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Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

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Foreign relations

The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. The Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1976. In 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.

Since the country is not widely recognised, the government has asked Independent Diplomat to serve its interests.[1]

Recognition

[edit]

As of September 2022, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states. Of these, 38 have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition for a number of reasons. Several states that do not recognise the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile for a sovereign state. [citation needed] The republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remained the only African nation not within the AU between South Africa's admittance in 1994 and (re-)joining the African Union in 2017. The SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[2][3] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[4][5] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[6] On the other hand, upholding Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League.[7][8]

Besides Algeria, Mexico, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognised SADR and maintained full diplomatic relations, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[9]

As with any fluid political situation, diplomatic recognitions of either party's rights are subject to frequent and sometimes unannounced change.

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Memorandum of understanding between Ecuador and SADR, in Quito, July 2012

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has, since its proclamation established diplomatic relations with a number of states, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which have recognised its independence. In connection with the "freezing", "withdrawing" and resuming of recognition, similar changes have occurred at the level of diplomatic relations. SADR has stable and developed relationships with states such as Algeria and South Africa.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is represented abroad by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of missions and embassies. Some states that have recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic have elevated the Polisario representation in their country to the status of SADR embassy. The Polisario Front maintains also a network of representations on countries that do not recognized the SADR as a sovereign country, mainly in Europe, with some of them having relations with the host country governments. Representation of foreign countries to the SADR is performed by embassies located abroad, mainly in Algiers, due to the Western Sahara conflict and the settlement of the Sahrawi refugee camps in south-western Algeria. Strong support of Sahrawi cause from some countries is demonstrated by foreign delegation's visits in Liberated Territories of Western Sahara.[note 1][note 2]

Current diplomatic relations

[edit]
Current relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations and recognition of SADR
  Recognition of SADR only

A total of 36 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR. Of these, 28 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions. As of 6 August 2018, Botswana is the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Eight states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past, but later resumed them. As of 20 September 2022, South Sudan is the most recent nation that reestablished diplomatic relations with SADR.

# State Relations established Sahrawi mission Mission to Sahrawi Republic Notes
1  Algeria 6 March 1976[13] Embassy (Algiers)[14] — AU, Arab League, OIC; Algeria–SADR relations
2  Angola 1976[15] Embassy (Luanda)[16] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
3  Belize 18 November 1986[17] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[18] — —
4  Bolivia 14 November 1982[19] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[20] — Relations were suspended from 20 January 2020[21] to 16 September 2021.[19]
5  Botswana 6 August 2018[22] Embassy (Gaborone)[23] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[24] AU
6  Cambodia 1980s[25] — —
7  Colombia 27 February 1984[26] — — Relations were frozen from 20 December 2000[27][28] to 10 August 2022.[29]
8  Cuba 21 January 1980[30] Embassy (Havana)[31] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[32] Cuba–SADR relations
9  East Timor 20 May 2002[33] Embassy (Dili)[34] — East Timor–SADR relations
10  Ethiopia Yes[when?] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[35] Embassy, non-resident (Rome)[36] AU
11  Ghana 24 August 1979[37] Embassy (Accra)[38][39] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
12  Guyana 28 September 2012[40][41] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[42][43][44][45] — OIC; Moroccan news sources claimed a withdrawal of recognition from 14 November 2020,[46][47] however, Guyana still maintains diplomatic relations with SADR.[48]
13  Honduras 5 June 2013[49][50] — — —
14  Kenya 25 June 2005[51] Embassy (Nairobi)[52][53] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[54] AU; Relations were frozen from 18 October 2006[55] to 6 February 2014 or shorter;[52] Kenya–SADR relations
Further details
On 2 December 2013 Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya Justin Muturi announced the opening of SADR embassy in Nairobi soon.[56][57] On 11 December 2013 Sahrawi president Mohamed Abdelaziz officially visited Kenya for Independence Day celebrations.[58][59] On 6 February 2014 Sahrawi embassy was open.[52]
15  Laos 3 August 1987[60] Embassy, non-resident (New Delhi) — —
16  Lesotho Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria) Embassy, non-resident (Kuwait City)[61] AU
17  Mauritius 1983[62][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[63] — AU; Relations are cancelled since 17 January 2014[64] to 23 November 2015.[65]
18  Mexico 24 September 1979[66] Embassy (Mexico City)[67] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[68] Mexico–SADR relations
19  Mozambique 26 September 1984[69] Embassy (Maputo)[70] — AU, OIC
20  Namibia 21 May 1991[71] Embassy, non-resident (Luanda)[72] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[10] AU
21  Nicaragua 10 March 1989[73] Embassy (Managua)[74] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[75] Relations were frozen from 21 July 2000 to 12 January 2007.[76]
22  Nigeria 11 November 1984[77] Embassy (Abuja)[78][79] Embassy, non resident (Algiers)[80] AU, OIC; Nigeria–SADR relations
23  North Korea 16 March 1976[81] — — —
24  Rwanda Yes[when?] Embassy, non resident (Kampala)[82] — AU
25  Sierra Leone Yes[83][when?] — — AU, OIC
26  South Africa 15 September 2004[84] Embassy (Pretoria)[85] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[86] AU; SADR–South Africa relations
27  South Sudan 9 July 2011[87] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[88] — AU; Relations were cancelled from 30 September 2018[89] to 20 September 2022.[90]
28  Tanzania Yes[when?] Embassy (Dar es Salaam) — AU
29  Uganda 27 July 2007[91] Embassy (Kampala)[92] Embassy, non-resident (Tripoli)[93] AU, OIC
30  Uruguay 26 December 2005[94] Embassy (Montevideo)[95] — —
31  Vanuatu 31 July 2008[96] Embassy, non-resident (Dili) — —
32  Venezuela December 1982[97] Embassy (Caracas) Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[98] SADR–Venezuela relations
33  Vietnam 2 March 1979[99] — Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[100] —
34  Zimbabwe 3 June 1980[101] Embassy (Harare)[102][103][104] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[11] AU

Former diplomatic relations

[edit]
Former relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations[note 3] and recognition[note 4] of SADR in the past
  Recognition[note 4] of SADR in the past only

A total of 16 states or more[note 3] maintained official diplomatic relations with the SADR in the past; they are currently suspended, frozen or cancelled. As of 12 March 2020, Liberia is the most recent nation to formally cancel diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

# State Relations established Former Sahrawi mission[note 5][note 6] Former mission to Sahrawi Republic[note 5] Notes
1  Burundi Yes[when?] — — AU; Relations were frozen from 5 May 2006 to 16 June 2008,[107] they are cancelled since 25 October 2010.[108][109]
2  Cape Verde 30 September 1980[110] — — AU; Relations are frozen from 27 July 2007.[111][112]
3  Chad 4 July 1980[113][114] — — AU; Relations are suspended from 17 March 2006.[115]
Further details
On 10 July 2007 Prime Minister of Chad Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye received Sahrawi Foreign Minister Mohamed Salem Ould Salek. According to the communiqué, dated 17 July 2007 both parties decided to raise their diplomatic relations to ambassadorial level. 20 July was published Chadian objection to ignore protocol in Alwihda article where was written about Prime Minister signature of relations agreement. On the same place of Governmental web was published full text of comminiqué from 17 July 2007. It shows that Chadian objection to Alwihda article was mistakenly interpreted as a denial of diplomatic relations as such.[114] On 11 August 2018 Sahrawi President expressed appreciation for the steadfast position of Chad in supporting the Sahrawi people's right to freedom and independence.[116] In 2020, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Chad reiterated that Chad has severed any relationship with SADR since 2006.[117]
4  Costa Rica Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Panama City)[118] — Relations are frozen from 22 April 2000.[118][119][120]
5  Ecuador 14 November 1983[121] Embassy (Quito)[122][123] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[124] Relations were suspended from 22 October 2024[121][125]
6  El Salvador 1989[126][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[127] Embassy, non-resident (New York City) Relations were cancelled from April 1997[27] to 6 June 2009 at the latest.[128] They were cancelled again on 15 June 2019.[129]
7  Guinea-Bissau Yes[when?] Embassy (Bissau)[27] — AU, OIC; Relations are cancelled since 30 March 2010.[130]
8  Haiti 22 November 2006[131] Embassy (Port-au-Prince) — Relations are cancelled since 2 October 2013.[132]
9  India 1985[133] Embassy (New Delhi)[134] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[135] Relations are cancelled since 26 June 2000.[9]
10  Liberia 30 October 2012 or before[136] Embassy, non-resident[136][where?] — AU; Relations were suspended after Liberia opened a consulate in Dakhla, which is controlled by Morocco.[137]
11  Madagascar 29 January 1978[138] Embassy (Antananarivo)[134] — AU; Relations are frozen from 6 April 2005.[139][140]
12  Malawi 24 March 2002[141][142] Embassy, non-resident (Nairobi)[143][144][145] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[146] AU; Relations were cancelled from 27 December 2002[147] to 1 February 2008[148] and from 16 September 2008[149][150] to 6 March 2014 or shorter.[143] They were cancelled again from 5 May 2017.[151]
Further details
In the past, Malawi had non-resident embassy (Cairo) in the SADR,[152] later this embassy was not accredited to Sahrawi Republic.[153]
On 15 February 2012 SADR minister in charge of Africa was received by foreign minister of Malawi,[154] on 6 March 2014 SADR ambassador presented credentials to president of Malawi.[143]
In 2014, Malawi embassy in Cairo was accredited to the SADR again.[146]
13  Panama 1 June 1979[155] Embassy (Panama City)[156] —
Main article: Panama–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013[157] to 7 January 2016.[158] Relations suspended again on 21 November 2024.[159]

14  Paraguay 9 February 2000[160][161] Embassy, non-resident (Montevideo)[162] — Relations were frozen from 25 July 2000 to 12 August 2008,[163] they are suspended from 3 January 2014.[164][165]
15  Peru 5 May 1987[166] Embassy (Lima) —
Main article: Peru–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations

Relations were frozen from 9 September 1996[167] to 8 September 2021;[168] suspended in September 2023.[169]

16  St. Vincent and the Grenadines 14 February 2002[170] Embassy, non-resident (Tindouf)[171][172] — Relations are frozen from 15 February 2013.[173]
17  Seychelles Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Antananarivo,[174] then Algiers)[175] — AU; Relations are cancelled since 17 March 2008.[176]
18  Zambia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[177][178] — AU; Relations were cancelled from 29 March 2011.[179][180] to 21 November 2012.[181] Relations were cancelled again on 25 February 2017.[182]
Further details
According to Zambian sources, Foreign Minister Kabinga Pande received a bribe from Morocco for the MMD's 2011 election campaign and his personal re-election campaign in exchange for the "withdrawal" of recognition of the SADR.[183]
In July 2012 it was published, that the Michael Sata Government is in the process of recognising again the SADR as a sovereign state, as well as restoring the diplomatic relations.[184][185] Early 2020 Zambian opened a consulates general in Laayoune.[186]

Relations with international organisations

[edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic holds either 'member' or 'observer' status in several international organisations. It participates in the activities of organisations that have formalised its membership, as well as in activities of other organizations as a guest participant. The SADR is usually represented by a Government or national organisations such as the Sahrawi Trade Union.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union (AU; formerly Organization for African Unity) member Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23 June 1980[187] 31 August 1981[188] SADR representative is Vice President of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP) from May 2015.[189]
Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa member[190][191] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances member[192] Association of the Families of Sahrawi Prisoners and Disappeared (AFAPREDESA)
International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) member Sahrawi Youth Union (UJSARIO) UJSARIO representative was one of IUSY Vice Presidents for 2012–2014.[193]
Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) member[194][195] Sahrawi Lawyers’ Union
Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) member National Union of Sahrawi Women (UNMS)
World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) member[196] Sahrawi Youth Union
World Federation of Trade Unions member Sahrawi Trade Union (UGTSARIO) 28 March 2000[197]
Non-member status
African Union–European Union Summit participant Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in all AU-EU Summits. In 2017, SADR participated on 5th Summit in Abidjan, Morocco's attempts to exclude SADR was thwarted.[198][199]
Andean Community of Nations Andean Community of Nations observer[note 7] Sahrawi National Council September 2011[200] 26 October 2011[201]
Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) participant[note 8] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in the opening conference of the PARLACEN, July 2010.[202]
Ibero-American Summit participant[note 8] Polisario Front — — Polisario Front participated in 22nd Ibero-American Summit in Cádiz, November 2012.[203]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies observer[204] Sahrawi Red Crescent April 1977[205]
New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) participant[note 9] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in first senior officials meeting of the NAASP in Durban, September 2006.[4][206]
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) guest[note 10] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated as guest in 16th Summit of NAM in Tehran, August 2012.
Permanent Conference of Political Parties of the Latin American and the Caribbean
(COPPPAL) 		participant[note 8] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in COPPPAL meeting in Managua, September 2006.[207]
SADR delegation participated in meeting of COPPPAL and ICAPP in Mexico City, October 2012.[208]
Progressive Alliance Progressive Alliance participant[209] Polisario Front — —
Socialist International consultative member Polisario Front 30 June 2008[210] Admitted as observer member. Promoted to consultative member in 2017.[211]

International treaties and conventions

[edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has signed a number of international treaties, conventions, protocols and charters negotiated in the context of the African Union. SADR participates in protection of human rights, common defense or trade liberalisation by signature of following agreements.

International treaty or convention Signature Ratification Notes
African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance 25 July 2010[212] 27 November 2013
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 10 April 1986[213] 2 May 1986
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 23 October 1992[214] —
African Charter on Values and Principles of Public Service and Administration 1 July 2011[215] —
African Continental Free Trade Agreement 21 March 2018[216] — A trade agreement between some African Union member states which will establish the African Continental Free Trade Area.
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) 20 June 2006[217] 27 November 2013
AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption 25 July 2010[218] 27 November 2013
AU Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) 23 August 2009[219] 27 November 2013
AU Non-aggression and Common Defence Pact 21 May 2007[220] 27 April 2009
Convention of the African Energy Commission 20 June 2006[221] 9 May 2007
Geneva Conventions 23 June 2015[222] Polisario Front made a unilateral declaration under Article 93.3 of Protocol I to apply the four Conventions and Protocol I in the Western Sahara conflict with Morocco. Polisario Front is not recognized as a party of Conventions, but declaration was accepted by the depositary of Convenions (Swiss Federal Council).[223][224]
OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism 14 July 1999[225] 9 January 2002
Protocol on the Statute of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights 25 July 2010[226] —
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 25 July 2010[227] 27 November 2013
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 20 June 2006[228] —
Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (AEC Treaty) 3 June 1991[229] 25 August 1992[230] SADR signed to the AEC Treaty,[231] but not participates in any of the AEC pillars.

Participation in international sports federations

[edit]

In 2015, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic participated for the first time in the All Africa Games, the biggest African multi-sports event.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union Sports Council[232] member Sahrawi Ministry of Youth and Sports[233] In September 2015, Sahrawi Republic participated in the 11th All Africa Games.[234]
N.F.-Board[note 11] provisional member Sahrawi Football Federation December 2003 In 2012, a Sahrawi team participated for the first time in the Viva World Cup hosted by Iraqi Kurdistan.
CONIFA member Sahrawi Football Federation August 2016

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ While ambassadors usually presented credentials to Sahrawi President in Camp Rabuni in Algeria, Cuban and Namibian ambassadors in March 2018 and Zimbabwean ambassador as third in May 2018 presented credentials to Sahrawi President in Liberated Territories of the SADR (in Bir Lehlou or Tifariti).[10][11]
  2. ^ In May 2018, delegations represented by the ambassadors of Vietnam, Ecuador, Namibia, Cuba and South Africa and diplomats from Ethiopia, Uganda, Angola and Nigeria attended the festivities commemorating the 45th anniversary of the outbreak of the Sahrawi armed struggle in Tifariti, Liberated Territories.[12]
  3. ^ a b The number of States which maintained diplomatic relations with SADR in the past is likely to be more, but for any relations with States that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  4. ^ a b According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[105][106]
  5. ^ a b The number of former embassies which existed in the past is likely to be more, but for any embassies to/of states that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  6. ^ The former embassies usually continue to work, but as a unilateral Representative Offices without diplomatic privileges from the host country.
  7. ^ In the framework of the Andean Parliament.
  8. ^ a b c There is not a formal status of the SADR, but here is the SADR official participation in the activities of this international organization.
  9. ^ NAASP does not have formalised membership, it is open to States of Asia and Africa.
  10. ^ There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member states are represented as guests at NAM conferences.
  11. ^ N.F.-Board is defunct since January 2013.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Thomas Frear: The foreign policy options of a small unrecognised state: the case of Abkhazia, in: Caucasus Survey, Vol. 1 (2014), No. 2, pp. 83-107 (here: p. 97), DOI: 10.1080/23761199.2014.11417293.
  2. ^ "NAM reiterates support to right of Saharawi people to determination". Sahara Press Service. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  3. ^ "Algeria praises NAM's continued support to struggle of Saharawi people for self-determination". Sahara Press Service. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b "South Africa". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  5. ^ South African Broadcasting Corporation (1 September 2006). "Asia-Afro partnership meeting kicked off today". South African Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
  6. ^ South African Broadcasting Corporation (2 September 2006). "Moroccan objections taint Asian-Africa meeting". South African Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
  7. ^ "Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabic News. 8 January 1999. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  8. ^ "Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps". Arabic News. 17 December 1998. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b Punyapriya Dasgupta (12 August 2000). "Derecognition of Western Sahara". Economic and Political Weekly. "The government of India has decided, suddenly without any explanation, to withdraw the recognition granted in 1985 to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"
  10. ^ a b "La embajadora de Namibia para la RASD presenta sus credenciales al Presidente de la República en TT.LL". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  11. ^ a b "El Presidente de la República recibe en Tifariti las cartas credenciales del embajador de Zimbabwe". Sahara Press Service (in Spanish). 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  12. ^ "Strong presence of foreign delegations in 45th anniversary of Sahrawi armed struggle outbreak". Sahara Press Service. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  13. ^ Virginia McLean Thompson; Virginia Thompson; Richard Adloff (1980). The Western Saharans: Background to Conflict. Croom Helm. p. 286. ISBN 0-7099-0369-3. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  14. ^ "Embajada de la RASD en Argelia" (in Spanish). Embajada de la RASD en Argelia. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  15. ^ "Angola and SADR address strengthening diplomatic cooperation". Further Africa. 21 October 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  16. ^ "Embaixadas em Angola - Embaixada Sahara Democratica" (in Portuguese). Portal da República de Angola. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  17. ^ "Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  18. ^ "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Belize. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  19. ^ a b "El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia fortalece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática". Bolivia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 16 September 2021.
  20. ^ "Cinco nuevos embajadores presentaron cartas credenciales". El Diario (in Spanish). 25 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  21. ^ "Western Sahara: Bolivia Withdraws its Recognition of Polisario's Self-Styled SADR". Morocco World News. 21 January 2020.
  22. ^ "Sahrawi Republic and Botswana establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level". Sahara Press Service. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  23. ^ "Saharawi Ambassador presents letters of credentials to President of Botswana". Sahara Press Service. 12 August 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2022."The Sahrawi Republic opened a new Embassy in Botswana starting this June"
  24. ^ "Le Botswana désigne son 1er ambassadeur en République sahraouie" (in French). Algérie Presse Service.
  25. ^ "List of member states of the United Nations (193) having diplomatic relations with Cambodia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  26. ^ "Colombia restablece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Saharaui". 11 August 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  27. ^ a b c "States which recognize the SADR". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  28. ^ "Saharauis piden a Colombia restablecer relaciones". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 15 February 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  29. ^ "Colombia restablece relaciones diplomáticas con la República Saharaui". infobae. 10 August 2022.
  30. ^ "Cuba y la RASD celebran 30 años de relaciones diplomáticas" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  31. ^ "Representaciones Diplomáticas y Consulares acreditadas en Cuba". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011. "Embajada de la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática"
  32. ^ "Embajada de Cuba en Argelia, concurrencias en República Saharaui Democrática, República Islámica de Mauritania" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República de Cuba. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
  33. ^ "On the establishment of diplomatic relations between East Timor and the SADR". ARSO - Association de soutien à un référendum libre et régulier au Sahara Occidental. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  34. ^ "Fourth Committee Approves Five Consensus Texts Reaffirming Inalienable Right to Self-Determination and Independence". United Nations General Assembly. Department of Public Information • News and Media Division • New York. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012. Lisualdo Gaspar, Director of Bilateral Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Timor‑Leste: "In fact, he added, Timor‑Leste had accorded full diplomatic representation to the Embassy of the "Saharawi Republic" in its capital, Dili, in 2010"
  35. ^ Government of Ethiopia. "Embassy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
  36. ^ "Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Rome – Italy". Ethioembassy.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  37. ^ "President of Republic concludes visit to Ghana". 1 August 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  38. ^ "Six Ambassadors to Ghana present Credentials". Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  39. ^ "Sahrawi Ambassador presents his credentials to Ghanaian President". Sahara Press Service. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
  40. ^ "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open mission here". Guyana Times. 26 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  41. ^ "Lehbib Breika presents credentials as SADR ambassador to Guyana". Sahara Press Service. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  42. ^ "Foreign Affairs highlights in 2013…". Guyana Chronicle. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
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