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Hanging in the United States

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Hanging has been practiced legally in the United States of America from before the nation's birth, up to 1972 when the United States Supreme Court found capital punishment to be in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[1] Four years later, the Supreme Court overturned its previous ruling, and in 1976, capital punishment was again legalized in the United States.[2] Currently, only New Hampshire has a law specifying hanging as an available secondary method of execution, now only applicable to one person, who was sentenced to capital punishment by the state prior to its repeal in 2019.[3]

Colonial America

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Hanging was one method of execution in Colonial America. According to the Espy file, Daniel Frank was hanged in 1623 for cattle theft in the Jamestown colony.[4][5] John Billington is thought to be one of the first men to be hanged in New England; Billington was convicted of murder in September 1630 after he shot and killed John Newcomen.[6][page needed]

Execution of Ann Hibbins on Boston Common, June 19, 1656. Sketch by F.T. Merril, 1886

During the Salem witch trials of the early 1690s, most of the men and women convicted of witchcraft were sentenced to public hanging. It is estimated that seventeen women and two men were hanged, as a result of the trials. However, modern scholars maintain that thousands of individuals were hanged for witchcraft throughout the American colonies.[7][page needed]

Hangings during the colonial era of America were mostly performed publicly in order to deter the behavior for which the criminals were hanged. Thousands of townspeople would gather around the gallows to hear a sermon and observe the hangings of convicted criminals. Such experiences were deemed to be good lessons on morality for the children and townspeople.

1776 – 1840

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Following the American Revolution led by the Continental Congress and the subsequent ratification of the United States Constitution, the Bill of Rights was signed into law and became the first ten amendments to that constitution. The eighth amendment of the Bill of rights states that cruel and unusual punishment shall not be inflicted. During this time period, hanging was not considered to be cruel and unusual, yet almost two hundred years later, this amendment was key to the temporary suspension of capital punishment by the Supreme Court. Today, the eighth amendment is still an essential argument employed by those in favor of abolishing capital punishment.

During this time of political unrest, some prominent members of society believed that capital punishment such as hanging ought to be abolished. One such man, Benjamin Rush, published a pamphlet in 1807 speaking out against the death penalty. In the pamphlet, Rush often raises religious arguments such as, "The punishment of murder by death is contrary to reason, and to the order and happiness of society, and contrary to divine revelation."[8] Individuals like Benjamin Rush laid the foundation for death penalty abolition movements that are still carried on today.

Hangings were common during the early part of the nineteenth century. Just as in Colonial America, hangings were still conducted in public for all to witness. However, unlike the colonial era, men and women were no longer hanged for offenses like adultery. In fact, by 1836 Pennsylvania only hanged criminals convicted of murder in the first degree.[9][page needed] In New York, the number of capital crimes were brought down from nineteen to just two. By 1815, other states like Vermont, Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, New Hampshire, and Ohio (with the slaves)also drastically decreased their number of capital offenses, usually lowering the number down to just two or three.[10][page needed] Because of these changes in law, hangings began to decrease in some regions of the country. However, some states went in the opposite direction. Most of the southern states in addition to Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island actually raised their number of capital offenses.[10]

1830 – 1920

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Starting in the early 1830s, public hangings were considered by many to be cruel. Many others considered them a major community event and still others took to them as an opportunity to become unruly, as with modern sporting events: "Sometimes tens of thousands of eager viewers would show up to view hangings; local merchants would sell souvenirs and alcohol. Fighting and pushing would often break out as people jockeyed for the best view of the hanging or the corpse. Onlookers often cursed the widow or the victim and would try to tear down the scaffold or the rope for keepsakes. Violence and drunkenness often ruled towns far into the night after 'justice had been served."[11][page needed] By 1835, five states – Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts – had enacted laws providing for private hangings. Fourteen years later, in 1849, fifteen more states also enacted such laws. However, most opponents of hanging opposed these laws. These abolitionists believed that public execution would eventually lead the general population to cry out against the capital punishment, eventually putting an end to hanging in the United States.

In 1862 President Abraham Lincoln sanctioned the hanging of 39 Sioux Indians convicted of murdering white settlers in Mankato, Minnesota.[12] This mass execution remains the largest of its kind in United States history.[11]

Four people were hanged for their participation in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Mary Surratt, one of the four, was the first woman to receive capital punishment by the United States federal government.

The Wild West

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As the United States began to expand west, most new states favored the death penalty, and hanging continued to be the most popular means of execution. In addition, disregarding the trend set by many northern states, these states would hang criminals for offenses like robbery and rape. Because of the abundant lawlessness and crime in the Wild West, judges were strict, and hangings were commonplace.[13] If a judge was particularly ruthless, he became known as a hanging judge. Isaac C. Parker, perhaps the best-known hanging judge, sentenced 160 men to death by hanging. However, of those 160, only 79 were actually executed; the remaining 81 either appealed, died in jail, or were pardoned. Though at the time, these judges were criticized for issuing so many death sentences, a few modern scholars maintain that most of the judges were honorable men trying to establish law and order in the wild American frontier.[13]

Lynching

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After the American Civil War, the frontier opened up, and law lagged behind, with an undetermined number of local criminals suffering Lynching, or extrajudicial hanging. In the South, tensions arising from Reconstruction led to several lynchings. Scholars estimate that 4,742 total people, mostly male, were lynched from 1882 to 1968. About 3,445 of those individuals were African American and 1,297 were white.[14]

The Electric Chair

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Old Sparky, the electric chair used at Sing Sing prison

In 1890, New York became the first state to use the electric chair as a means of execution. Though it took two surges of electricity lasting nearly two minutes to kill William Kemmler, the electric chair replaced hanging as the most efficient and preferred method of execution in the United States. This was the first time in United States history that a method other than hanging was the leading means of execution.[15][page needed]

1921 – present

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Since the introduction of the electric chair in 1890, the number of hangings have steadily decreased. The introduction of the gas chamber in 1924[16] further reduced the number of hangings in the United States, as many states in the West, like Nevada, California, and Arizona, opted to replace hanging with the gas chamber throughout the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s.

In 1936, Rainey Bethea was hanged after he was convicted of rape; over 20,000 people came to Owensboro, Kentucky, to witness Bethea's execution. Many scholars maintain that the unprecedented nationwide attention and coverage the execution received caused the United States to outlaw public executions. Therefore, Bethea was the last individual to be hanged publicly in the United States.[17] In the decades preceding and following Bethea's execution, states had been eliminating hanging as means of execution altogether until the death penalty was de facto suspended in the late 1960s.

When the death penalty was restored in 1976 following the Gregg v. Georgia ruling, most states that had executed inmates primarily by hanging prior to the ruling implemented lethal injection instead.[3] Delaware's Billy Bailey was the last criminal to be hanged in the United States, in 1996. Bailey was just the third criminal to be hanged since 1965,[18] the other two being Charles Rodman Campbell in 1994 and Westley Allan Dodd in 1993, both in Washington State.[19][page needed][20]

The hanging of Billy Bailey is likely to be the final hanging in the United States, considering that all three of the states that maintained hanging as a secondary method of execution alongside lethal injection after the 1976 restoration of the death penalty have now abolished executions. Delaware's Supreme Court declared the death penalty to be in violation of their state constitution in 2016,[21] Washington abolished executions in 2018,[22] and New Hampshire abolished executions in 2019.[23] However, the last person on death row in the three states is Michael K. Addison in New Hampshire, convicted in 2008 of the 2006 murder of Michael Briggs, an on-duty police officer. Should the state carry out Addison's execution, the method could be hanging if lethal injection was found unconstitutional or inefficient, or if he chooses to be executed by hanging.

References

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  1. ^ U.S. Supreme Court (June 29, 1791). "Furman v. Georgia (Opinion 408 U.S. 238 (1791))". The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011. Does the imposition and carrying out of the death penalty in these cases constitute cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments? .... Yes. The Court's one-page per curiam opinion held that the imposition of the death penalty in these cases constituted cruel and unusual punishment and violated the Constitution. In over two hundred pages of concurrence and dissents, the justices articulated their views on this controversial subject. Only Justices Brennan and Marshall believed the death penalty to be unconstitutional in all instances. Other concurrences focused on the arbitrary nature with which death sentences have been imposed, often indicating a racial bias against black defendants. The Court's decision forced states and the national legislature to rethink their statutes for capital offenses to assure that the death penalty would not be administered in a capricious or discriminatory manner.
  2. ^ U.S. Supreme Court (July 2, 1976). "Gregg v. Georgia (Opinion 428 US 153 (1795))". The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. Retrieved August 8, 2020. Is the imposition of the death sentence prohibited under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments as "cruel and unusual" punishment? .... No. In a 7-to-2 decision, the Court held that a punishment of death did not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments under all circumstances. In extreme criminal cases, such as when a defendant has been convicted of deliberately killing another, the careful and judicious use of the death penalty may be appropriate if carefully employed. Georgia's death penalty statute assures the judicious and careful use of the death penalty by requiring a bifurcated proceeding where the trial and sentencing are conducted separately, specific jury findings as to the severity of the crime and the nature of the defendant, and a comparison of each capital sentence's circumstances with other similar cases. Moreover, the Court was not prepared to overrule the Georgia legislature's finding that capital punishment serves as a useful deterrent to future capital crimes and an appropriate means of social retribution against its most serious offenders.
  3. ^ a b "Methods of Execution". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  4. ^ Espy, M. Watt; Smykla, John Ortiz (July 20, 2016), Executions in the United States, 1608-2002: The ESPY File (ICPSR 8451), ICPSR - Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research, doi:10.3886/ICPSR08451.v5, retrieved August 8, 2020 – via National Archive of Criminal Justice Data
  5. ^ Headsman (August 5, 2012). "1623: Daniel Frank, the first hanging in the USA". ExecutedToday.com. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  6. ^ Bradford, William (1999). Of Plymouth Plantation. The Vision Forum, Inc. ISBN 9780966523331.
  7. ^ Stack, Richard A. (2006). Dead Wrong: Violence, Vengeance, and the Victims of Capital Punishment. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  8. ^ Rush, Benjamin (2010). Considerations on the Injustice and Impolicy of Punishing Murder by Death (Reprint). Gale ECCO. ISBN 978-1140909019.
  9. ^ Stefoff, Rebecca (2007). Furman v. Georgia: Debating the Death Penalty (Print). New York: Benchmark Books.
  10. ^ a b Mackey, Philip English (1976). Voices Against Death: American Opposition to Capital Punishment, 1787-1975 (Print). New York: Burt Franklin.
  11. ^ a b Randa, Laura E. (1997). Society's Final Solution: A History and Discussion of the Death Penalty (Print). University Press of America.
  12. ^ "Execution of Indians in Minnesota". The New York Times. December 29, 1862. p. 5. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  13. ^ a b Stolberg, Mary M. (Spring 1988). "Politician, Populist, Reformer: A Reexamination of 'Hanging Judge' Isaac C. Parker". The Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 47 (1). Arkansas Historical Association: 3–28. doi:10.2307/40038130. JSTOR 40038130.
  14. ^ "Lynchings: By Year and Race". Lynching in America: Statistics, Information, Images. University of Missouri - Kansas City. n.d. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  15. ^ Guernsey, JoAnn Bren (2009). Death Penalty: Fair Solution or Moral Failure? (Print). Twenty-First Century Books.
  16. ^ "Descriptions of Execution Methods: Gas Chamber". Death Penalty Information Center. 2010. Archived from the original on November 12, 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
  17. ^ "The Last Public Execution in America". Morning Edition (Radio). National Public Radio. May 1, 2001. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  18. ^ Vick, Karl (January 26, 1996). "AN EXECUTION IN THE OLD WAY". Washington Post. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  19. ^ O'Shea, Kathleen (1999). Women and the Death Penalty in the United States, 1990-1998 (Print). Praeger.
  20. ^ "Methods of Execution: Hanging". The Death Penalty. Michigan State University Comm Tech Lab and Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  21. ^ "Delaware Abolishes Executions, But Legislators Could Revive It". CBS Philly. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  22. ^ "Washington Abolishes Executions". BBC. October 12, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  23. ^ Milligan, Susan (May 31, 2019). "New Hampshire Abolishes Executions". US News. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
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