Draft:Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-17)

Siege of Trabzon
	Part of Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817)
Date	1816
Location	Trabzon, Ottoman Empire
Result	Tuzcuoğlu victory
Territorial; changes	Trabzon captured by rebels
Belligerents
Laz derebeys	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Memiş Ağa Tuzcuoğlu; Tonyalı Hacı Salihoğlu; Abanozoğlu Süşleyman; Deli Ahmet Ağa [tr]	Hazinedârzâde Süleyman Paşa [tr]; Hacı Hasan Ağa (POW); Çeçenzâde Hasan Ağa (WIA)

Siege of Memiş ağa's mansion
	Part of Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817)
Date	1814
Location	Rize, Ottoman Empire
Result	Tuzcuoğlu victory Start of the rebellion;
Belligerents
Laz derebeys	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Memiş Ağa Tuzcuoğlu	Hazinedârzâde Süleyman Paşa [tr]; Hacı Hasan Ağa

Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion
	Part of Laz rebellions (1814–1834)
	; Tuzcuoğlu Memis Aga's mansion; (the place where the rebellion started)
Date	1814–1817
Location	Trabzon Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Result	Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Laz derebeys	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Memiş Ağa Tuzcuoğlu ; Deli Ahmet Ağa [tr] (POW); Tirebolulu Kel Alioğlu ; Abanozoğlu Süşleyman ; Tonyalı Hacı Salihoğlu ; Kalcıoğlu Osman Bey ; Hacı Mustafa bey ; Genç Mehmed Ağa ; Bacıoğlu İsmail Ağa ; Suiçmezoğlu Hasan Ağa ; Tufan Ağa ; Pir Ali Ağa ; Çebioğlu Yakup Ağa ; Bacıoğlu İsmail Ağa	Mahmud II; Hazinedârzâde Süleyman Paşa [tr] ; Hacı Hasan Ağa (POW); Ali Paşa; Mikdad Ağa; Şatırzâde Osman Ağa; Rize Mütesellimi Tahir Ağa; Çeçenzâde Hasan Ağa (WIA)
	Laz leaders in bold=leaders of the uprisingOttoman leaders in bold=Ottoman Sultan and Governor of Trabzon at that time
Casualties and losses
Heavy, all leaders killed or captured	Unknown

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Instructions · What links here · Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-17) (talk: + · bio) · (log) · Copyvios report · reFill · Citation Bot · (Search: Google, Wikipedia) · Submitted 2 days ago by Skudaslazuri (talk: D · +) · Last edited 15 hours ago by Skudaslazuri

The Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817) was an uprising against the Ottoman Empire that took place in Trabzon eyalet

Background

The Ottoman Empire gradually lost its centralist character throughout the 17th century, and in 1702, state mukataas were transferred to tax farmers in a hereditary manner, just like the timar mansions in the past, and furthermore, with an edict issued in 1726, the system of appointing governors with enderuns was abandoned and the most powerful lords of the sanjaks or provinces were appointed governors. has rendered the land system dysfunctional, thus resulting in a social and economic gap. It started to be populated by feudal lords called ayan.^[1] Considering that the security problems that have been going on for 150 years in Anatolia and the feudal system have already become a thing of the past in Europe, the emergence of the Sublime Porte at a time when it was turning towards the West can be given as an example of the anachronism that the Ottoman Empire fell into. In addition to the collapse of the timar system at the beginning of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1768, the lack of an action plan on how to prevent the corruption of state and military institutions, other than the dream of resurrecting the past, accelerated the collapse process by cementing the disaster. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire's efforts to realize its mistake and strengthen its central authority again were met with reaction by the notables who acquired their power and wealth during the duties given by the state, and the rebellions led by the Tuzcuoğlu family between 1814 and 1834 were violently suppressed, ending the influence of local powers in the region. It is also a striking feature that the most important notables of the Trabzon region, Tuzcuoğulları, Kalcıoğulları and Şatırzadeler, are related to each other.

Beginning and growth of the rebellion

Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa, born in Hopa, was the son of Hamdi Bey, one of the notables of the region, and the nephew of Erzurum Governor Ahmet Pasha. He was appointed as Kapucubaşı in 1810 and governor of Trabzon in 1812, as he showed great usefulness in the defense of Faş Castle against the Russians in 1809. In 1812, he was made a bey of the Gönye sanjak as the guard of the Batumi Castle, which was vacated by Hazinedarzade Süleyman Ağa (Pasha), who was appointed governor of Trabzon.^[2]Memiş Ağa, who was loved and respected as a notable of Rize in the east of Trabzon, allegedly indebted the villagers and confiscated their lands in return, forcing them to work on their own lands. In addition to being a landowner, he was also involved in trade, and corruptly took over the inheritance of the dead.^[3]^[4]

Siege of Memiş ağa's mansion

The governor of Trabzon, Hazinedarzade Süleyman Pasha, not only failed to repay the large sum of money he had borrowed from Memiş Ağa but also requested more money and, upon being refused, repeatedly complained about Memiş Ağa to Istanbul. Viewing him as a rival and fearing his influence, Süleyman Pasha’s complaints led the Sublime Porte to investigate. Initially, the investigation concluded that Memiş Ağa was a good man. However, it was later discovered that he protected bandits such as Hacı Salioğlu. Süleyman Pasha persisted in demanding his execution, eventually convincing Sultan Mahmud II to issue an order for Memiş Ağa's execution.^[5]^[6]Unaware of the execution order against him, Memiş Ağa set out to respond to the invitation of the governor, who had summoned him to Trabzon. However, upon learning of the situation in Sürmene, he returned to Rize and confined himself to his home. In response, Süleyman Pasha sent forces under the command of Kaymakam Hacı Hasan Ağa against Memiş Ağa. In an effort to save his life, Memiş Ağa revolted, and the aghas of Rize, Hopa, Of, and Sürmene, who had previously benefited from his goodwill, supported him.

Siege of Trabzon

So many men rallied to his cause that not only was the rebellion impossible to suppress, but taking advantage of Süleyman Pasha’s presence in Faş, Memiş Ağa's supporters seized control of the entire region from Hopa to Giresun.^[7]The rebels from Sürmene and Of besieged Trabzon, first capturing the port for 8–10 days and then, on August 18, 1816, seizing the Trabzon fortress. The rebels also captured Kaymakam Hasan Ağa and placed him on a ship and sent him to Ünye, while Tonyalı Hacı Salihoğlu captured Tonya, and the aghas Abanozoğlu Süleyman and Tirebolulu Kel Alioğlu seized Tirebolu. Memiş Ağa tried to establish his own independent administration by appointing his men as voyvodas in Trabzon and Giresun. However, Süleyman Pasha realized that he could not suppress the rebellion with local forces alone and requested reinforcements, including a fleet sent from Istanbul, as well as soldiers and ample ammunition under the command of Ali Pasha, the governor of Bolu and Kastamonu.

Decline and end of the rebellion

Hasan Ağa, with the forces he gathered from Ünye and the surrounding areas, marched towards Giresun, managed to recapture the city from the Darçinoğlu family, and with the help of two ships sent from Istanbul, seized Tirebolu but was unable to proceed further. During this time, Hacı Salihoğlu captured Gümüşhane, while Tuzcuoğlu took control of Şark-ı Karahisar. In response, Süleyman Pasha left the Faş fortress to his men and came to Görele by ship. There, with thousands of soldiers gathered from Amasya, Erbaa, Kemah, Kuruçay, Niksar, Tokat, Hafik, Yıldızeli, İlikli, Tozaklar, Divriği, Zile, and Gümüşhane, he took the Kuğuzâde mansion and dispersed the rebels. He then summoned the aghas of Trabzon and Sürmene, negotiating with them to isolate Memiş Ağa.

Siege of Of

Part of Tuzcuoğlu Memiş Ağa Rebellion (1814-1817)

Date

May 1817–July 1817

Location

Of, Ottoman Empire

Result

Ottoman victory

End of the revolt
Leaders of the revolt captured

Belligerents

Laz derebeys

Ottoman Empire

Commanders and leaders

Memiş Ağa Tuzcuoğlu (POW)

Deli Ahmet Ağa [tr] (POW)

Hazinedârzâde Süleyman Paşa [tr]

Strength

Unknown but less

25.000–30.000

When government forces under the command of the Governor of Kastamonu, Ali Paşa, clashed with the rebels, Memiş Ağa’s close associates, including his son-in-law Kalcıoğlu Osman Bey, abandoned him. He fled first to Rize and then to the safer area of Of. Due to the importance of the Russo-Turkish War, the government considered a military operation within Of too risky and decided to pardon Memiş Ağa in exchange for his surrender. However, as no word came from him, Süleyman Pasha, after waiting for the winter to pass, launched a siege on Of in May 1817 with 25-30 thousand troops, including forces from Gönye, Livana, Adjara, Lazistan, and Batumi. After two months of struggle, Memiş Ağa was captured on October 26, 1817. Although over 100 years old, he was immediately executed by beheading, and his head was sent to Istanbul.^[8]^[9]

Aftermath

Following the Memiş Ağa rebellion, his son-in-law Kalcıoğlu Osman Bey was relocated to Sürmene, while one of the rebellion leaders, Hacı Salihoğlu, was placed in Trabzon. However, they expressed their desire to return to their homelands to Süleyman Pasha and later to the newly appointed governor of Trabzon, Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha. When the governor rejected their requests and grew closer to the rival Şatırzade family, Kalcıoğlu, along with Hacısalihoğlu Ali residing in Trabzon’s Vakıf (Vakfıkebir) village, and supported by Deli Ahmet from Görele, Alaybeyoğlu, and Dedezade Süleyman from İnesil (Eynesil), as well as other notables such as Gümrükçüoğlu, initiated a new rebellion.^[10]^[11]^[12]

References

^ Mustafa, AKDAĞ (1963). "Osmanlı tarihinde âyânlık düzeni devri". Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 8 (14): 1. doi:10.1501/tarar_0000000019. ISSN 1015-1826.
^ "Lard and Strychnine". Scientific American. 11 (37): 289. 1856-05-24. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05241856-289. ISSN 0036-8733.
^ Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, *Tarih-i Cevdet*, Vol. X (Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Osmaniye, 1319 [1903]), p. 197. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Ariza, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, Nos. 22580, 22571.
^ Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, *Tarih-i Cevdet*, Vol. X (Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Osmaniye, 1319 [1903]), p. 219.
^ Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 52813. II. Mahmud’un idam fermanındaki şu derkenar yazısı, padişahın valinin isteğinin haksızlığını fark ettiğini ancak Tuzcuoğlu gibi güçlü bir ayanın yok edilmesini devlet otoritesi açısından kazanç gördüğünü ortaya koymaktadır: “Bir kaç defa’dır Vâli bu şekilde yazıyor. Eğer bir gareze mebni ise günahı anın boynuna olsun îdâm ve izâlesi içün emir yazılsın.”
^ Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Tahrirat, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 22567.
^ Hacı Salihoğlu Ali, Pir Ali, Tufan, Abanozoğlu Süleyman, Sürmeneli Suiçmezoğlu Hasan, Bazioğlu İsmail, Çelebioğlu Yakup, Genç Mehmed, and Köralay Beği were among those sought by imperial decree.
^ Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Muallim Cevdet Dahiliye Tasnifi No: 9562
^ Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Tahrirat, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 22602/c and Name-i Hümayun Defteri, No. 10, p. 155; Aktepe, 1953: 22; Bıjışkyan, 1998: 117; Şakir Şevket, 2001: 195-197
^ Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi. Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi. No. 22563, 22592, 22565B, C.
^ Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi. Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi. No. 22597.
^ Aktepe, M. Münir. *Tuzcuoğulları ve Trabzon Ayaklanmaları*. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1953: 35.

[1] Mustafa, AKDAĞ (1963). "Osmanlı tarihinde âyânlık düzeni devri". Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi. 8 (14): 1. doi:10.1501/tarar_0000000019. ISSN 1015-1826.

[2] "Lard and Strychnine". Scientific American. 11 (37): 289. 1856-05-24. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05241856-289. ISSN 0036-8733.

[3] Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, *Tarih-i Cevdet*, Vol. X (Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Osmaniye, 1319 [1903]), p. 197. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Ariza, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, Nos. 22580, 22571.

[4] Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, *Tarih-i Cevdet*, Vol. X (Istanbul: Matbaa-ı Osmaniye, 1319 [1903]), p. 219.

[5] Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 52813. II. Mahmud’un idam fermanındaki şu derkenar yazısı, padişahın valinin isteğinin haksızlığını fark ettiğini ancak Tuzcuoğlu gibi güçlü bir ayanın yok edilmesini devlet otoritesi açısından kazanç gördüğünü ortaya koymaktadır: “Bir kaç defa’dır Vâli bu şekilde yazıyor. Eğer bir gareze mebni ise günahı anın boynuna olsun îdâm ve izâlesi içün emir yazılsın.”

[6] Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Tahrirat, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 22567.

[7] Hacı Salihoğlu Ali, Pir Ali, Tufan, Abanozoğlu Süleyman, Sürmeneli Suiçmezoğlu Hasan, Bazioğlu İsmail, Çelebioğlu Yakup, Genç Mehmed, and Köralay Beği were among those sought by imperial decree.

[8] Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Muallim Cevdet Dahiliye Tasnifi No: 9562

[9] Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Tahrirat, Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi, No: 22602/c and Name-i Hümayun Defteri, No. 10, p. 155; Aktepe, 1953: 22; Bıjışkyan, 1998: 117; Şakir Şevket, 2001: 195-197

[10] Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi. Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi. No. 22563, 22592, 22565B, C.

[11] Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi. Hatt-ı Hümayun Tasnifi. No. 22597.

[12] Aktepe, M. Münir. *Tuzcuoğulları ve Trabzon Ayaklanmaları*. İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1953: 35.

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