Acidocerinae
| Acidocerinae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Variation across Acidocerinae, dorsal and lateral views A Colossochares ellipticus B Peltochares sp. C Peltochares conspicuus D Aulonochares tubulus E Helochares sp. F Helochares tristis G Novochares sp. H Helopeltarium ferrugineum I Batochares sp. J Helobata larvalis K Radicitus sp. L Nanosaphes tricolor M Agraphydrus cf. attenuatus N Tobochares luteomargo O Tobochares sulcatus P Quadriops similaris Q Crucisternum ouboteri R Primocerus neutrum S Agraphydrus coomani T Agraphydrus sp. U Globulosis flavus V Crephelochares nitescens. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Hydrophilidae |
| Subfamily: | Acidocerinae Zaitzev, 1908 |
Acidocerinae is a subfamily in the family Hydrophilidae of aquatic beetles, and it contains over 500 species in 23 genera.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]Acidocerinae has been considered a subfamily since Short and Fikáček restructured the classification of the Hydrophilidae in 2013.[2] The entire classification history of the Acidocerinae was revised by Girón and Short in 2021,[1] based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis.[3]
The subfamily currently contains over 500 species in 24 genera, some of which were erected in 2021.[1][3]
Description
[edit]According to Girón and Short:[1]
Acidocerinae is a heterogeneous assemblage of beetles, as a variety of sizes, colorations and body shapes can be found in the group. Species range in size from 1.1 mm (Nanosaphes) to 14 mm (Colossochares) and range in color from pale yellowish and orange brown to nearly black, sometimes with a mottled appearance. Body forms vary from compact and convex (e.g., Globulosis) to broadly explanate and dorsoventrally compressed (e.g., Helobata, Helopeltarium).–
— Girón and Short, The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species., p. 4
Additionally,
Acidocerines can be generally recognized by their oval and moderately convex body shapes with slender maxillary palps and uniformly slender tibiae (usually strongly convex and sometimes rounded in Cylominae and Sphaeridiinae, with short and stout maxillary palps and stout to apically broadened tibiae). The maxillary palps are always curved inwards in Acidocerinae (maxillary palpomere 2 with inner margin straight to concave), with palpomeres 2–4 similar in length and proportions (curved outwards, zig-zag oriented, or with shorter palpomere 3 in most Enochrinae and Chaetarthriinae). In addition, Acidocerines always bear five tarsomeres on the meso- and metatarsi (four in some enochrines).–
— Girón and Short, The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species., p. 38
Distribution and habitat
[edit]According to Girón and Short:[1]
Acidocerines can be found in all biogeographic regions except the Antarctic. [...] The distributions [of species] can be very narrow and restricted to one or a few fairly close localities, or very broadly widespread across several continents. [...] Acidocerine species can be found across a wide variety of environments, spanning almost the full range of habitats that occur in the Hydrophilidae as a whole, including fully aquatic settings like ponds, streams, and river margins, hygropetric habitats like rock seepages, and terrestrial niches such as rotting fruits. [...] Acidocerines, as a whole, occupy one of the widest habitat breadths of any aquatic beetle group, although most individual species are fairly narrow and predictable in their ecological preferences. Consequently, collecting in a variety of habitats using multiple methods is often required to adequately survey a locality.–
— Girón and Short, The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species.
Genera
[edit]- Acidocerus Klug, 1855: 649 [4]
- Agraphydrus Régimbart, 1903: 33 [5]
- Aulonochares Girón & Short, 2019: 112 [6]
- Batochares Hansen, 1991: 292 [7][8]
- Chasmogenus Sharp, 1882: 73 [9]
- Colossochares Girón & Short, 2021: 55 [1]
- Crephelochares Kuwert, 1890: 38 [10]
- Crucisternum Girón & Short, 2018: 116 [11]
- Ephydrolithus Girón & Short, 2019: 122 [6]
- Globulosis García, 2001: 153 [12]
- Helobata Bergroth, 1888: 137 [13]
- Helochares Mulsant, 1844: 132 [14]
- Helopeltarium d’Orchymont, 1943: 9 [15]
- Katasophistes Girón & Short, 2018: 132 [11]
- Nanosaphes Girón & Short, 2018: 143 [11]
- Novochares Girón & Short, 2021: 87 [1]
- Peltochares Régimbart, 1907: 49 [16]
- Primocerus Girón & Short, 2019: 133 [6]
- Quadriops Hansen, 1999: 131 [17]
- Radicitus Short & García, 2014: 252 [18]
- Sindolus Sharp, 1882: 72 [9]
- Tobochares Short & García, 2007: 2 [19]
- Troglochares Spangler, 1981: 316 [20]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Girón, JC; Short, AEZ (18 June 2021). "The Acidocerinae (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): taxonomy, classification, and catalog of species". ZooKeys (1045): 1–236. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1045.63810. PMC 8233300. PMID 34228772.
- ^ Short, Andrew Edward Z.; Fikáček, Martin (2013). "Molecular phylogeny, evolution and classification of the Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera)". Systematic Entomology. 38 (4): 723–752. doi:10.1111/syen.12024. ISSN 1365-3113. S2CID 83050858.
- ^ a b Short, Andrew Edward Z.; Girón, Jennifer C.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A. (2021). "Evolution and biogeography of acidocerine water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) shaped by Gondwanan vicariance and Cenozoic isolation of South America". Systematic Entomology. 46 (2): 380–395. doi:10.1111/syen.12467. ISSN 1365-3113. S2CID 232264478.
- ^ Klug, J.C.F. (1855). "(Diagnosen neuer Coleoptera aus Mossambique)". Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Konigl Preuss Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1855: 643–660.
- ^ Régimbart, MA (1903). "Coléoptères aquatiques (Haliplidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae et Hydrophilidae) recueillis dans le Sud de Madagascar par M. Ch. Alluaud (Juillet 1900 – Mai 1901)". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 72: 1–51.
- ^ a b c Girón, Jennifer C.; Short, Andrew Edward Z. (2019-06-13). "Three additional new genera of acidocerine water scavenger beetles from the Guiana and Brazilian Shield regions of South America (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae)". ZooKeys (855): 109–154. doi:10.3897/zookeys.855.33013. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6586674. PMID 31244545.
- ^ Hansen, M. (1991). "The hydrophiloid beetles. Phylogeny, classification and a revision of the genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Biologiske Skrifter. 40: 1–367.
- ^ d’Orchymont, A. (1939). "Notes sur des Helochares africains". Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique. 79: 293–323.
- ^ a b Sharp, D. (1882). Fam. Hydrophilidae. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. 1, part 2. pp. 53–80.
- ^ Kuwert, A. (1890). "Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europäischen Coleopteren. XIX. Heft. Hydrophilidae. I. Abteilung: Hydrophilini". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn. 28: 1–121.
- ^ a b c Girón, Jennifer C.; Short, Andrew Edward Z. (2018-06-19). "Three new genera of acidocerine water scavenger beetles from tropical South America (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Acidocerinae)". ZooKeys (768): 113–158. doi:10.3897/zookeys.768.24423. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6019434. PMID 29955215.
- ^ García, M. (2001). "Nueva subtribu, género y especie de Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) del extremo suroriental de Venezuela". Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas. 35: 151–160.
- ^ Bergroth, E. (1888). "Fåhraea nov. gen. Hydrophilidarum". Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. 32: 1–221.
- ^ Mulsant, E. (1844). Histoire naturelle des coléoptères de France: Palpicornes. Vol. 5. Maison.
- ^ d’Orchymont, A. (1943). "Palpicornia (Coleoptera) VI". Bulletin du Musée royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique. 19 (60): v.
- ^ Régimbart, M. A. (1907). "Hydrophilides provenant du Voyage de M. L. Fea dans l'Afrique Occidentale". Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. 3: 46–62.
- ^ Hansen, Michael (1999-01-01). "Fifteen new genera of Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera), with remarks on the generic classification of the family". Insect Systematics & Evolution. 30 (2): 121–172. doi:10.1163/187631200X00228. ISSN 1876-312X.
- ^ Short, A. E. Z.; García, M. (2014-07-10). "A new genus of egg case-carrying water scavenger beetle from the Guiana Shield (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)". Zootaxa. 3835 (2): 251–262. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3835.2.5. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 25081447.
- ^ Short, Andrew Edward Z.; García, Mauricio M. (2007-03-01). "Tobochares sulcatus, a new genus and species of water scavenger beetle from Amazonas State, Venezuela (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilini)". Aquatic Insects. 29 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1080/01650420701247869. ISSN 0165-0424. S2CID 86732116.
- ^ Spangler, P. J. (1981). "A new water beetle, Troglochares ashmolei, n. gen., n. sp., from Ecuador; the first known eyeless cavernicolous hydrophilid beetle (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 83: 316–323.
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