Camp of Septfonds
44°10′49″N 1°37′11″E / 44.180249°N 1.619641°E
Camp of Septfonds, also called Camp of Judes, was a labor camp for men before and during World War II, located in southern France near Septfonds, established in 1939, and run by the French Third Republic and the Vichy government.[1][2][3]
The Moldovan-French photojournalist Isaac Kitrosser managed to continue as a photographer while interned at Septfonds. His photographs, including "Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds," were among the first published concentration camp photos after liberation in 1944.[4][5]
History
[edit]Establishment and use against Spanish republicans
[edit]
After the fall of Barcelona to the Nationalist forces on January 26, 1939, at the end of the Spanish Civil War, a large number of Spanish Republicans, persecuted for political reasons, left Catalonia, crossed the Pyrenees and sought shelter in France. The refugees were treated with hostility by the French government due to their socialist and anarchist political leanings. The decision to open the Septfonds camp was taken by General Ménard on February 26, 1939 and on March 5, the first prisoners of the labor camp arrived.[1][6] The camp at Septfonds completed the internment system set up by the French authorities for Spanish refugees, consisting mainly of the camps at Argelès-sur-mer, Barcarès and Saint-Cyprien, and the camps at Rieucros, Gurs, Bram and Agde.[7][8]
The living conditions were very harsh due to shortage of food supplies and lack of sanitation, hygiene, running water, heating and electricity, resulting in several deaths. However, the interns of the camp organized social, cultural and political activities.[1] A total of 81 Spanish prisoners were buried in the outskirts of the village of Septfonds (44°9′31.37″N 1°37′6.34″E / 44.1587139°N 1.6184278°E).[9]
During World War II
[edit]On 1 March 1940, the camp started being used for defense purposes, specifically for the training of foreigners who joined the French army.[1]
From autumn of 1940, the Vichy government started using the camp as a prison for undesirables including republican Spaniards, Jews, communists, officers of the Allied army, Poles and people lacking official documentation. The living conditions remained harsh and many people were deported to Auschwitz. The camp's prisoners were liberated in August 1944 by the French Resistance. Until May 1945 the camp was used as a detention center for suspected Nazi collaborators.[1]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]
- ^ a b c d e "Septfonds internment camp". Chemins de mémoire. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ Volovitch-Tavares, Marie-Christine (2021-03-30). "Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand, Septfonds, 1939–1944. Dans l'archipel des camps français". Histoire Politique. Revue du Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po (in French). doi:10.4000/histoirepolitique.728. ISSN 1954-3670. Archived from the original on 2024-03-16. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ Fau, J.-Cl. (1994). "Le camp des réfugiés espagnols de Septfonds (1939–1940)". In Cohen, Monique-Lise; Malo, Eric; Arnoldsen, Gret (eds.). Les camps du sud-ouest de la France (1939–1944) (in French). Toulouse: Editions Privat. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-2-7089-5375-8.
- ^ "Cérémonie juive dans le camp de Septfonds". Histoires De Photographies. Musée français de la photographie. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
- ^ Fuksa-Anselme, Elisa. "Le Camp de Septfonds par Kitrosser". Musée français de la photographie. Archived from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
- ^ MacMaster, Neil (1990), MacMaster, Neil (ed.), "The Concentration Camp of Septfonds — David", Spanish Fighters: An Oral History Of Civil War And Exile, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 126–140, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-21009-1_12, ISBN 978-1-349-21009-1, retrieved 2024-03-16
- ^ Coignard, Cindy; Maugendre, Maëlle (2012). "La Retirada ou l'exil républicain espagnol d'après guerre | Musée de l'histoire de l'immigration". www.histoire-immigration.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
- ^ Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève (2014), Blanc-Chaléard, Marie-Claude; Dulphy, Anne; Douki, Caroline; Matard-Bonucci, Marie-Anne (eds.), "Les républicains espagnols en 1939, des "indésirables" très recherchés : Le cas du camp de Septfonds", D’Italie et d’ailleurs : Mélanges en l’honneur de Pierre Milza, Histoire (in French), Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 129–138, ISBN 978-2-7535-5995-0, archived from the original on 2023-12-18, retrieved 2024-03-17
- ^ Junquera, Natalia (2024-03-16). "El rastro de tinta hasta la tumba 28 del campo de concentración de Septfonds". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2024-03-16. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
External links
[edit]- “Le Camp de Septfonds,” Musée français de la photographie, Histoires De Photographies [1] Archived 2021-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
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