Draft:Qajar-Wahhabi war (1808-1811)
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| Qajar-Wahhabi War (1808-1811) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Saudi invasion of Oman (1806-1808) | |||||||||
.jpg) Map of the Persian Gulf and surrounding regions during the early 19th century | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Qajar Iran |
 Emirate of Diriyah | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar Aziz khan † Saadi khan (WIA) Masoud Qajari (WIA) |
 Imam Abdulaziz saud I Muhammad bin safi † | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 12,000–15,000 troops | 10,000–12,000 troops | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
The Qajar-Wahhabi War (1808–1811) was a conflict between the Qajar Empire (Persia) and the Wahhabi movement, led by the House of Saud. The war took place in Oman, the Persian Gulf, and southern Iraq, as Wahhabi forces sought to expand their influence. While Wahhabi forces achieved significant victories, including control over Oman and parts of southern Iraq, the Qajars retained critical territories, including Bahrain and Muscat, through successful sieges.
Background
[edit]The Wahhabi movement, a reformist Islamic movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, allied with the House of Saud to dominate Arabia. By the early 19th century, Wahhabi forces expanded into Oman, the Persian Gulf, and southern Iraq, challenging Persian authority in the region.
The Qajar Empire, under Fath Ali Shah Qajar, viewed this expansion as a threat to its influence in the Gulf, trade routes, and the sanctity of Shia Islam. The war became a critical struggle for dominance in these territories.
Major battles
[edit]Wahhabi victories
[edit]- Battle of Izki (1808) - Wahhabi forces captured the Omani town of Izki, defeating Qajar-backed tribal forces. This victory secured their position in Oman.
- Attack on Bandar Abbas (1809) - Wahhabi forces launched a successful attack on the Persian port city of Bandar Abbas, disrupting trade and dealing a strategic blow to Persian naval operations.
- Siege of Samail (1809) - Wahhabi forces besieged and captured the fortified Omani town of Samail, further consolidating their control over Oman.
- Battle of Qassim (1810) - In a decisive engagement, Wahhabi forces defeated a Qajar-aligned coalition in Qassim, solidifying their dominance in central Arabia.
- Battle of Zubayr (1811) - Wahhabi forces overran Zubayr near Basra, defeating Persian-backed militias and extending their reach into southern Iraq.
Qajar victories
[edit]- Siege of Bahrain (1810) - The Qajar navy successfully besieged Bahrain, reclaiming the island from Wahhabi forces. This victory restored Persian influence over a vital Gulf territory.
- Siege of Muscat (1811) - Persian forces, supported by local Omani allies, laid siege to Muscat. After heavy fighting, they forced Wahhabi forces to retreat, reestablishing Qajar control over the city.
Aftermath
[edit]The war ended in 1811, with Wahhabi forces achieving an overall victory by consolidating control over Oman and southern Iraq. However, key Qajar victories in Bahrain and Muscat prevented the Wahhabis from fully dominating the Gulf region.
The Wahhabi movement emerged as a powerful force in Arabia, while the Qajar Empire demonstrated its determination to protect strategic territories despite suffering losses elsewhere. This conflict marked a significant chapter in the history of the Gulf, shaping regional dynamics for years to come.
Legacy
[edit]The Qajar-Wahhabi War underscored the growing importance of the Persian Gulf as a strategic and economic hub in the 19th century. It highlighted the resilience of the Qajar Empire and the rise of the First Saudi State as a major power in Arabia.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Al-Rasheed, Madawi. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.[1]
- Commins, David. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B. Tauris, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84511-080-2.[2]
- Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.[3]
- Husain, Jasim. The First Saudi State and the Arabian Gulf: An Era of Political Instability in Eastern Arabia. Exeter University Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0859892142.
- Ochsenwald, William. Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Rise of the Wahhabi Movement. American Historical Review, 1981.[4]
- Rentz, George. The Wahhabis in the Persian Gulf. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 128, No. 4 (1962).[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Rasheed, Madawi Al (2010). A history of Saudi Arabia (2nd ed.). Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76128-4.
- ^ Commins, David Dean (2006). The Wahhabi mission and Saudi Arabia. Library of modern Middle East Studies. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-080-2.
- ^ Hourani, Albert (2002). A history of the Arab peoples. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.
- ^ Shaw, Stanford J.; Ochsenwald, William (October 1985). "Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840-1908". The American Historical Review. 90 (4): 988. doi:10.2307/1858967. ISSN 0002-8762.
- ^ "Geographical and Statistical Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, 'Omān, and Central Arabia". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia Online. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
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