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Aegirocassis

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Aegirocassis
Temporal range: Late Tremadocian, 480 Ma
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Fossil holotype
Reconstruction of Aegirocassis benmoulai
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Order: †Radiodonta
Family: †Hurdiidae
Subfamily: †Aegirocassisinae
Genus: †Aegirocassis
Species:
†A. benmoulai
Binomial name
†Aegirocassis benmoulai
Van Roy, Daley, & Briggs, 2015[1] (nom. corr. Van Roy et al. in press[2])

Aegirocassis is an extinct genus of giant radiodont arthropod belonging to the family Hurdiidae that lived 480 million years ago during the early Ordovician in the Fezouata Formation of Morocco. It is known by a single species, Aegirocassis benmoulai.[1][note 1] Van Roy initiated scientific study of the fossil, the earliest known of a "giant" filter-feeder discovered to date.[1] Aegirocassis is considered to have evolved from early predatory radiodonts.[3] This animal is characterized by its long, forward facing head sclerite, and the endites on its frontal appendages that bore copious amounts of baleen-like auxiliary spines.[1] This animal evolving filter-feeding traits was most likely a result of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, when environmental changes caused a diversification of plankton, which in turn allowed for the evolution of new suspension feeding lifeforms.[4][5] Alongside the closely related Pseudoangustidontus,[6] an unnamed hurdiid from Wales,[7] the middle Ordovician dinocaridid Mieridduryn,[8] and the Devonian hurdiid Schinderhannes this radiodont is one of the few dinocaridids known from post-Cambrian rocks.[9]

Description

[edit]
  • Size estimation
    Size estimation
  • Fossil of frontal appendage
    Fossil of frontal appendage
  • Reconstruction of frontal appendage
    Reconstruction of frontal appendage
  • Head sclerite complex
    Head sclerite complex

A. benmoulai was the largest known radiodont and the largest known animal that existed in this period,[10] and the length was described as exceeding 2.0 metres (6.6 ft).[1]

The fossil was preserved with exceptional three-dimensional detail, unlike most other radiodont fossils, in which the animals are flattened.[1] The quality of three-dimensional preservation has shed light on the nature of radiodont trunk flaps. Each trunk segment of the Aegirocassis benmoulai specimen has both a ventral and a dorsal pair of flaps. Several details seen clearly in the specimen led to a review and reassessment of research of existing specimens and, most importantly, to the conclusion that the ventral pair are homologous with arthropod endopods (limb-like inner branches) and lobopodian limbs (lobopods), and the dorsal pair are homologous with the flaps of gilled lobopodians and exites (gill-like outer branches) of the arthropod biramous limb.[1][10] This discovery also found that other hurdiid radiodonts like Peytoia and Hurdia had a dorsal pair of flaps as well.[1]

Frontal appendages of Aegirocassis had five endites, and each endites had around 80 setae-like auxiliary spines. These spines are estimated to have been used as a mesh for filter feeding. It was probably able to consume mesozooplankton roughly the same size as the other filter feeding radiodont, Tamisiocaris, was able to catch. However, the spines on the frontal appendages of Aegirocassis are inward-angled, which allowed the spines to overlap to a degree, allowing more control over the size of the filtering mesh. This has led to the estimation that Aegirocassis may have fed on larger size ranges of zooplankton than Tamisiocaris could. In addition, the large carapace (H-element) may have helped to guide the feeding current to the frontal appendages.[1] Eyes and mouthpart (oral cone) are not known from Aegirocassis. Since it was probably a filter feeder, Aegirocassis probably lacked a hard mouthpart and had a flexible one, explaining why mouth structures are not preserved.[1]

Reconstruction of the Fezouata Biota, featuring roughly 50 different species. The largest animal, Aegirocassis benmoulai (just over 2 metres in length), is depicted in a pair swimming just above the seafloor.[11] The pair is depicted as sexually dimorphic, with the larger individual possessing an expanded lateral process on its central head carapace.[1]

Discovery

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A fossil of A. benmoulai from the Fezouata biota, Morocco was discovered by and named after Mohamed Ben Moula, a fossil collector who recognized its rare characteristics and brought it to the notice of a professional paleontologist, Peter Van Roy, at the Ghent University in Belgium.[12]

Phylogeny

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Phylogenetic position of Aegirocassis within Panarthropoda, according to Pates et al. (2022).[13]

Notes

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  1. ^ The species was originally termed A. benmoulae, but was corrected to A. benmoulai to comply with the terms of the ICZN.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015). "Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps". Nature. 522 (7554): 77–80. doi:10.1038/nature14256. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25762145. S2CID 205242881.
  2. ^ a b Van Roy, Peter; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Gaines, Robert R. (2015). "The Fezouata fossils of Morocco; an extraordinary record of marine life in the Early Ordovician". Journal of the Geological Society. 172 (5): 2015–017. doi:10.1144/jgs2015-017. hdl:1854/LU-8714212. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 129319753.
  3. ^ Van Roy, Peter (12 March 2015). "Fossils of huge plankton-eating sea creature shine light on early arthropod evolution". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2023-10-11. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  4. ^ Servais, T.; Owen, A. W.; Harper, D. A. T.; Kröger, B. R.; Munnecke, A. (2010). "The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE): the palaeoecological dimension". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 294 (3–4): 99–119. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.031.
  5. ^ Stigall, A.L; et al. (December 2016). "Biotic immigration events, speciation, and the accumulation of biodiversity in the fossil record". Global and Planetary Change. 148: 242–257. Bibcode:2017GPC...148..242S. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.12.008.
  6. ^ Potin, G. J.-M.; Gueriau, P.; Daley, A. C. (2023). "Radiodont frontal appendages from the Fezouata Biota (Morocco) reveal high diversity and ecological adaptations to suspension-feeding during the Early Ordovician". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. 1214109. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1214109.
  7. ^ Pates, Stephen; Botting, Joseph P.; McCobb, Lucy M. E.; Muir, Lucy A. (2020). "A miniature Ordovician hurdiid from Wales demonstrates the adaptability of Radiodonta". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (6): 200459. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700459P. doi:10.1098/rsos.200459. PMC 7353989. PMID 32742697.
  8. ^ Pates, S.; Botting, J. P.; Muir, L. A.; Wolfe, J. M. (2022). "Ordovician opabiniid-like animals and the role of the proboscis in euarthropod head evolution". Nature Communications. 13 (1). 6969. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34204-w. PMC 9666559. PMID 36379946.
  9. ^ Gabriele Kühl; Derek E. G. Briggs & Jes Rust (2009). "A great-appendage arthropod with a radial mouth from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany". Science. 323 (5915): 771–773. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..771K. doi:10.1126/science.1166586. PMID 19197061. S2CID 47555807.
  10. ^ a b Perkins, S. (2015-03-11). "Newly discovered sea creature was once the largest animal on Earth". AAAS. Archived from the original on 2023-08-13. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  11. ^ Saleh, Farid; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Birolini, Enzo; Candela, Yves; Corthésy, Nora; Daley, Allison C.; Dupichaud, Christophe; Gibert, Corentin; Guenser, Pauline; Laibl, Lukáš; Lefebvre, Bertrand; Michel, Soline; Potin, Gaëtan J.-M. (6 September 2024). "Highly resolved taphonomic variations within the Early Ordovician Fezouata Biota". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 20807. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71622-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 11379804.
  12. ^ Van Roy, Peter; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2011). "A giant Ordovician anomalocaridid". Nature. 473 (7348): 510–513. doi:10.1038/nature09920. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21614078. S2CID 205224390.
  13. ^ Pates, Stephen; Wolfe, Joanna M.; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Daley, Allison C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2022-02-09). "New opabiniid diversifies the weirdest wonders of the euarthropod stem group". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1968). doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2093. PMC 8826304. PMID 35135344.
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