Jump to content

2010 Canterbury earthquake

Coordinates: 43°33′S 172°11′E / 43.55°S 172.18°E / -43.55; 172.18
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2010 Canterbury earthquake
2010 Canterbury earthquake is located in New Zealand
Christchurch
Christchurch
Wellington
Wellington
2010 Canterbury earthquake
UTC time2010-09-03 16:35:47
ISC event15155483
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date4 September 2010 (2010-09-04)
Local time04:35 NZST
Magnitude7.1 Mw[1][2]
Depth10 km (6.2 mi)[2]
Epicentre43°33′S 172°11′E / 43.55°S 172.18°E / -43.55; 172.18
near Darfield, Canterbury
Areas affectedNew Zealand
Max. intensityMMI X (Extreme)[3]
Peak acceleration1.26 g[4]
Aftershocks~17,600 (as of early August 2016)[5]
Casualties2 dead, over 1,700 injured[6]

The 2010 Canterbury earthquake (also known as the Darfield earthquake)[7] struck the South Island of New Zealand with a moment magnitude of 7.1[1][2] at 4:35 am local time on 4 September, and had a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.[1] Some damaging aftershocks followed the main event, the strongest of which was a magnitude 6.3 shock known as the Christchurch earthquake that occurred nearly six months later on 22 February 2011.[8] Because this aftershock was centred very close to Christchurch, it was much more destructive and resulted in the deaths of 185 people.[9]

The earthquake on 4 September caused widespread damage and several power outages, particularly in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand's second largest city at that time.[10][11] Two residents were seriously injured, one by a collapsing chimney and a second by flying glass.[10][12] At least two people died and over 1,700 were injured.[13][6] Mass fatalities were avoided partly due to there being few houses of unreinforced construction, although this was also aided by the quake occurring during the early hours of the morning when most people were off the street.[14][15]

The earthquake's epicentre was 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of Christchurch, close to the town of Darfield.[16] The hypocentre was at a depth of 10 km.[1] A foreshock of roughly magnitude 5.8 hit five seconds before the main quake,[17] and strong aftershocks were reported,[10][18] up to magnitude 5.4.[19] The quake was felt as lasting up to 40 seconds,[11] and was felt widely across the South Island, and in the North Island as far north as New Plymouth.[20] As the epicentre was on land away from the coast, no tsunami occurred.[16]

The National Crisis Management Centre in the basement of the Beehive in Wellington was activated, and Civil Defence declared a state of emergency for Christchurch, the Selwyn District, and the Waimakariri District, while Selwyn District, Waimakariri and Timaru activated their emergency operation centres.[21] Initially, a curfew was established for parts of Christchurch Central City from 7 pm to 7 am in response to the earthquake. The New Zealand Army was deployed to the worst affected areas in Canterbury.[12]

Insurance claims totalled between NZ$2.75 and $3.5 billion,[22] although it is unclear how much cost can be attributed to each of the earthquake events in the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. The total estimated damage bill was up to $40 billion, making it the fifth-biggest insurance event in the world since 1953.[23]

Geology

[edit]

Background

[edit]
Seismic hazard near the epicentre

In the first eighty years of European settlement in Christchurch (1850–1930), four earthquakes caused significant damage, the last of these centred at Motunau on the North Canterbury coast in 1922.[24]

Modelling conducted for the New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC) in 1991 found that earthquakes with a Mercalli intensity of VIII (significant property damage, loss of life possible) could recur on average in the Christchurch area every 55 years. The study also highlighted the dangers of soil liquefaction of the alluvial sediments underlying the city, and the likelihood of significant damage to water, sewer and power supply services.[25]

Geologists have recognised about 100 faults and fault segments in the region, some as close as 20 km to central Christchurch. The closest faults to Christchurch capable of producing powerful earthquakes occur in the Rangiora-Cust area, near Hororata, and near Darfield.[26] However, the 2010 quake ruptured the ground surface on a previously unknown fault and involved slip on up to seven individual faults.[27]

Event

[edit]

The main quake occurred as a result of strike-slip faulting within the crust of the Pacific plate, near the eastern foothills of the Southern Alps at the western edge of the Canterbury Plains.[28] The earthquake epicentre was located about 80–90 km (50–56 mi) to the south and east of the current surface expression of the Australia–Pacific plate boundary through the island (the Alpine and Hope Faults).[28] Though removed from the plate boundary itself, the earthquake likely reflects right-lateral motion on one of a number of regional faults related to the overall relative motion of these plates and may be related to the overall southern propagation of the Marlborough Fault System in recent geologic time.[28] The peak ground acceleration (PGA) measured was 1.26 g (12.36 m/s2), recorded near Darfield.[4] GNS scientists considered this an "extremely rare seismic recording made near a fault rupture".[16] The February 2011 Christchurch earthquake experienced PGA of 1.51 g.

GNS seismologists and geophysicists, who believed the 7.1 Mw quake consisted of three or four separate quakes, quickly proposed at least two models for the quake.[29] John Beavan proposed a four-fault model consisting of a 6.5 Mw quake on the Charing Cross fault, followed by a 7.0 Mw quake on the Greendale Fault, and a 6.2 Mw quake near Hororata, with a 6.5 Mw quake on the fourth fault, which could run between West Melton, Sandy Knolls and Burnham.[29] Caroline Holden proposed a three-fault model, consisting of a 6.3 Mw quake of 2–4 seconds on the Charing Cross fault, followed by a 6.9 Mw quake lasting 7–18 seconds on the Greendale Fault, and an approximately 6.5 Mw quake of 15–18 seconds near Hororata. Ultimately, the event appears to have been an extremely complex earthquake that involved up to seven faults.[27]

Aftershocks

[edit]
Major fault zones in New Zealand, with the plate boundary and relative motion of the Pacific plate shown

At 7 August 2012, the area had experienced 11,000+ recorded aftershocks of magnitude 2 or more, including 26 over 5.0 magnitude, and 2 over 6.0 magnitude.[30] Many caused further damage to buildings in the Christchurch central business district, and some were felt as far away as 300 km to the south in Dunedin.[31][32][33][34]

Notable aftershocks, in chronological order, include:

  • On 8 September 2010 a 5.1 magnitude aftershock had an epicentre just 7 km from the Christchurch city centre.[35]
  • On 19 October 2010 a magnitude 5.0 aftershock with a depth of just 9 km caused surface shaking – reported at the time to be the worst since the original earthquake.
  • On 26 December 2010, Boxing Day, a swarm of more than 32 shallow aftershocks,[30] many centred directly under the city,[36] occurred throughout the day, beginning with a 4.2 jolt at 2:07 am. The largest of these, the "Boxing Day aftershock", with a magnitude of 4.9, at a depth of 12 km below Opawa[37] was felt very strongly. It caused further damage to at least 20 buildings, the closure of central Christchurch,[38] and cut power to more than 40,000 residents for some time.[39]
  • On 20 January 2011 a magnitude 5.1 aftershock with a depth of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) struck at 6:03 am, waking many residents. The shock caused some minor damage and was felt as far away as the West Coast and Oamaru.[40]
  • On 22 February 2011 an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 was centred at Heathcote Valley, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Lyttelton and at a depth of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi). Seismologists regard it as an aftershock of the 2010 earthquake. Many buildings collapsed or were significantly damaged in the quake, among them Christchurch's iconic ChristChurch Cathedral. As of 1 June 2011, 185 people had been confirmed dead.[8]
  • On 6 June 2011 a magnitude 5.5 aftershock with a depth of 15 km centred in Rolleston occurred at 9:09 am, causing power cuts and supermarket closures. The shock was felt widely in the South Island, with reports from as far south as Dunedin and as far north as Nelson. It was the sixth-largest aftershock since the magnitude 7.1 shake in September 2010.[41]
  • On 13 June 2011 a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Christchurch at a depth of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). It was preceded by a magnitude 5.6[42] tremor, and affected many structures previously damaged by other earthquakes. The earthquake injured a total of 46 people, while many others were evacuated from the city centre.[43]
  • On 21 June 2011 a magnitude 5.4 aftershock with a depth of 8 km centred south-west of Halswell occurred at 10:34 pm.[44] The shock was felt heavily in Christchurch, causing moderate-heavy content damage in western suburbs such as Upper Riccarton and Hornby. Halswell New World reported that more stock had fallen from shelves in this shake than in the 22 February and 13 June quakes.[45]
  • On 22 July 2011 a magnitude 5.1 aftershock with a depth of 12 km occurred at 5:39 am.[46]
  • 23 December 2011 featured another series of strong shocks, including a 5.8 at 1:58 pm and a 6.0 at 3:18 pm.[47][48][49] The earthquakes interrupted power and water supplies,[50] three unoccupied buildings collapsed and there was again liquefaction in eastern suburbs and rockfalls in hill areas.[51][52] One person died after tripping on uneven ground caused by the earthquake.[6]

Geotechnical reports

[edit]

The Earthquake Commission has published two Geotechnical Land Damage Assessment & Reinstatement Report[s]. The first Stage-1 report[53] was published on 21 October 2010. The report briefly describes the mechanics of the earthquake, underlying geology, residential land damage assessment, reconstruction considerations, land and building reinstatement, and remediation options.

The second Stage-2 report[54] was published on 1 December 2010. It divides the quake-affected areas into three zones, and outlines the remediation plans for these areas.

Casualties, damage, and other effects

[edit]

Most of the damage was in the area surrounding the epicentre, including the city of Christchurch, New Zealand's second-largest urban area with a population of 386,000. Minor damage was reported as far away as Dunedin and Nelson, both around 300–350 kilometres (190–220 mi) from the earthquake's epicentre.[55]

The September 2010 earthquake caused two Christchurch residents to be seriously injured, one by a falling chimney and a second by flying glass, and led to many with less serious injuries. One person died of a heart attack suffered during the quake, with the coroner's report identifying the earthquake as being a contributing factor.[13] Another person died after falling during the quake.[6] In 2020 it was suggested in the journal Earthquake Spectra that someone died after being thrown off the toilet, although Coronial Services is unable to find the coroner's report for that death.[56]

The subsequent 22 February 2011 aftershock caused a large number of deaths and casualties, along with significant damage to buildings and infrastructure.

Financial exposure

[edit]

Total Earthquake Commission (EQC), private insurance and individual costs were estimated to reach as high as NZ$4 billion according to the New Zealand Treasury.[32] Another projection of the cost covered by insurance (including EQC) was lower at $2.1 billion to $3.5 billion, but would still rank the quake as the world's fifth most costly to insurers.[57]

The Earthquake Commission covers only domestic residences with private insurance and does not provide cover for businesses. The EQC payout is limited to the first $100,000 plus GST of any individual claim, with any amount above that covered by the insurance company holding the policy. The insurance companies themselves had limited or no exposure, having offloaded most of their risk to reinsurance companies. The EQC had reinsurance of $2.5 billion with a $1.5 billion excess, so its exposure was the first $1.5 billion and any amount after the first $4 billion. It had a total fund prior to this earthquake of approx $6 billion.[58]

For comparison, the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake cost NZ£7 million,[59] equal to approximately $650 million in 2010 dollars.[60]

Effects in Christchurch

[edit]
Medway footbridge over the Avon River

Reports of the quake's intensity in Christchurch generally ranged from V to VIII (Moderate to Severe) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.[55] A strong smell of sulphur was widely reported in Christchurch following the earthquake.[61] Sewers were damaged,[citation needed] and water lines were broken. The water supply at Rolleston, located to the southwest of Christchurch, was contaminated. Power to up to 75 percent of the city was disrupted.[62] Christchurch Hospital was forced to use emergency generators in the immediate aftermath of the quake.[62] About 90% of the electricity in Christchurch had been restored by 6:00 pm the day of the earthquake. The repair of electricity was estimated to be more difficult in the rural areas.[63] One building caught fire after its electricity was turned back on, igniting leaking LPG in the building. The fire was quickly extinguished by the Fire Service before it could spread.[64] Damage to buried pipes may have allowed sewage to contaminate the residential water supply. Residents were warned to boil tap water before using it for brushing teeth, drinking, and washing or cooking food. Several cases of gastroenteritis were reported.[65][66] By 7 September 28 cases had been observed at the city's welfare centres.[67] The boil water notice for Christchurch and Banks Peninsula was lifted late on 8 September 2010, after more than 500 tests conducted over three days found no contamination.[68]

Christchurch International Airport was closed following the earthquake and flights in and out of it cancelled. It reopened at 1:30 pm, following inspection of the terminals and main runway.[69] All schools and early childhood centres in Christchurch City, Selwyn and Waimakariri Districts were ordered shut until Monday 13 September for health and safety assessments.[70][71] The city's two universities, the University of Canterbury and Lincoln University, and the Christchurch campus of the University of Otago were also closed until 13 September awaiting health and safety assessments.[72]

Building damage in Worcester Street, corner Manchester Street, with Christ Church Cathedral in the background

Crime in Christchurch decreased eleven percent compared with the previous year following the earthquake, although there were initial reports of looting in the city centre and "known criminals" trying to pass off as council workers to get into the central city cordon area. Police also observed a fifty-three percent jump in the rates of domestic violence following the earthquake.[73] Many more heart attacks than usual were reported in the days following the quake. Usually the heart unit at Christchurch Hospital handles two to three heart attacks a day, but the rate had risen to eight to ten a day after the earthquake.[74] A record number of babies for a Saturday were born at Christchurch Women's Hospital in the twenty-four hours after the quake,[75] with the first baby arriving six minutes after the initial shock.[76] This was at least in part due to outlying birthing centres being closed,[77] pending structural checks, forcing more mothers to deliver at hospitals than was generally the case.

Effects outside Christchurch

[edit]
Central Kaiapoi suffered major damage; many of the town's buildings had to be bulldozed as a result of the 2010 earthquake and subsequent quake in February 2011.

The quake's epicentre was around Darfield, around 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Christchurch.[78] Four metres (13 ft) of sideways movement has been measured between the two sides of the previously unknown fault.[17]

In many towns outside Christchurch, the electrical grid was disrupted, with it taking an estimated two days to fully restore power to those affected.[79][80] Power outages were reported as far away as Dunedin.[81]

Access was restricted to over 350 homes in the town of Kaiapoi, of which about 100 were deemed unsafe.[82] Some 22 commercial properties were deemed unsafe. According to Ron Keating, Mayor of Waimakariri District, the town "will never be the same again".[83] As noted above, damage to buried pipes may have allowed sewage to contaminate the residential water supply, and residents were warned to boil tap water before using it for brushing teeth, drinking, and washing or cooking food. A boil water notice for most of Selwyn District was lifted on 9 September.[84] E. coli had been found in a water sample from Kaiapoi,[85] and a boil water notice remained in effect for parts of Waimakariri District[86][87] until 19 September.[citation needed]

A 5 km (3.1 mi) section of rail track was damaged near Kaiapoi and there was lesser track damage at Rolleston and near Belfast.[88] As a precaution, state rail operator KiwiRail shut down the entire South Island rail network after the earthquake, halting some 15 trains. Two locomotives running light (i.e. without any carriages or wagons) came to a stop just 30 metres short of a major buckle in the line.[89] After inspection, services south of Dunedin and north of Kaikōura recommenced at 10:30 am that day.[90] The Main South Line, linking Christchurch with Dunedin, was given the all-clear and reopened, albeit with a 40 km/h speed restriction north of Ashburton,[89] just after 6 pm to allow emergency aid, including 300,000 litres (70,000 imp gal; 80,000 US gal) of drinking water, to be railed into Christchurch.[91] By the afternoon of Monday 6 September, the entire South Island rail network had reopened with the exception of the Main North Line between Rangiora and Addington. Freight was shuttled by road between the two points, while the TranzCoastal was replaced with a coach service.[89]

The tower of St John's Church, Hororata was badly damaged in the quake, as were many other historic buildings

Major bridges on state highways and the Lyttelton road tunnel were inspected by the NZ Transport Agency, and found to be in structurally sound condition. The only major road closure outside Christchurch was a slip in the Rakaia Gorge, blocking State Highway 77. The slip was partially cleared by 4 pm to allow a single lane of traffic through the site.[92][93] Kaiapoi's main road was closed for a few days.[94]

The quake caused damage to historic buildings in Lyttelton, Christchurch's port town, including cracks in a church and the destruction of parts of a hotel.[78] The Akaroa area of Banks Peninsula came through the earthquake relatively unscathed, though there was some damage to the town's war memorial and hospital[95] and some homes were extensively damaged. Duvauchelle Hotel was also seriously affected.[96]

In Oamaru, 225 kilometres southwest of Christchurch, the earthquake caused part of a chimney on the St Kevin's College principal's residence to fall through the house, and caused the clock atop the Waitaki District Council building to stop at 4:36 am. The earthquake also caused the Dunedin Town Hall clock and the University of Otago clocktower to stop working in Dunedin, some 350 km away from the quake epicentre.[97]

The earthquake was a wake-up call to many New Zealand residents. Two Dunedin supermarkets sold out of bottled water following the earthquake as people stocked up on emergency supplies.[97]

Major stores across the South Island were affected as their distribution centres in Christchurch were closed. Both The Warehouse[98] and Progressive Enterprises (owners of Countdown),[99] which have their sole South Island distribution centres in Christchurch, had to ship essential products to their South Island stores from the North Island, while Foodstuffs (owners of New World and Pak'n Save) had to ship to all their South Island stores from their Dunedin distribution centre.[100]

Notable buildings

[edit]
The façade of the Repertory Theatre was extensively damaged.

Many of the most badly affected structures in both Christchurch and the surrounding districts were old buildings, including several notable landmarks. Heritage New Zealand board member Anna Crighton said the earthquake had been "unbelievably destructive." The historic homesteads of Hororata and Homebush inland from Christchurch were both extensively damaged, as were Ohinetahi homestead and Godley House on Banks Peninsula.[101] Homebush, located four kilometres from Glentunnel and only 15 kilometres from the earthquake's epicentre, was the historic home of the Deans family, one of the Canterbury Region's pioneer settler families, but was so extensively damaged that it has been described as being "practically in ruins".[102]

The seven-storey Manchester Courts (or MLC Building[103]), located at the busy intersection of Manchester and Hereford Streets, was extensively damaged. It was the tallest commercial building in Christchurch when it was built in 1905–06 for the New Zealand Express Company, and blended 1890s Chicago Skyscraper style with English Edwardian architecture. The building had a Category One Historic Places trust classification, but was deemed unsafe and was one of just two historic CBD buildings the City Council initially proposed for immediate demolition.[104] That decision was reversed hours later when the building's owner proposed to dismantle the building over several weeks.[105] Demolition began on 19 October 2010 and was continuing in late January.[106]

The 1911 Anglican church of St. John's in Hororata, five kilometres south of Glentunnel, was extensively damaged when part of its tower collapsed.[107] The port town of Lyttelton's most notable building, the 1876 Timeball station, was also affected by the earthquake, though strengthening work completed in 2005 may have saved it from further damage.[101] In the later Christchurch earthquake in February 2011 the building was severely damaged, and it is planned by Heritage New Zealand for it to be dismantled, with the possibility of reconstruction.[108]

The Valley Inn Tavern in Heathcote, built in 1877, survived the initial quake, but had to be torn down after the large 5.1 magnitude aftershock.[109] Lincoln's historic 1883 public house, The Famous Grouse, was also irreparably damaged and was demolished within days of the earthquake.[110]

View of the Oxford Terrace Baptist Church after the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, with props holding the frontage up (It was later destroyed in the 22 February aftershock).

Many of Christchurch's major landmarks survived intact, including the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings, the Anglican cathedral, and Christ's College.[111] The Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament (Christchurch Basilica) also survived, although it suffered severe structural damage and also had some windows broken. The central city's iconic Christchurch Press building also survived with only minor damage.

Most modern buildings performed as they were designed to do, preserving life rather than keeping the interior in good order. The City Council's own new Civic Building sustained some interior damage, mainly to fixtures and fittings that delayed it being reopened for a week.[112] Others, such as the city's International Antarctic Centre and Christchurch Art Gallery, the latter of which served as the Civil Defence Headquarters during the earthquake aftermath,[96] suffered little or no damage and were able to be used immediately.

Christchurch Arts Centre, housed in the former Canterbury College buildings, was less fortunate, with moderate damage to the Great Hall, the Clocktower, and the Observatory.[101]

The structure of the University of Canterbury's buildings survived the earthquake, but its museum collection of Greek and Roman artefacts (the Logie Memorial Collection) was significantly damaged.[113] Also, as many of the bookshelves in the main library were toppled, with repairs expected to take until Christmas, the university arranged electronic access to many academic publishers databases for students about to sit exams.

The Oxford Terrace Baptist Church, constructed 1881–1882, was extensively damaged.[114] Several other Christchurch area churches also suffered serious damage, including St. Mary's Anglican church in Merivale, St. John's Anglican church in Latimer Square, and the Rugby Street Methodist church.[115]

The city's Repertory Theatre, on Kilmore Street in the central city, was reported to be extensively damaged and may be beyond repair,[116] however the Repertory Theatre website notes "Beneath the rubble the lower façade is intact with not even a broken window. Further into the theatre everything was undisturbed; the auditorium, stage area, fly tower and dressing rooms intact. The historic proscenium undamaged."[117]

Several notable buildings in the Timaru area, 160 kilometres (99 mi) southwest of Christchurch, were also badly affected. A pinnacle on the tower of St Mary's Anglican Church tower fell to the ground, and the recently restored tower itself sustained "significant cracking".[118] The spire of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Temuka was also shifted 10 centimetres (4 in) by the earthquake, leaving it precariously balanced, and the town's historic Royal Hotel was also damaged.[119]

Heritage experts urged building owners not to hastily demolish their buildings. The mayor warned of significant penalties for demolishing buildings without consent, and launched a fund to help repair historic buildings damaged by the quake.[120] The Government allocated NZ$10 million towards restoration of such buildings a few days later.[121]

Storm drain emerges from a road in Brooklands

Liquefaction

[edit]

A feature of the quake was the damage caused by soil liquefaction. This was particularly the case in the riverside areas of Avonside, Dallington, Burwood, Avondale, and Kaiapoi, and in river delta areas near Bexley, Brooklands, Spencerville, Pines Beach, and Kairaki, with other areas being affected to a substantially lesser degree or not at all.[53] Damage from liquefaction may have been worsened by the high water table from a wet winter.[122]

Liquefaction can also cause buried pipes to float up to the surface. This has caused problems for the gravity-fed sewer system, which may need to be completely rebuilt in some areas.[123]

While the problem had long been well understood by planners,[124][125][126] it is not clear that the public understood it as well, or that it widely influenced development, buying or building decisions.[127] Liquefaction risk at the Pegasus Town site was identified in 2005, so the developers spent approximately $20 million on soil compaction, and the ground there held firm during the quake.[122]

Relative lack of casualties

[edit]
Crack in Bridge Street, South New Brighton

The media have remarked on the lack of casualties, despite the close parallels of the quake to incidents that have had devastating consequences in other countries, such as the 1989 San Francisco quake, which killed 63 people and was magnitude 7.1 also. The analysis especially compared the Canterbury quake with the 2010 Haiti earthquake, which also occurred in similar proximity to an urban area, also occurred at shallow depth under the surface, and was of very similar strength. Unlike the many tens of thousands of deaths in Haiti (with some estimates placing the death toll at one in ten or higher), only two deaths directly attributable to the earthquake were reported in New Zealand.[128]

This was ascribed to the fact that the quake happened in the early hours of a Saturday morning, when most people were asleep[15] in timber-framed homes, and "...there would almost certainly have been many deaths and serious injuries had it happened during a busy time of the day...".[129] Another important factor was building practices which took earthquakes into account, starting after the 1848 Marlborough earthquake and the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake, both of which badly affected Wellington.[128] These led to formal standards after the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake,[130][131] which have since been progressively updated.[132] By contrast, Haiti's much lower standard codes were poorly enforced and many buildings were made of hand-made non-reinforced concrete, which is extremely vulnerable to seismic damage.[133] Ground shaking in populated areas of Canterbury was also generally less strong than for the Haiti quake.[134][135]

Emergency response and relief efforts

[edit]

Christchurch's emergency services managed the early stages of the emergency as the Civil Defence organisation was activated. The St John Ambulance service had sixteen ambulances operational within half an hour of the earthquake and received almost 700 calls within the first 6 hours.[136]

Police promptly arrested a couple of opportunists who had broken into a liquor store shortly after the quake and attempted to take alcohol. Police emphasised this was only an isolated incident. The alleged offenders subsequently appeared in Court on burglary and theft charges in connection with the looting.[citation needed]

A state of emergency was declared for Christchurch at 10:16 am on 4 September, and the city's central business district was closed to the general public.[79] A curfew was put in place from 7 pm to 7 am for parts of the central business district.[12] The New Zealand Army was deployed to help the police enforce the closure and curfew.

Civil Defence also declared a state of emergency for Selwyn District and Waimakariri District. The National Crisis Management Centre in the basement of the Beehive in Wellington was activated, while Selwyn District, Waimakariri and Timaru activated their emergency operation centres.[21]

A structural inspection notice verifies a shop as safe for use

A Royal New Zealand Air Force C-130 Hercules plane brought 42 urban search and rescue personnel and three sniffer dogs from the North Island to Christchurch the day of the quake,[137] to help check for people buried in the rubble and determine which buildings are safe to use.[138] There were a large number of police and engineers present in the disaster areas. The New Zealand Army deployed personnel upon the request of the Christchurch mayor.[79] Eighty police officers from Auckland were dispatched to Christchurch to assist with general duties there.[139]

The United Nations contacted the New Zealand government and offered its assistance.[79] The United States military offered to send help from Hawaii; local authorities expressed gratitude for the offer, but turn it down saying they had matters under control.[140] Queen Elizabeth II asked the Prime Minister to send her good wishes to the people affected by and helping recover from the quake.[141]

Prime Minister John Key, who was raised in Christchurch, visited the scene of the devastation within hours of the earthquake. Christchurch mayor Bob Parker requested that the Prime Minister order the deployment of the New Zealand Army to keep stability and to assist in searches when possible within Christchurch, and the Prime Minister stated that the Army was on standby.[142] New Zealand's Earthquake Commission, which provides government natural disaster insurance, had the role of paying out on claims from residential property owners for damage caused by the earthquake.[143] On 7 September, John Key appointed Cabinet Minister, Leader of the House and MP for the Christchurch electorate of Ilam Gerry Brownlee as the Minister for Earthquake Recovery to oversee the response to the earthquake.[144]

Police cordon in Riccarton Road during demolition of damaged buildings

'Welfare centres' were set up with the help of Red Cross, The Salvation Army and St. John Ambulance at Burnside High School, Linwood College and Addington Raceway, where over 244 people slept on the night after the quake.[145][146][147][148] Tankers delivered drinking water to the welfare centres.[149][150]

A joint mayoral relief fund was established by Selwyn District Council, Christchurch City Council and Waimakariri District Council, to which the government initially gave NZ$5 million.[151] The Red Cross and Salvation Army also appealed for donations to fund their own efforts.[152]

Under the National-led Government the Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act was drafted and passed to assist reconstruction. The Act permitted Government ministers to suspend almost any New Zealand law and attracted criticism from New Zealand and international academics specialising in constitutional law, who claimed that it lacked constitutional safeguards and set a dangerous precedent for future natural disasters.[153]

The response to the earthquake was praised by most citizens with 94% saying that Civil Defence had performed well and 90% saying the City Council had performed well.[154]

The earthquake occurred five weeks to the day before the Christchurch local elections. Following the earthquake, the polls for the mayoral election swung from favourite Jim Anderton to incumbent Bob Parker.[154] Parker went on to win the 9 October election with a majority 53.7% of the vote.[155]

A benefit concert, Band Together, was held on 23 October 2010 at Hagley Park.[156]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "New Zealand earthquake report – Sep 4, 2010 at 04:35 (NZST)". GeoNet. Earthquake Commission and GNS Science. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  2. ^ a b c "Magnitude 7.0 – South Island of New Zealand: Details". United States Geological Survey. 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  3. ^ "Canterbury Quake Live". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  4. ^ a b Carter, Hamish (24 February 2011). "Technically it's just an aftershock". The New Zealand Herald. APN Holdings. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  5. ^ "Canterbury Quake live". Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d Abeling, S.; Horspool, N.; Johnston, D.; Dizhur, D.; Wilson, N.; Clement, C.; Ingham, J. (2020). "Patterns of earthquake-related mortality at a whole-country level: New Zealand, 1840–2017". Earthquake Spectra. 36 (1): 138–163. Bibcode:2020EarSp..36..138A. doi:10.1177/8755293019878190. S2CID 203996710.
  7. ^ Quigley, M.; Dissen, R. Van; Litchfield, N.; Villamor, P.; Duffy, B.; Barrell, D.; Furlong, K.; Stahl, T.; Bilderback, E. (2012). "Surface rupture during the 2010 Mw 7.1 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake: Implications for fault rupture dynamics and seismic-hazard analysis". Geology. 40 (1): 55–58. Bibcode:2012Geo....40...55Q. doi:10.1130/G32528.1. ISSN 0091-7613.
  8. ^ a b "List of Deceased". New Zealand Police. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  9. ^ "Christchurch quake latest updates". New Zealand: Stuff. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  10. ^ a b c "Massive 7.4 quake hits South Island". New Zealand: Stuff. 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Strong earthquake rocks New Zealand's South Island". BBC News. 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  12. ^ a b c "Weather the next threat after earthquake". New Zealand: Stuff. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  13. ^ a b "September 2010 Canterbury (Darfield) earthquake". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  14. ^ "Strict codes behind 'miracle'". The Straits Times. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  15. ^ a b New Zealand Press Association (4 September 2010). "Why so few casualties in Canterbury quake?". New Zealand: Stuff. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  16. ^ a b c "M 7.2 Darfield (Canterbury) Sat, Sep 4 2010: Story". GeoNet. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  17. ^ a b New Zealand Press Association (4 September 2010). "Canterbury earthquake really three quakes?". New Zealand: Stuff. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  18. ^ Kanalley, Craig (3 September 2010). "New Zealand Earthquake 2010: Strong Quake Shakes Christchurch". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
  19. ^ "New Zealand Earthquake Report – Sep 4 2010 at 4:55 pm (NZST)". GeoNet. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  20. ^ Van Der Heide, Maike (4 September 2010). "Marlborough, Kaikoura escape worst of quake". The Marlborough Express. Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  21. ^ a b "Latest updates: Canterbury earthquake | National News". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  22. ^ Benett, Adam (2 March 2011). "could deal with another big one". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  23. ^ "Four years on: Insurance and the Canterbury Earthquakes" (PDF). Deloitte Access Economics. February 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  24. ^ Doser, D. I.; Webb, T. H.; Maunder, D. E. (1999). "Source parameters of large historical (1918–1962) earthquakes, South Island, New Zealand". Geophysical Journal International. 139 (3): 769–794. Bibcode:1999GeoJI.139..769D. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00986.x.
  25. ^ Elder, D.M.G.; McCahon, I.F.; Yetton, M. (1991). The earthquake hazard in Christchurch: a detailed evaluation (Report). Earthquake Commission. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  26. ^ "Christchurch riddled with quake fault zones". Otago Daily Times. Allied Press. New Zealand Press Association. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 4 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  27. ^ a b Elliott, J. R.; Nissen, E. K.; England, P. C.; Jackson, J. A.; Lamb, S.; Li, Z.; Oehlers, M.; Parsons, B. (2012). "Slip in the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes, New Zealand" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 117 (B3): B03401. Bibcode:2012JGRB..117.3401E. doi:10.1029/2011JB008868. ISSN 2156-2202. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  28. ^ a b c "M 7.0 – South Island of New Zealand: Overview". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  29. ^ a b Gorman, Paul (14 February 2011). "Scientists search for fourth fault". New Zealand: Stuff. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
  30. ^ a b Christchurch Quake Map Archived 9 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Latest news: Christchurch earthquake". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  32. ^ a b "Canterbury shaken by 240 aftershocks". New Zealand: Stuff. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  33. ^ Beckford, Gyles (6 September 2010). "Aftershocks hampering repairs in New Zealand". The Gazette. Postmedia Network. Reuters. Retrieved 6 September 2010. [dead link]
  34. ^ 3 News; Radio Live; New Zealand Press Association (6 September 2010). "Quake updates: Aftershocks continue to rumble". 3 News (MediaWorks New Zealand). Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "New Zealand earthquake report – Sep 8, 2010 at 7:49 am (NZST)". GeoNet. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  36. ^ Gorman, Paul (26 December 2010). "The science behind the shakes". New Zealand: Stuff. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  37. ^ GeoNet – New Zealand Earthquake Report – 26 December 2010 at 10:30 am (NZDT) Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine43°33′S 172°40′E / 43.55°S 172.66°E / -43.55; 172.66
  38. ^ "Inner City Buildings Feel The Brunt of Shakes" Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, The Press
  39. ^ "Violent aftershocks hit Christchurch". The Press. 26 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  40. ^ "Today's Canterbury quake won't be the last say experts". Television New Zealand. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  41. ^ "Sixth largest shake rocks Canterbury". New Zealand: Stuff. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  42. ^ "GeoNet – New Zealand Earthquake Report – Jun 13 2011 at 1:01 pm (NZST)". GeoNet. 13 June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  43. ^ Bathgate, Adrian (13 June 2011). "Powerful quakes rattle New Zealand city". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  44. ^ "GeoNet – New Zealand Earthquake Report – Jun 21 2011 at 10:34 pm (NZST)". GeoNet. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  45. ^ "Overnight Christchurch quake upgraded". New Zealand: Stuff. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  46. ^ "GeoNet – New Zealand Earthquake Report – Jul 22 2011 at 5:39 am (NZST)". GeoNet. 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  47. ^ "More earthquakes add to Christchurch's hellish year – Sydney Morning Herald". The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  48. ^ "GeoNet – New Zealand Earthquake Report – Dec 23 2011 at 1:58 pm (NZDT)". GeoNet. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  49. ^ "GeoNet – New Zealand Earthquake Report – Dec 23 2011 at 3:18 pm (NZDT)". GeoNet. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  50. ^ "Essential repairs done by Christmas Day – Radio New Zealand". Radio New Zealand. 25 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  51. ^ "Liquefaction and rockfall main areas of concern – TVNZ". TVNZ. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  52. ^ "More Christchurch areas could face red-zone revision – TVNZ". TVNZ. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  53. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Darfield Earthquake 4 September 2010 – Stage 1 Geotechnical Land Damage Assessment & Reinstatement Report.
  54. ^ "Darfield Earthquake 4 September 2010 – Stage 2 Geotechnical Land Damage Assessment & Reinstatement Report". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  55. ^ a b "New Zealand earthquake report – Sep 4, 2010 at 4:35 am (NZST): Shaking maps". GeoNet. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  56. ^ "A person was killed in the 2010 earthquake, but we've only just found out about it". New Zealand: Stuff. 12 November 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
  57. ^ "Christchurch quake 'fifth most expensive ever'". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 16 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  58. ^ Adam Bennet (23 February 2011). "Christchurch quake: EQC has enough money and 'reinsurance' to cover cost – English". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  59. ^ "The Hawke's Bay Earthquake, 1931 – An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1966". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  60. ^ "New Zealand Inflation Calculator". Reserve Bank of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.. Based on £7,000,000 in 1931 quarter 1 compared to 2010 quarter 2.
  61. ^ "Latest updates: Christchurch earthquake". The Star Canterbury. APN News & Media. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  62. ^ a b "New Zealand's South Island Rocked by Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake". Bloomberg News. 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  63. ^ "Day of shocks leaves dozens homeless in Christchurch". Radio New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  64. ^ "Fire danger as power restored after quake". Television New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  65. ^ "Polluted water biggest risk to health – medic". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  66. ^ "Earthquake: Inquiry into gastro outbreak". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  67. ^ "Day four, counting the toll". Television New Zealand. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
  68. ^ "Christchurch Earthquake – Boil Water Notice". Christchurch City Council. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  69. ^ "State of emergency declared, airport reopens". Television New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  70. ^ "Canterbury earthquake: Schools to stay shut". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  71. ^ "Majority of Canterbury schools reopen". 3 News (MediaWorks New Zealand). 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  72. ^ "Both universities closed for a week". Radio New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  73. ^ "Crime down but family violence up in Chch". Television New Zealand. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  74. ^ Todd, Rebecca (11 September 2010). "Quake stress causes heart attack spate". The Press. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  75. ^ "Oh baby: quake shakes NZ mums into labour". Australia: ABC News. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  76. ^ Booker, Jarrod (11 September 2010). "Dianthe born in Christchurch earthquake". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  77. ^ "Medical facilities coping after quake". The New Zealand Herald. New Zealand Press Association. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  78. ^ a b "Quake timeline". New Zealand: Stuff. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  79. ^ a b c d "Christchurch earthquake, Day 2 updates". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  80. ^ Washington Saldías (3 September 2010). "Terremoto al sur de Nueva Zelanda". Pichilemu News (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  81. ^ New Zealand Press Association; ONE News (4 September 2010). "Magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Chch". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  82. ^ "Kaiapoi's main street reopened as cleanup continues". Radio New Zealand. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  83. ^ "Earthquake: Kaiapoi 'will never be the same'". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  84. ^ New Zealand Press Association; ONE News (9 September 2010). "Jobs lost as quake toll mounts". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 12 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  85. ^ "E. Coli found in Kaiapoi water sample". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  86. ^ "Boil water requirement remains in parts of Waimakariri–13 September 2010–1.30pm" (PDF). Waimakariri District Council. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  87. ^ "Water". Waimakariri District Council. 19 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  88. ^ "Christchurch quake: What's working and what's not". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  89. ^ a b c "Kiwirail Express Newsletter – Issue 60 Special Edition" (PDF). 6 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  90. ^ "Key services being restored after Canterbury earthquake". Television New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  91. ^ "Canterbury quake: As it happened". Television New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  92. ^ "State highway network update – Canterbury". New Zealand Transport Agency. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  93. ^ "Highways escape major damage". Television New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  94. ^ "Kaiapoi's main street reopened as cleanup continues". Radio New Zealand. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
  95. ^ Dickison, Michael (11 September 2010). "Akaroa memorial hit by Christchurch quake". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  96. ^ a b "Christchurch earthquake update". Spice News. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  97. ^ a b "Canterbury earthquake: in brief". Otago Daily Times. Allied Press. 6 September 2010. p. 6.
  98. ^ "Christchurch Earthquake". The Warehouse. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  99. ^ "Christchurch earthquake updates". Countdown. Progressive Enterprises. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  100. ^ "Christchurch Earthquake staff update". Foodstuffs. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  101. ^ a b c Van Beynen, Martin (5 September 2010). "Quake devastates Christchurch heritage". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  102. ^ "Quake destroys historic homestead". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  103. ^ "Manchester Courts". Heritage New Zealand. 30 August 2001. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  104. ^ "Christchurch Earthquake – Building Demolition" (Press release). Christchurch City Council. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010. Alt URL Archived 19 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  105. ^ "Christchurch Earthquake – Building demolition postponed Christchurch City Council" (Press release). 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010. Alt URL
  106. ^ "End in sight for Manchester Demolition". The Press. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  107. ^ Stewart, Cameron (5 September 2010). "Christchurch in lockdown amid aftershocks". The Australian. News Limited. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  108. ^ "Historic Timeball Station to be dismantled". New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  109. ^ "Historic tavern torn down following quake". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  110. ^ "Irreparably damaged historic hotel torn down". Radio New Zealand. 10 September 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.[permanent dead link]
  111. ^ New Zealand Press Association (5 September 2010). "Christchurch landmark buildings mostly unscathed". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  112. ^ "New Civic Building Update Christchurch City Council" (Press release). 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  113. ^ "Logie Collection damaged by earthquake". University of Canterbury. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  114. ^ "Baptist Churches in Christchurch Earthquake". BANZAid. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
  115. ^ "Canterbury's heritage churches hammered in earthquake". Episcopal Life Online. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  116. ^ ONE News (5 September 2010). "Night curfew for quake ravaged Chch". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  117. ^ "Canterbury Repertory Theatre". Christchurch Repertory. 18 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  118. ^ Bailey, Emma (6 September 2010). "Damage closes Timaru churches". The Timaru Herald. Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  119. ^ "Historic Temuka pub damaged by quake". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  120. ^ Gates, Charlie (13 September 2010). "Don't rush into demolition: heritage experts". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  121. ^ "Canterbury quake: Govt pledges $10m for heritage buildings". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 17 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  122. ^ a b van Beynen, Martin (18 September 2010). "Rebuilding answers lie in the soil". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  123. ^ van Beynen, Martin (18 September 2010). "Answers on damage may take a month". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  124. ^ "The Solid Facts on Christchurch Liquefaction" (PDF). Canterbury Regional Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  125. ^ Christensen, S. A. "Regional Liquefaction Study for Waimakariri District" (PDF). New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  126. ^ "Pegasus Town Infrastructure Geotechnical Investigations and Assessment Report" (PDF). Waimakariri District Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  127. ^ Hutching, Chris (7 September 2010). "Liquefaction becomes a reality". National Business Review. Retrieved 18 September 2010.[permanent dead link]
  128. ^ a b Bojanowski, Axel (4 September 2010). "Naturgewalt in Neuseeland – Warum die Menschen dem Beben entkamen". Spiegel Online (in German). SPIEGEL-Verlag. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  129. ^ "Darfield earthquake damages Canterbury". GeoNet. Earthquake Commission and GNS Science. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  130. ^ "Building for earthquake resistance". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  131. ^ "Achieving Safety Through Standards – 75 Years After The Hawkes Bay Earthquake". Standards New Zealand. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  132. ^ "Earthquake-prone buildings". Department of Building and Housing. March–April 2006. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  133. ^ Walsh, Bryan (16 January 2010). "After the Destruction: What Will It Take to Rebuild Haiti?". Time. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010. Haiti had some of the worst buildings in world.
  134. ^ "PAGER – M 7.0 – SOUTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND – Alert Version 7". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  135. ^ "PAGER – M 7.0 – HAITI REGION – Alert Version 9". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  136. ^ Henderson, Ian (5 September 2010). "Christchurch Earthquake Update". St John New Zealand. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  137. ^ "Royal New Zealand Air Force Assets Assisting Christchurch". voxy.co.nz. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  138. ^ "Christchurch CBD to stay closed off as aftershocks continue". Radio New Zealand. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  139. ^ "Latest updates: Canterbury earthquake". TVNZ.co.nz. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  140. ^ "Civil Defence says 'no thanks' to US, UN offers". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  141. ^ "Message following the earthquake in New Zealand, 7 September 2010". The British Monarchy. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  142. ^ "Army wanted in Quake-ravaged Canterbury". Taranaki Daily News. Fairfax New Zealand. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  143. ^ Tait, Maggie (4 September 2010). "NZ quake bill could hit $NZ2bn". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  144. ^ "Brownlee made Minister for Earthquake Recovery – 3news.co.nz". 3 News. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  145. ^ "Christchurch Earthquake–General Update Sunday 6am" (Press release). Christchurch City Council. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010. Alt URL
  146. ^ "7.1 earthquake: Govt gives $5 million". New Zealand: Stuff. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  147. ^ Dickison, Michael (6 September 2010). "Hundreds turn up at shelters to get a little sleep". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  148. ^ ONE News (5 September 2010). "Cantabrians told to get homes checked". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 7 September 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  149. ^ "Curfew continues in shaken Christchurch". The New Zealand Herald. APN News & Media. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  150. ^ "Latest News from the Christchurch earthquake". The Star Canterbury. APN News & Media. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  151. ^ "No Major Damage From Today's Big Shock". voxy.co.nz. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
  152. ^ ONE News (4 September 2010). "Donating to the Christchurch earthquake". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  153. ^ "Academics call for rethink over earthquake law". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  154. ^ a b "Post-quake Christchurch poll shock". The Press. Fairfax New Zealand. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  155. ^ "Christchurch City Council – 2010 election preliminary results" (PDF). 9 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  156. ^ Luscombe, Jane (15 September 2010). "Music stars band together for Christchurch". 3 News (MediaWorks New Zealand). Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
[edit]
Wikinews has related news:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 Canterbury earthquake.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=2010_Canterbury_earthquake&oldid=1254174689"