Bolma tamikoana

Bolma tamikoana
	Apertural view of a shell of Bolma tamikoana
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Vetigastropoda
Order:	Trochida
Superfamily:	Trochoidea
Family:	Turbinidae
Genus:	Bolma
Species:	B. tamikoana
Binomial name
	Bolma tamikoana; (Shikama, 1973)
Synonyms
	Bolma tamikoana shikamai Habe, 1978; Bolma tamikoana tamikoana (Shikama, 1973); Bolma (Galeoastraea) tamikoana tamikoana (Shikama, 1973); Galeoastraea tamikoae shikamai Habe, 1978; Galeoastraea tamikoae Habe, 1978; Galeoastraea tayloriana tamikoana Shikama, 1973;

Tamikoana is a genus of marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turbinidae, known for their robust, spiraled shells and ecological role as herbivores in marine ecosystems. While specific details about the genus are limited, it shares characteristics typical of turbinid snails, including a strong shell, calcareous operculum, and a preference for hard substrates in intertidal and subtidal zones. Further research is needed to fully understand the biology, distribution, and conservation needs of Tamikoana species, making them an important subject for marine science and conservation efforts..^[1]^[2]

The subspecies Bolma tamikoana flava Beu & Ponder, 1979 is accepted as Bolma flava Beu & Ponder, 1979

Description

The size of the shell varies between 30 mm and 45 mm. Tamikoana is a species of sea snail belonging to the marine gastropod mollusk family Turbinidae, commonly known as turban snails. This family is part of the larger class Gastropoda and is characterized by its members' robust, often spiraled shells, which resemble turbans, hence the name. Below is a detailed expansion on the genus Tamikoana, its taxonomy, morphology, habitat, distribution, ecological role, and significance.

Taxonomy and Classification

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Trochida
Family: Turbinidae
Genus: Tamikoana

The genus Tamikoana is part of the Turbinidae family, which includes a diverse group of marine snails known for their thick, calcareous shells and operculum (a protective "trapdoor" that seals the shell opening). The exact species within the genus Tamikoana are not widely documented, but they share characteristics typical of the Turbinidae family.

Morphology and Shell Characteristics

The shell of Tamikoana is a defining feature, exhibiting the classic turbinid shape: a robust, spiraled structure with a low to moderately high spire. The shell surface is often smooth or ornamented with spiral ridges, nodules, or fine sculpturing, which can vary depending on the species. The aperture is typically circular or oval, and the operculum is thick and calcareous, often with a distinctive pattern or coloration.

The size of Tamikoana species can vary, but they generally range from small to medium-sized gastropods, with shell diameters typically between a few millimeters to several centimeters. The shell's coloration can also vary, often featuring shades of white, brown, green, or reddish hues, sometimes with patterns or bands.

Ecological Role and Behavior

As herbivores, Tamikoana species play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by grazing on algae, particularly microalgae and macroalgae growing on rocks and coral. This feeding behavior helps maintain the balance of algal populations, preventing overgrowth that could smother coral reefs or other marine habitats.

Tamikoana snails are typically slow-moving, relying on their strong, muscular foot to cling to surfaces and move across substrates. Their thick shells and operculum provide protection against predators such as crabs, fish, and other mollusk-eating organisms. Some species may also exhibit nocturnal behavior, becoming more active at night to avoid daytime predators.

Reproduction and Life Cycle

Like other gastropods, Tamikoana species reproduce sexually, with separate male and female individuals. Fertilization is external, with females releasing eggs into the water column, where they are fertilized by sperm released by males. The eggs develop into free-swimming planktonic larvae, which eventually settle on the seafloor and metamorphose into juvenile snails.

The life cycle of Tamikoana is not well-studied, but it likely follows the general pattern of other turbinid snails, with a lifespan ranging from several years to over a decade, depending on environmental conditions and predation pressure.

Conservation Status

The conservation status of Tamikoana species is not well-documented, but like many marine gastropods, they may face threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and overharvesting. In some regions, turbinid snails are collected for their shells, which are used in jewelry and decorative items, or for their meat, which is considered a delicacy in certain cultures. Climate change and ocean acidification may also pose risks to their survival by affecting their calcium carbonate shells and altering their habitats.

Research and Importance

Tamikoana species are of interest to malacologists and marine biologists due to their ecological role in maintaining healthy marine ecosystems. Studying these snails can provide insights into the dynamics of algal populations, predator-prey interactions, and the impacts of environmental changes on marine biodiversity.

Additionally, the Turbinidae family, including Tamikoana, has economic importance in some regions, where they are harvested for food or their shells. Understanding their biology and ecology is essential for developing sustainable management practices to ensure their long-term survival.

Distribution

Tamikoana species are marine gastropods, inhabiting a range of benthic environments. They are commonly found in intertidal zones, rocky shores, coral reefs, and subtidal areas, where they attach themselves to hard substrates such as rocks or coral. Some species may also inhabit sandy or muddy bottoms, depending on their ecological niche.

The distribution of Tamikoana is not well-documented, but members of the Turbinidae family are found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters worldwide. Specific species within the genus may have more localized distributions, potentially in regions such as the Indo-Pacific, which is known for its high marine biodiversity. This marine species occurs off Japan, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, Indonesia, the Philippines, in the Central Indo-West Pacific and off Australia (Northern Territory).

References

^ ^a ^b Gofas, S. (2012). Bolma tamikoana (Shikama, 1973). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=555224 on 2012-09-01
^ Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245.

Shikama, T. 1973. Descriptions of new marine gastropods from the East and South China Seas. Science Reports of the Yokohama National University 2(20): 1-8 pp., 2 pls
Wilson, B. 1993. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, Western Australia : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 1 408 pp
1. WoRMS Editorial Board (2023). Tamikoana. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved from https://www.marinespecies.org.
2. Poutiers, J. M. (1998). Gastropods. In: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org.
3. Williams, S. T., & Ozawa, T. (2006). Molecular phylogeny suggests polyphyly of both the turban shells (family Turbinidae) and the superfamily Trochoidea (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 39(1), 33-51. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.017.
4. Abbott, R. T., & Dance, S. P. (2000). Compendium of Seashells: A Full-Color Guide to More than 4,200 of the World’s Marine Shells. Odyssey Publishing.
5. Beechey, D. (2023). The Seashells of New South Wales: Family Turbinidae. Retrieved from https://seashellsofnsw.org.au.
6. Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., Nützel, A., Parkhaev, P., Schrödl, M., & Strong, E. E. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia, 61(1-2), 1-526. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
7. MarineBio Conservation Society (2023). Gastropods: Snails, Slugs, and Sea Slugs. Retrieved from https://marinebio.org.
8. Carpenter, K. E., & Niem, V. H. (1998). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific, Volume 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org.

External links

Encyclopedia of Life
World Register of Marine Species
"Bolma (Galeoastraea) tamikoana tamikoana". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

This Turbinidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[WoRMS-1] Gofas, S. (2012). Bolma tamikoana (Shikama, 1973). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=555224 on 2012-09-01

[2] Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1-82, pls 104-245.

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