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Economy of the British Empire

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After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the British Empire emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century.[1] Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman.[2][3][4][5] It was the foremost economic power for the majority of the 19th century, a position supported by its agricultural prosperity, its role as the dominant trading nation, the ability to profit economically from its colonial possessions[6] through trade, a massive industrial capacity, significant technological achievements, and the rise of 19th-century London as the world's leading financial centre.[7]

The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom in the mid-18th century, during which the country rapidly transitioned from an agrarian economy to an industrialized one. Productivity vastly increased through new inventions and technologies such as the steam engine, the spinning mule, and the power loom, which increased manufacturing output and reduced production costs, laying the foundation for the growth of multiple industries such as textiles, steel, and coal.

Britain became the wealthiest country in the world by the end of the 18th century.[8] In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the "workshop of the world".[9] There was relatively free trade within the Empire, though the Imperial Preference was not as comprehensive as some preference systems such as the German Zollverein. The British Empire became the world's largest economy by nominal GDP in 1870[6][10] and was responsible for approximately a quarter of global trade at that time,[10] with trade accounting for about one third of its GDP.[11] At the turn of the century, however, Britain's industrial dominance became challenged by the German Empire and the United States.[12] Its economy was eventually surpassed by the United States in 1916.[13] The United Kingdom's involvement in the First World War and the Second World War damaged Britain's economic power, and a global wave of decolonisation led to the independence of most British colonies.

Statistics

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Territorial GDP distribution of the British Empire (1870)[14]

  British India (50.04%)
  United Kingdom (37.19%)
  Ireland (3.58%)
  Canada (2.39%)
  Australia (2.14%)
  Egypt (1.69%)
  Other territories (2.97%)

The following table gives gross domestic product (GDP) estimates of the British Empire and its territories in 1870 and 1913, as a percentage of the world economy and the empire's economy, along with comparisons to the United States and Russian Empire. The British imperial territory with the largest economy in 1870 was British India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh), followed by the United Kingdom. The territory with the largest economy in 1913 was the United Kingdom, followed by British India.[14] The table does not include GDP estimates for British African territories other than British Egypt.

British Empire territory % of world GDP
(1870) 		% of empire GDP
(1870) 		% of world GDP
(1913) 		% of empire GDP
(1913)
United Kingdom 9.03 37.19 9.26 47.04
British India 12.15 50.04 8.27 42.33
Ireland 0.87 3.58 0.44 1.20
Canada 0.58 2.39 1.28 3.50
Australia 0.52 2.14 0.91 2.49
Egypt 0.41 1.69 0.4 1.09
Ceylon 0.21 0.87 0.22 0.62
Burma 0.19 0.78 0.31 0.84
New Zealand 0.08 0.33 0.21 0.57
Malaya 0.05 0.21 0.1 0.27
Hong Kong 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.05
Singapore 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.05
Total British Empire 24.28 100 19.70 100
United States 8.87 36.53 18.93 96.09
Russian Empire 7.54 31.05 8.5 43.13

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Tellier, L.-N. (2009). Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5.
  2. ^ Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008). The Historical Foundations of World Order. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 508–510. ISBN 978-9047423935.
  3. ^ Porter, p. 332.
  4. ^ Sondhaus, L. (2004). Navies in Modern World History. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. ISBN 1-86189-202-0.
  5. ^ Porter, Andrew (1998). The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III. Oxford University Press. p. 332. ISBN 0-19-924678-5.
  6. ^ a b Matthews, Chris. "The 5 most dominant economic empires of all time". Fortune. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
  7. ^ "Britain And The World Economy, C.1850-1914". www.kcl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  8. ^ "What to read about the British economy". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  9. ^ "The Workshop of the World". BBC History. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  10. ^ a b Kenny, Charles (2014-01-29). "Could Britain's Past Be America's Future?". The Globalist. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  11. ^ "Britain already is a great trading nation". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
  12. ^ Zarembka, Paul (2013). Contradictions: Finance, Greed, and Labor Unequally Paid. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78190-670-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  13. ^ Frum, David (2014-12-24). "The Real Story of How America Became an Economic Superpower". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  14. ^ a b Goedele De Keersmaeker (2017), Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory: Post-Cold War and the 19th Century Compared, page 90, Springer Science+Business Media
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