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Ein Rogel

Coordinates: 31°46′04″N 35°14′08″E / 31.7677°N 35.2355°E / 31.7677; 35.2355
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31°46′04″N 35°14′08″E / 31.7677°N 35.2355°E / 31.7677; 35.2355

1840 illustration from The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia[1]

Ein Rogel (Hebrew: עין רגל‎ ʿĒn Rōgēl) is a spring on the outskirts of Jerusalem, mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. It is most commonly identified as what Arabs refer to as Well of Job (Arabic: بئر أيوب Bir Ayoub) in Silwan,[2][3][4] though some scholars dispute this view.[5]

Ein Rogel was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the hiding-place of David's spies, Jonathan and Ahimaaz, during Absalom's uprising against the rule of King David (2 Samuel 17:17). It may also have been a sacred place in pre-Israelite times.[5]

Historical accounts

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Ein Rogel

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The name "Ein Rogel" appears in the Hebrew Bible. It is also variously transcribed as Enrogel (2 Samuel 17:17, King James Version), En-rogel (2 Samuel 17:17, American Standard Version and English Standard Version), or En Rogel (2 Samuel 17:17, NIV and NKJV).

En Rogel was one of the boundary marks between Judah and Benjamin (Joshua 15:7, 18:16). During Absalom's uprising against David, Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed at Ein Rogel, "for they dared not be seen coming into the city (Jerusalem); so a female servant would come and tell them, and they would go and tell King David". However, "a lad saw them, and told Absalom", and so they had to flee to Bahurim (2 Samuel 17:17–18). Ein Rogel lay close to a stone, Zoheleth, where Adonijah, Solomon's half-brother of, held a sacrificial feast when he attempted to assert his claims to the throne (1 Kings 1:9).[5][6] The obviously sacred character of the spring suggests that it is the same as the Dragon Well or Serpent Well of Nehemiah 2:13.[5]

As of 1901, the meaning of the name was uncertain.[5] The interpretation 'Fuller's Well' does not bear the mark of antiquity. It is probable that, like Zoheleth, the original name had some sacred or mythic significance.[5] The etymology according to Strong's Concordance is that the word originally meant "eye of a traveller"; springs were seen as an "eye" in the landscape.[7][8]

Ein Rogel is mentioned in "Topography of Jerusalem", a document found in the Cairo Geniza, which describes how the water breaks through to the riverbed after a winter of plentiful rainfall.[9]

Bir Ayoub

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Some scholars identify Ein Rogel with Bir Ayyub.[10][11] The application of the name Bir Ayyub (Arabic: بئر أيوب Bir Ayoub, also spelled Ayub, Ayoub) to the site is old, which translates to "Fountain of Job" or "Job's Well", as it was used by the local inhabitants of Jerusalem in early modern times.[3][2] Clermont-Ganneau was surprised when local fellahin pronounced it as "be'er" (as in Hebrew) rather than "bir" (as in Arabic).[12] The name was used in Mujir al-Din's 1495 work "The glorious history of Jerusalem and Hebron" as if it was already long-standing.[3]

The name, "Job's Well", is said to have been given to the site on account of an Arab legend which claimed that when the prophet Job was sick and eaten of worms, he went and bathed in a hole full of water, which stood where the well now stands, and that, at length, Job recovered his health and his body turned youthful, while the pool turned into a plenteous spring.[12]

The application of the Biblical name Ein Rogel to this well in Silwan is long-standing amongst early European travellers to Jerusalem.[3]

Well of Nehemiah or Well of Fire

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It is also known as the Well of Nehemiah, or Puteus ignis (well of fire), in reference to the location in which the sacred fire was hidden during the Jewish captivity in 2 Macc. i. 19-22. This name started in the 16th century.[3][13][14][15]

Description

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The modern Bir Ayoub mosque in Silwan, built on top of Job's Well

Robinson, during his tour of Palestine in 1838, describes Bir Ayoub (Job's Well) as being "a very deep well, of an irregular quadrilateral form, walled up with large squared stones, terminating above in an arch on one said, and apparently of great antiquity. There is a small rude building over it, furnished with one or two large troughs."[16] The well, he said, went down to a depth of 125 feet (38 m).

A water plant was established near Bir Ayoub, which involved large expenses and a lot of labor. A canal was hewn in the rock, 2 meters high and 0.5 to 1 meter wide.[17] The conduit is more than 600 meters long and passes under the western side of the stream channel at a depth of 23 to 30 meters below the surface.[17] The place can be reached by a staircase that is interrupted in some places.[17] It appears that the purpose of this conduit was to store the water flowing between the layers of limestone.[17] It is located just south of the junction of the three valleys - Wadi er-Rababi, Central and Kidron.[18] Today there is a modern pumping station there, drawing water from a 38 m deep well, whose stone lining may be partially of Roman date.[6] Today the Bir Ayoub Mosque of Silwan stands above the Bir Ayoub well.

Gustaf Dalman who visited Palestine in the early 20th-century mentions a custom of the local inhabitants of Silwan to visit Bir Ayoub (Well of Job) and to recite a blessing for the coming rain.[19] During periods of great rain downpour, as happened in February 1927, a gushing spring would issue out of the earth some 47 metres (154 ft) downstream from the Well of Job.[20]

Dispute

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Other scholars, namely Charles Warren, thought that Ein Rogel was to be identified with the Virgin's fountain, or what is also known as Gihon Spring.[21] As of 1901, the identification of the well with Biblical Ein Rogel was uncertain, Charles Warren being one of its skeptics.[2] Bir-Ayoub is a well, not a spring (although it may have formerly been a spring), and is said to lie too far from ez-Zehweleh, although it lies near a large stone in Siloam village called Zehwillat. As Bir Ayoub is in full view of the city, it does not suit the context of 2 Sam. 17:17, and its antiquity is uncertain.[5]

The Virgin's fountain (ʻAin Sitti Maryam), later ʻAin Umm ed-Deraj, has also been suggested for Ein Rigel as 'the only real spring close to Jerusalem', exactly opposite to which lies ez-Zehweleh, perhaps Zoheleth.[5] The chief points in favour of this are its antiquity and the evidence of Josephus, who places the well in the royal gardens.[22] Other arguments are based upon the fact that in later times the well was used by fullers.[5]

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References

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  1. ^ Roberts, The Fountain of Job
  2. ^ a b c Warren, C.; Conder, C.R. (1884). Jerusalem. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 371–375. OCLC 5785377.
  3. ^ a b c d e Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838. Vol. 1. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. pp. 490–491. OCLC 989455877. Frank Christians call this the well of Nehemiah, supposing it to be the same in which the sacred fire is said to have been hid during the Jewish captivity, until again recovered by that leader of the exiles. [Footnote: 2 Macc. i. 19-22. Formerly also Puteus ignis; see Quaresmius II. p. 270, seq. Cotovic. p. 292. Doubdan Voyage p. 136.] But I have not found this name in any writer earlier than the close of the sixteenth century. Those who mention the well before that time, speak of it only as the En-Rogel of the Old Testament. [Footnote: So Brocardus c. 8. Marinus Sanutus III. 14. 9. De Salignac in A. D. 1522, Itin. Tom. X. c. 1. Cotovicus in 1598 calls it Puteus ignis; and Quaresmius seems to be the first to give it the name of Nehemiah.] The native inhabitants call it Bîr Eyûb, the Well of Job. [Footnote: I know not the occasion of this name; yet it occurs in Mejr ed Dîn in A. D. 1495, as if already of long standing; Fundgr. des Or. II. p. 130. It is found also in the Arabic version of Joshua in the Paris and London Polyglotts, for En-Rogel, Josh. xv. 7. The Jewish Itinerary published by Hottinger in his Cippi Hebraici, says this well is properly that of Joab, though the Gentiles call it the well of Job; p. 48. Ed. 2.
  4. ^ Levi-Naḥum, Yehuda (1986). "The graves of the fathers and of the righteous". Sefer ṣohar le-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (in Hebrew). Ḥolon, Israel: Mifʻal ḥaśifat ginze Teman. p. 253. OCLC 15417732. There (in Jerusalem) is located Ein Rogel, and they [now] call it Bīr Ayoub.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, J. Sutherland, eds. (1901). En-rogel. Vol. 2. Toronto: George N. Morang & Company. p. 1297. Retrieved 24 August 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  7. ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 5883. עֵין (En Rogel) -- a place near Jer". biblehub.com.
  8. ^ "Strong's Hebrew: 5869. עַ֫יִן (ayin) -- an eye". biblehub.com.
  9. ^ Gil, Moshe (1996). Prawer, Joshua; Ben-Shammai, Haggai (eds.). The Political History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim Period: The Jewish Community. Yad Yzhak Ben-Zvi & NYU Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780814766392. Retrieved 14 August 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Mitchell, Hinckley G. (1903). "The Wall of Jerusalem According to the Book of Nehemiah". Journal of Bible Literature. 22 (2): 103–108. doi:10.2307/3259194. JSTOR 3259194.
  11. ^ Pierotti, Ermete (1864), Jerusalem explored: being a description of the ancient and modern city, with numerous illustrations consisting of views, ground plans, and sections, translated by T.G. Bonney, London: Bell and Daldy; Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and Co., pp. 188–189, 253, OCLC 1472902357
  12. ^ a b Clermont-Ganneau, C. (1896). Archaeological Researches in Palestine - During the years 1873-1874. Vol. 1. Translated by J. McFarlane. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 300–301. OCLC 701702745.
  13. ^ Cotovicus, 1619, p. 292
  14. ^ Quaresmius, 1639, vol 2, p. 270
  15. ^ Jean Doubdan, 1657, p. 136
  16. ^ Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838. Vol. 1. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. pp. 491–492. OCLC 989455877.
  17. ^ a b c d Schiller, Eli, ed. (1988). Charles Wilson - Jerusalem the Holy City (צ'רלס וילסון - ירושלים העיר הקדושה) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. p. 131. OCLC 745100584.
  18. ^ Curtis, Adrian, ed. (2007). Jerusalem in the 1st Millennium BCE (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 141, 143 (map). ISBN 978-0-19-100158-1. Retrieved 24 August 2020. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Dalman, Gustaf (2013). Work and Customs in Palestine, volumes I/1. Translated by Nadia Abdulhadi-Sukhtian. Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. p. 141. ISBN 9789950385-00-9. OCLC 1040774903.
  20. ^ Dalman, Gustaf (2013). Work and Customs in Palestine, volumes I/1. Translated by Nadia Abdulhadi-Sukhtian. Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. p. 212. ISBN 9789950385-00-9. OCLC 1040774903.
  21. ^ Warren, C.; Conder, C.R. (1884). Jerusalem. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 294. OCLC 5785377.
  22. ^ Josephus, Antiquities vii. 14. 4.
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