid separation of the two sexes" for the ceremonies. Usually, every sculpture was accompanied by a specific song, and Cory indicated a short section of the lyrics in both the native language and in English translation, along with photographs and explanations about their ritural meaning and use. Expressing his appreciation of these figurines and songs, he called them examples of the "descriptive and symbolic art" and statements of the ethics of social conduct, used by East Africans for important occasions.[11]

Based on copies of wall paintings from initiation rites of the Sukuma and Nyamwezi "Snake Charmers" societies, Cory published his collection of what he called 'primitive' paintings and his comments about this form of teaching oral history of the societies to novitiates. In a review of this work, Cory was quoted as follows:[12]

These wall paintings may do something, even if it is only very little, to tackle the problem of better understanding between Europeans and Africans. They show that the African processes artistic faculties which may not yet display great technical skill, but which are already sufficiently developed to give testimony to the existence of, perhaps not striking heights of artistry, but at any rate considerable depths of intellectual penetration.

— Hans Cory, Wall-paintings by Snake Charmers in Tanganyika, 1953

As government sociologist, he further conducted a project from the mid-1950s onwards to collect and codify the customary law of a number of ethnic groups in Tanganyika, such as the Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Haya, Gogo and others.[13] After independence of the country at the end of 1961, these attempts to translate traditional law into new national legal structures were continued. His unpublished papers are collected in the library of the University of Dar es Salaam and, together with his publications, constitute an important ethnographic record of the history of Tanganyika.[14]

After 1950, Cory lived in Mwanza on Lake Victoria, and his last book was devoted to the history of the adjacent Bukoba district. For his services to the culture of Tanganyika, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire.[2]

Literary recognition

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In Ernest Hemingway's account of his 1934 safari in Tanganyika, Green Hills of Africa, Hemingway tells of his encounter with the Austrian farmer "Kandisky", who shared his knowledge of local culture with Hemingway and who in real life was no other than Hans Cory.[15]

Selected works

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as Hans Koritschoner

  • Ngoma Ya Sheitani. An East African Native Treatment for Psychical Disorder, 1936
  • Some East African Native Songs. Tanganyika Notes and Records 4: 51–64, 1937

as Hans Cory

  • "Figurines used in the Initiation Ceremonies of the Nguu of Tanganyika Territory". Africa. 14 (8): 459–464. 1944. doi:10.2307/1156305. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1156305.
  • with M.M. Hartnoll: Customary law of the Haya Tribe, Tanganyika territory. London 1945
  • The Ingredients of Magic Medicines. 1949.
  • The Ntemi; the traditional rites in connection with the burial, election, enthronement and magic powers of a Sukuma chief. London, 1951.
  • Sukuma Law and Custom, London, Oxford University Press I953
  • Wall-paintings by snake charmers in Tanganyika. London, Faber and Faber 1953
  • The indigenous political system of the Sukuma and proposals for political reform. Nairobi 1954
  • Sikilizeni mashairi. Mwanza, Nairobi 1950. (own poems in Swahili)
  • African figurines: their ceremonial use in puberty rites in Tanganyika. London, Faber and Faber 1956.
  • History of the Bukoba district. Mwanza 1959

See also

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Notes and references

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  1. ^ "Hans Cory". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Tracey, Hugh (1962). "Obituary: Hans Cory, O.B.E. 1889–1962". African Music: Journal of the African Music Society. 3 (1): 111. doi:10.21504/amj.v3i1.742.
  3. ^ a b Koritschoner, Hans (1936). "Ngoma Ya Sheitani. An East African Native Treatment for Psychical Disorder". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 66: 209–219. doi:10.2307/2844124. ISSN 0307-3114. JSTOR 2844124.
  4. ^ In the introduction to his African figurines (1956) he wrote how he started to become interested in such figurines from different ethnic groups, as he used idle time during the war to learn from African soldiers of different tribes about initiation rites. p. 20-21
  5. ^ Listen to the sound archives from the 1950s, where he read Swahili poetry in a dramatic style and with his German accent. "Hans Cory, South African Music Archive Project". samap.ukzn.ac.za. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  6. ^ Cory, Hans (1956). African Figurines: Their Ceremonial Use in Puberty Rites in Tanganyika. Faber & Faber.
  7. ^ Cory, Hans (1961). "Sumbwa Birth Figurines". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 91 (1): 67–76. doi:10.2307/2844469. JSTOR 2844469.
  8. ^ Grohs, Elisabeth (1995). "Tanzania oder die längst fällige Aufwertung der künstlerischen Tradition dieses Landes". Anthropos (in German). 90 (4/6): 567–574. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40463202.
  9. ^ Georges Meurant, Ton- und Holzskulpturen aus Nordost-Tansania. In Jens Jahn (ed.) Tanzania – Meisterwerke afrikanischer Skulptur. München: Fred Jahn, 1994, pp. 154-166. (in German) ISBN 978-3-88645-118-0
  10. ^ Pelrine, Diane. African Arts, vol. 28, no. 3, UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center, 1995, pp. 89–90, doi:10.2307/3337281.
  11. ^ Cory, A. [sic!] (1944). "Figurines Used in the Initiation Ceremonies of the Nguu of Tanganyika Territory". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 14 (8): 459. doi:10.2307/1156305. ISSN 0001-9720.
  12. ^ Schneider, Harold K. (1953). "Review of Wall Paintings by Snake Charmers in Tanganyika". Midwest Folklore. 3 (3): 187–189. ISSN 0544-0750. JSTOR 4317408.
  13. ^ His studies on the customary law of the Sukuma and of the Nyamwezi were published in Swahili by the Government Printers in Dar es Salaam. (African figurines, 1956, p. 2)
  14. ^ Miller, Norman N. (1968). "Tanzania: Documentation in Political Anthropology – The Hans Cory Collection". African Studies Bulletin. 11 (2): 195–213. doi:10.2307/522924. JSTOR 522924. Hans Cory produced a collection of papers and monographs in the general field of political anthropology that rank as an important primary research source concerning that nation. The documentation, as do Cory's published writings, reflect the diverse interests of the author and the many sides of his character. The son of a Viennese musical family, his early interests were in African songs and dances, in composing Swahili poetry, and in collecting African drawings and figurines.
  15. ^ Walsh, Martin (January 2010). "Bad Swahili and pidgin Swahili in Hemingway". East African Notes and Records Blog. In his family history, written in 1956, Hans Cory referred to his encounter with the Hemingways and his appearance in Green Hills of Africa: "I am Kandinsky [sic], and though the conversation did not take place exactly as quoted, the events happened as described, and the breakdown of my lorry, etc. is true. Hemingway and his wife were very kind to me. I was their guest for three days, and we had many amusing and interesting conversations."
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