Jump to content

Changan Automobile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Changan Auto)
For other uses, see Chang'an (disambiguation).
Changan Automobile (Group) Co., Ltd.
Company typeState-owned
ISINCNE000000R36 Edit this on Wikidata
IndustryAutomotive
Founded1862; 162 years ago (1862)
Headquarters
Chongqing
,
China
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Wang Jun (President)
ProductsMotor vehicles
Production output
2,553,052 units (2023) [1]
ParentChina South Industries Group
Subsidiaries
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese重庆长安汽车股份有限公司
Traditional Chinese重慶長安汽車股份有限公司
Literal meaningChongqing Changan Automobile Joint-stock Limited Corporation
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinChóngqìng Cháng'ān Qìchē Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
Websiteglobalchangan.com

Changan Automobile Co., Ltd.[2] (CCAG) is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in Jiangbei, Chongqing.[3] Changan Automobile traces its origins back to 1862 when Li Hongzhang set up a military supply factory, the Shanghai Foreign Gun Bureau. It was not until 1959 when the factory was repurposed to manufacture Changjiang Type 46 jeep that it became an automobile manufacturer.[4][5]

The company produces and sells vehicles under its own branding, such as Changan, Deepal, Avatr, Kaicene, as well as under foreign-branded joint ventures such as Changan Ford and Changan Mazda. In 2021, its own brands contributed 76% of its sales (1.75 million, including 1.2 million passenger vehicles).[6] Its principal activity is the production of passenger cars, microvans, commercial vans and light trucks.[7]

A subsidiary of Changan, Chongqing Changan Automobile Company (SZSE: 000625), is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (but is also state controlled).[3]

History

[edit]

Changan's early origins can be traced back to 1862 when Li Hongzhang set up a military supply factory, the Shanghai Foreign Gun Bureau.[8] It is China's oldest automobile maker.[5] In 1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the factory was moved to Chongqing when Shanghai was invaded and bombed.[9]

In 1959 a predecessor entity, Chongqing Changan Arsenal, under contract to the government, began auto manufacturing and built Changjiang Type 46 jeep which was the first production vehicle of China.[10] Changan introduced minicar by licensing from Suzuki in 1979.[11]

In 2009, Changan acquired two smaller domestic automakers, Hafei and Changhe.[12] In 2013, Changhe was transferred to Jiangxi provincial government for restructuring, and later became a majority-owned subsidiary of another Chinese automaker BAIC Group.[13]

As of 2010, China Weaponry Equipment is the parent company of this state-owned automaker,[14] and that year Changan became the fourth most-productive car manufacturer in the Chinese automobile industry by selling 2.38 million units.[15]

The company also released a new logo for its consumer offerings in 2010 while commercial production retains the former red-arch brand.[7]

Although it only allowed the company to achieve fourth place among domestic automakers in terms of production, Changan made over 2 million whole vehicles in 2011.[16]

In 2012, it was reported that 72% of production was dedicated to passenger vehicles,[17] but this count likely conflates private offerings and microvans, tiny commercial trucks and vans that are popular in China.

In November 2012, Changan Ford Mazda Automobile was divided into two new joint venture companies: Changan Ford and Changan Mazda.[18]

Changan plans on ending production of vehicles powered solely by internal-combustion engines by 2025, as the automaker will be selling only hybrid vehicles and all-electric vehicles from 2025 as a result of climate change and air pollution issues in China as well as stringent emissions regulations. The company stated that this is because Government of China announced that it has passed legislation that will ban new ICE-powered vehicles by the mid-2030s, due to high air pollution and due to China's reiterated commitment in the United Nations Paris Agreement as the automaker wants to remain compliant with the government's automotive emission standards. The automaker is joining Volvo Cars, Jaguar Land Rover, Hongqi, BYD Auto, Lotus Cars, and several other automakers in planning on ceasing production of ICE-powered vehicles in the coming years.[19]

In December 2023, Huawei announced it plans to move core technologies and resources in its smart car unit to a new joint venture with Changan. The new company will engage in research and development, production, sales and service of intelligent automotive systems and component solutions. Changan and its affiliates plan to acquire no more than 40 percent of the new company's equity, with the specific amount of capital contribution and term to be separately negotiated between the two parties.[20][21]

Brands and products

[edit]
Main article: List of Changan Automobile vehicles

Changan produces and markets vehicles primarily under 5 brands:[22]

  • Changan Auto for SUVs and passenger cars
    • Changan Nevo (Qiyuan) for entry premium range extended electric vehicles.
  • Deepal (Shenlan) for electric vehicles
  • Avatr for premium electric vehicles, jointly invested by Changan and CATL
  • Kaicene for the commercial vehicles, light trucks, and MPVs

Changan Auto

[edit]

Changan is the main brand of Changan group. Its products lines cover entry-level and medium level price range passenger vehicles include cars, SUVs, and pickups.

Changan Nevo (Qiyuan)

[edit]

Changan Nevo (长安启源) is the entry level EV line under the Changan brand, launched in 2023. Models initially include the A05 compact sedan, the A06 compact sedan, and the A07 midsize sedan. The A06 is a rebadged Changan UNI-V with restyled front and rear ends.[23] The A05 is a rebadged Changan Yida with restyled front and rear ends.[24]

Deepal (Shenlan)

[edit]
Main article: Deepal

Deepal (Chinese name Shenlan) is EV brand owned by Changan Automobile. The company was originally named Chongqing Changan New Energy Automobile Technology founded in 2018 and became an independent brand since 2023.

Avatr Technology

[edit]
Main article: Avatr Technology

Avatr Technology is a premium EV brand Changan joint-ventured with battery provider CATL and multiple Chinese domestic foundations, technology supported by Huawei.[25]

Changan Kaicene

[edit]

Current models

[edit]
  • Chana Ruixing S50V
    Chana Ruixing S50V
  • Chana Ruixing S50T
    Chana Ruixing S50T
  • Chana Ruixing M90
    Chana Ruixing M90
  • Chana Ruixing M80
    Chana Ruixing M80
  • Chana Ruixing M70
    Chana Ruixing M70
  • Chana Honor
    Chana Honor
  • Kaicene F30
    Kaicene F30
  • Kaicene Star Truck
    Kaicene Star Truck
  • Kaicene Shenqi T30
    Kaicene Shenqi T30

Former Kaicene models

[edit]

Sales

[edit]
Changan group sales (foreign joint-venture brands excluded)[26][27][28][29][30]
Year Total[a] Changan[b] Deepal Avatr Oshan JMH

(Landwind)

2010 1,239,990 1,047,983 - - - 192,007
2011 1,025,233 816,627 - - - 208,606
2012 1,053,645 841,137 - - - 212,508
2013 1,152,537 901,270 - - - 251,267
2014 1,363,487 1,055,630 - - - 307,857
2015 1,504,936 1,199,053 - - - 305,883
2016 1,682,741 1,304,612 - - - 378,129
2017 1,597,543 1,215,406 - - - 382,137
2018 1,270,100 729,067 - - 192,745 348,288
2019 1,331,802 849,552 - - 153,258 divested
2020 1,503,604 978,398 - - 113,820
2021 1,754,707 1,009,822 - - 194,381
2022 1,874,569 1,125,048 33,354 757 222,030
2023 2,097,794 1,432,543 136,912 27,589 discontinued

Joint ventures

[edit]

Like most major Chinese automakers, Changan partners with Western and Japanese companies to produce and sell the products of these foreign firms in China. It also partners with other companies within China to augment manufacturer capacity and share development costs.

Changan currently participates in the following joint ventures:

Changan Ford (2001–present)

[edit]
Main article: Changan Ford
A Chinese police Ford Focus, 2007

In 2001, Changan Ford was formed[31] and initially built Ford-branded passenger vehicles from complete knock down kits.[10]

Making Chinese-market versions of Ford consumer offerings,[7] its 2010 dealer network was thought to include many showrooms in second- and third-tier Chinese cities[citation needed] such as Chongqing.[32] So-called second- and third-tier cities are large and medium-sized cities not among the top four in terms of population and contribution to GDP.[33]

Changan Mazda (2012–present)

[edit]
Main article: Changan Mazda

Changan Kuayue

[edit]

Chongqing Kuayue Automobile is a co-operative venture between Changan and Chongqing Kuayue Group specializing in commercial vehicle production.[34]

The group builds commercial vehicles for Changan primarily under the Kuayue and Kaicene brands.

Kuayue commercial vehicles rebranded as Mamut in former Soviet countries.

Current models

[edit]
  • Kuayue Kuayuexing V3
    Kuayue Kuayuexing V3
  • Kuayue Kuayuexing V5 EV
    Kuayue Kuayuexing V5 EV
  • Kuayue V5
    Kuayue V5
  • Kuayue Kuayuewang X1
    Kuayue Kuayuewang X1
  • Kuayue Kuayuewang X5
    Kuayue Kuayuewang X5

Former models

[edit]
  • Kuayue Xinbao mini
    Kuayue Xinbao mini
  • Kuayue Xinbao
    Kuayue Xinbao
  • Kuayue Xinbao T3
    Kuayue Xinbao T3
  • Kuayue Kuayuewang X5
    Kuayue Kuayuewang X5
  • Kuayue Xinbao V5
    Kuayue Xinbao V5
  • Kuayue Xunlong
    Kuayue Xunlong

Jiangling Investment and Jiangling Motor Holding

[edit]

Jiangling Motor Holding Co. Ltd. (simplified Chinese: 江西江铃控股有限公司; traditional Chinese: 江西江鈴控股有限公司; pinyin: Jiāngxī Jiānglíng Kònggǔ Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī), also known by the initialism JMH, was a joint venture established in October 2004 and controlled equally by Changan and JMCG. To create Jiangling Motor Holding Changan invested money and in exchange JMCG transferred its Jiangling Motors Corporation (JMC) equity to the venture. Jiangling Motor Holding was the largest shareholder of JMC,[36] with a 41.03% stake as of March 2018.[37] JMH also owned the Landwind marque.[36][38]

In April 2019, it was announced that JMCG and Changan planned to split JMH into two separate companies: one keeping the same name and other tentatively called Jiangling Investment. Jiangling Investment would hold the 41.03% JMC stake and some liabilities and would still be equally owned by Changan and JMCG. The new JMH would own the rest of the former JMH assets (including Landwind)[39][40] and it would issue 100% more shares to be sold to investors, leaving JMCG and Changan with a 25% stake each.[40] Jiangling Investment was formally established in May 2019, completing the split of the former JMH.[41] In June 2019, it was announced that the investor for the new JMH was the car manufacturer Aiways. Aiways acquired a 50% of the new JMH with the aim of securing production permits for new energy vehicles.[42][43]

Former

[edit]

Oshan (2017–2024)

[edit]
Main article: Oshan (marque)

Oshan (Chinese: 欧尚) was a passenger car brand under Changan Automobile. It was originally known as the Changan Commercial Vehicles, the division which focus on micro vans and light trucks. The brand was renamed to Oshan in April 2017 and began to produce passenger vehicles since.

In 2024, Changan decided to cease the operation of Oshan brand and merge the product line and sales channel into Changan brand.[44]

Changan PSA (2010–2020)

[edit]
Main article: Changan PSA
DS 5LS

Changan and the French car manufacturer PSA Peugeot Citroën agreed in 2010 to set up a 50/50 passenger car and light commercial vehicle-making joint venture.[45] Named CAPSA, it was the PSA Group's second joint venture company in China, after Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile, and its first with Changan.[46] Centering on a newly built production base in Shenzhen, it was estimated that initial production capacity for the project will be 200,000 units/year.[47] Manufacturing commenced in 2014, with China specific Citroën DS models; the DS 5LS first and then the DS 6WR.[48] The venture was dissolved in 2020.

Changan Suzuki (1993–2018)

[edit]
Changan Suzuki SC7080 Alto
Main article: Changan Suzuki

Technical and commercial cooperation with Suzuki Motors, beginning in 1983, saw Changan assembling inexpensive commercial trucks (originally the Suzuki Carry ST90 as the Changan SC112[49]) under license into the 2000s.[50] The two companies formed Chongqing Changan Suzuki Automobile Co in 1993,[31] which built licensed versions of the Suzuki Alto, Suzuki Cultus, and more recently the Swift.

In parallel with its Suzuki joint venture, Changan also continued to build small trucks and vans for commercial use based on the 1999 Suzuki Carry license, but independently developed vehicles are quickly replacing them.[50] These small cars carry the Changan brand name although Suzuki technology is used in their design and manufacture.

On 4 September 2018, Suzuki transferred its 50 percent stake in Changan Suzuki to Changan Automobile Group, ending 25 years of joint venture. Under the plan, Changan would continue to make and sell Suzuki-branded cars in China under license.

In 2021, Changan Suzuki was renamed to Chongqing Lingyao Automobile.[51]

Production and research facilities

[edit]

Domestic

[edit]

Changan has four major production bases (in the City of Chongqing, Hebei province, Jiangsu province, and Jiangxi province),[citation needed] eleven automobile production bases, and two engine production bases in mainland China[52] for a more-current total of 21 vehicle-making bases including newer sites in Anhui province, Guangdong province, Heilongjiang province, Shandong province, and Shanxi province.[citation needed]

Anhui

[edit]

A planned 300,000 units/year capacity mini-vehicle production base in Hefei, Anhui province, should see completion in 2011.[citation needed] Production capacity figures may consider engines and vehicles as discrete.

Beijing

[edit]

An existing R&D center in Beijing[53] will soon be joined by a passenger car production base in Fangshan District, Beijing, which will become operational in 2012.[citation needed]

Chongqing

[edit]

Changan has numerous sites in the city of Chongqing. A Changan-Ford plant and another, planned Changan-Ford plant (which may produce engines[54]) are joined by a Chongqing-based R&D center[53] and an industrial park in Yubei, Chongqing.[citation needed]

Hebei

[edit]

An industrial park in Hebei province may continue to be Changan controlled.[citation needed]

Heilongjiang

[edit]

A Harbin, Heilongjiang province, R&D center, is now a Changan asset.[53] It may have been owned by Hafei prior.

Jiangsu

[edit]

A Changan-Ford plant and an industrial park[citation needed] in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, comprise Changan operations in this province.

Jiangxi

[edit]

A planned Changan commercial vehicle production base in Nanchang, capital of Jiangxi province, will produce JMC and Ford-branded vehicles[54] and join an R&D center[53] as a second facility in this province. The latter facility may be a former Changhe asset.

Shanghai

[edit]

Changan has an R&D center in this coastal city.[53]

International (Overseas)

[edit]

The company maintains four factories in international markets and several overseas R&D centers. Changan had an assembly plant in Poteau, Oklahoma, piecing together products sold under the Tiger Truck brand from 2007 to 2010.[55] The Changan CS35 is built in Lipetsk region of Russia since 2016.[56] Also Changan vans and pickup trucks were assembled at Ganja Auto Plant in Ganja city, Azerbaijan in 2005.

Pakistan

[edit]

Changan has built a production facility in Karachi, Pakistan. It is a joint venture with Master Motors with an investment of US$100 million. This plant makes right hand drive passenger vehicles for Pakistan as well other right hand drive markets. The first "Made in Pakistan" unit of Changan rolled out on 2 May 2019. With a manufacturing capacity of 30,000 cars per year, this facility is Changan's first to produce right hand drive cars.[57]

R&D centers

[edit]

Changan has over 7,000 engineers and researcher working in R&D facilities in Chongqing, Beijing, Shanghai and Harbin,[8] Turin, Italy,[53] and Yokohama, Japan.[53] It set up two more in 2011. These are located in Birmingham (originally was set up in Nottingham), United Kingdom, and Detroit, United States.[58] The Detroit center opened in early 2011, and its office was moved to Plymouth 2015.[59][60]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Including passenger and commercial vehicle
  2. ^ Changan brand passenger vehicle only after 2019

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Autoline Daily". Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  2. ^ Chana > Contact Us > Dealer Application Chana Official Site (Web Archive)
  3. ^ a b China rolls out own hybrid car reuters.com, Sat December 15, 2007 1:44am EST
  4. ^ "About Us - Changan International".
  5. ^ a b Narasimhan, T. E. (2016-07-09). "China's Changan revs up for India entry". www.business-standard.com. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  6. ^ "2021 Sales Report-News - Changan International".
  7. ^ a b c China's Changan unveils new car logo in brand drive reuters.com, Sun October 31, 2010 11:55am EDT
  8. ^ a b TABETA, SHUNSUKE (8 Feb 2017). "Changan Auto sells 3m cars in record year". The Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  9. ^ Xu, Xiao; Han, TianYang (3 Dec 2012). "Colorful history, ambitious goals for Chang'an Auto". The China Daily.
  10. ^ a b "Changan About us". Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  11. ^ Gallagher, Kelly Sims (2006). China Shifts Gears: Automakers, Oil, Pollution, and Development. The MIT Press. pp. 88. ISBN 9780262072700.
  12. ^ For purchase of Hafei, see New policy to encourage China's carmaker consolidation xinhuanet.com, 2010-02-22 10:27:20
  13. ^ "BAIC takes majority stake in Changhe Auto". China Daily. 26 November 2013.
  14. ^ Milestone merger reshapes Suzuki chinadaily.com.cn, 2010-03-29 09:26
  15. ^ China Car Market 101: Who Makes All Those 18 Million Cars? thetruthaboutcars.com, January 19, 2011
  16. ^ 2011年前十家乘用车生产企业销量排名. China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM). 2012-01-20. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20.
  17. ^ "2012年12月分车型前十家生产企业销量排名". China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM). 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  18. ^ "Restructure of Changan Ford Mazda Automobile Approved". Mazda. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  19. ^ "China's Changan steers toward electric future". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
  20. ^ "Huawei to move smart car operations to new joint company with Changan". Reuters. 2023-11-26. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  21. ^ Zhang/CnEVPost, Phate (2023-11-26). "Changan, Huawei sign MoU to set up JV that aims to be world's leading parts supplier". CnEVPost. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  22. ^ "Changan to be rebranded as Kaicene, Berjaya Auto Asia announces". sg.news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  23. ^ "搭载插混系统 长安启源A06申报图曝光". 15 June 2023.
  24. ^ "全新设计风格 长安启源A05申报图曝光". 15 June 2023.
  25. ^ "Huawei, Changan and CATL Launch New Avatr Car Brand in China". 19 November 2021.
  26. ^ "HOME | Automotive Industry Portal MarkLines | Portal". www.marklines.com. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  27. ^ "2022年12月汽车销量排行榜_盖世汽车社区". i.gasgoo.com. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
  28. ^ "2023新能源车市战火升级：新势力销冠易主，比亚迪年销超300万". auto.gasgoo.com. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  29. ^ "长安汽车(000625)年度报告_新浪财经_新浪网". vip.stock.finance.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
  30. ^ "长安汽车（000625）公告列表 _ 数据中心 _ 东方财富网". data.eastmoney.com. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
  31. ^ a b "Chana History". Chana Official Site. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  32. ^ Naughton, K. (Apr 21, 2013). "Automakers Go West in China to Thin Margins, Fat Growth". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  33. ^ Mullich, Joe. "China's "Second-Tier" Cities Take Off". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones and Company, Inc. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
  34. ^ "Commercial vehicle-KUAYUE GROUP". www.kuayuegroup.com. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  35. ^ "VEHICLES-1". Chongqing Changan Kuayue Automobile Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  36. ^ a b 江铃控股详细资料 [Jiangling Holding details]. auto.ifeng.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  37. ^ "Jiangling Motors Corporation, Ltd. 2017 Annual Report" (PDF). JMC. pp. 27, 29. Retrieved 1 February 2019 – via Sohu.
  38. ^ "Landwind". JMCG. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  39. ^ Hu, Xinyu (3 April 2019). 江铃汽车控股股东拟变更为江铃投资 [Jiangling Motors' controlling shareholder is planned to be changed to Jiangling Investment]. jrj.com.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  40. ^ a b Liu, Yang; Zhen, Zhenyu (3 April 2019). 长安汽车拟为江铃控股引入战略投资者 [Changan Automobile intends to introduce strategic investors for Jiangling Holding]. finance.sina.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  41. ^ Jian, Jianru (30 May 2019). Zhang, Bei (ed.). 江铃汽车和长安汽车共同成立投资公司 注册资本10亿元 [Jiangling Group and Changan Automobile jointly established an investment company with a registered capital of 1 billion yuan]. nbd.com.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  42. ^ Li, Xing (5 June 2019). 爱驰汽车购入江铃控股50%股权 首款量产车已开始生产 [Aiways acquired a 50% equity in Jiangling Holdings. The first production car has started production]. finance.sina.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  43. ^ Xing, Lei (6 June 2019). "AIWAYS Acquires 50 Percent Stake In Jiangling Holding For Nearly ￥1.75 Billion". China Automotive Review. Retrieved 7 June 2019. [permanent dead link‍]
  44. ^ 网易 (2024-03-01). "长安汽车重构旗下品牌：欧尚"隐退"，将并入"引力"体系！". www.163.com. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  45. ^ China Chang’an Automobile Group and PSA in Joint Venture discussion Archived 2010-12-09 at the Wayback Machine PSA Peugeot Citroën Official Site, 5/06/2010
  46. ^ CAPSA – Chang’an-PSA’s new joint venture company Archived 2013-11-19 at the Wayback Machine chinacartimes.com, June 15, 2011
  47. ^ For Shenzhen production base, see "About CAPSA: Changan PSA Automobiles Co., Ltd Profile". capsa.com.cn. Changan Automobiles Co Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  48. ^ "PSA launches DS compact crossover in China". Automotive News Europe. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  49. ^ Mastrostefano, Raffaele, ed. (1990). Quattroruote: Tutte le Auto del Mondo 1990 (in Italian). Milano: Editoriale Domus S.p.A. p. 103.
  50. ^ a b World of Cars 2006·2007. Warsaw, Poland: Media Connection Sp. z o.o. 2006. pp. 226–227.
  51. ^ "Changan Suzuki changes name to Lingyao Automobile". autonews.gasgoo.com. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  52. ^ "Company Portrait". CHANA International Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g "Changan Auto Group opens three new R&D centers". Gasgoo Automotive News. Gasgoo.com. April 20, 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  54. ^ a b Ford posts 40% sales increase in 2010 Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine chinacartimes.com, January 7, 2011
  55. ^ Simpson, Susan (October 8, 2010). "Tiger Truck closing Poteau plant". NewsOK.
  56. ^ "Production Of Changan CS35 Started In Lipetsk Region". Wroom.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  57. ^ "China's Changan and Master Motor to set up auto plant in Karachi". 29 June 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  58. ^ For Birmingham center, see "Chinese car maker to create 200 new jobs in Nottingham". East Midlands Development Agency. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
  59. ^ "Changan UK R&D Center website". Changan UK R&D Center, Inc. n.d. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  60. ^ "Changan USA R&D Center Set Up in Detroit". changanus.com. Changan US R&D Center, Inc. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chongqing Changan Automobile Company.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Changan_Automobile&oldid=1258236664"