Jump to content

3rd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
3rd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire
History
Founded17 December 1908 (1908-12-17)
Disbanded17 January 1912 (1912-01-17)
Preceded by2nd Chamber of Deputies
Succeeded by4th Chamber of Deputies
Leadership
President of the Chamber of Deputies
Vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies
Seats275 deputies
Elections
Electoral college
Last election
December 1908
Next election
April 1912

The Third Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire was elected in the 1908 Ottoman general election, which was called following the Young Turk Revolution. The new parliament consisted of 147 Turks, 60 Arabs, 27 Albanians, 26 Greeks (Rum), 14 Armenians, 10 Slavs, and four Jews.[1] Including the amount of deputies elected in by-elections, the total amount of seats included 288 deputies. On 17 January 1912, through an imperial decree, the Sultan Mehmed V dissolved the Chamber of Deputies and called for new elections within three months.[2]

Ethnic composition of the 1908 Ottoman parliament
  Turks: 147 seats
  Arabs: 60 seats
  Albanians: 27 seats
  Greeks: 26 seats
  Armenians: 14 seats
  Slavs: 10 seats
  Jews: 4 seats

Members

[edit]
Vilayet Electoral District/Sancak Deputy Party Ethnicity
Kosovo Prishtina Mustafa Hamdi Efendi[a] Union and Progress Albanian
Hasan Prishtina
Sava Stojanović [tr] Serbian Democratic League Slav (Serb)
Shaban Pasha[b] Independent Albanian
Hysen Fuad Pasha
İpek (Peja) Hafız İbrahim (Zaimoğlu) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Bedri Pejani Independent Albanian
Ahmed Hamdi Efendi
Ali Haydar Efendi
Seniçe (Sjenica) Hasan Muhiddin Efendi Independent Albanian
Taşlıça (Pljevlja) Ali Vasfi Bey Independent Albanian
Üsküp (Skopye) Todor Pavlov [bg] Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs Slav (Bulgarian)
Aleksander Pavlos Efendi Independent Rum
Mehmet Nexhip Draga Albanian
Hoxha Said Efendi Unknown
Scutari Scutari (Shkodër) Murtaza Galip [tr] Independent Albanian
Reza Bey[c]
Shakir Bey[d]
Draç (Durrës) Essad Pasha Toptani Independent Albanian
Yanya Yanya (Ioannina) Dimitraki Kingos Efendi Independent Rum
Konstantin Sorla Efendi
Delvina (Gjirokastër) Mamapulos Efendi Independent Rum
Mufid Libohova Albanian
Avlona (Berat) Ismail Qemali Independent Albanian
Aziz Pasha Vrioni
Çamlık (Preveza) Mustafa Ömer Azmi (Akalın) [tr][e] Union and Progress Turk
Hamdi Çami[f] Independent Albanian
Monastir Monastir (Bitola) Pancho Dorev [bg] Bulgarian Constitutional Clubs Bulgarian
Ali Vasfi Bey Independent Albanian
Mehmed Vasıf [tr]
Traianos Nallis Rum
Janko Dimitrović [bg] Slav (Serb)
Görice (Korçë) Shahin Teki Kolonja Independent Albanian
Filip Mișea Slav (Aromanian)
Debre (Debar) Basri Bey Dukagjini Independent Albanian
Shefqet (Enön) Bey[g]
Ismail Bey[h]
Prizren Prezrinli Yaliya Bey Independent Albanian
Mehmet Emin Efendi[i]
Suleyman Sherif Efendi
Vehbi Efendi[j] Unknown
Elbasan Hoxha Ali Efendi Union and Progress Albanian
Abdullah Mahir [tr] Independent
Serfiğe (Servia) Georgios Busios [bg] Socialist Party Rum
Harisiyos Vamvakas [el][k] Independent
Konstantinos Drizis [el][l]
Salonica Selanik (Thessaloniki) Mehmed Cavid Union and Progress Turk
Mustafa Rahmi (Arslan)
Emmanuel Karasu Jewish
Dimitar Vlahof People's Federative Party Slav (Bulgarian)
Yorgaki Artas [tr] Independent Rum
Georgios Huneyos [el]
Siroz (Serrez) Midhat Şükrü (Bleda) Union and Progress Turk
Derviş Ragıp Bey[m]
Haristo Dalchev [bg] People's Federative Party Slav (Bulgarian)
Dimitrios Dinkas [bg] Independent Rum
Yusuf Naşid Bey[n] Turk
Drama Rıza Bey Union and Progress Turk
Agâh Bey Independent
Adrianople Gümülcine (Komotini) Gümülcineli İsmail Hakkı Union and Progress Turk
Mehmed Arif Bey
Mehmed Fehmi [tr] Independent
Dedeağaç (Alexandroupoli) Süleyman Bey Union and Progress Turk
Gelibolu Trayan Narlı Efendi Independent Armenian
Rodosto (Tekirdağ) Mehmet Adil (Arda) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Agop Boyacıyan [tr][o] Armenian
Agop Babikyan [tr][p] Independent
Adrianople (Edirne) Mehmed Faik (Kaltakkıran)[q] Union and Progress Turk
Mehmed Talat
Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı)
Asım Bey [tr][r] Independent
Kırkkilise (Kırklareli) Emrullah [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Mustafa Arif (Deymer)
Independent Çatalca Dimitri Zafiropulos [tr] Independent Rum
Constantinople Constantinople (İstanbul) Mustafa Asım (Yörük) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Ahmed Nesimi (Sayman) [tr]
Manyasizade Refik [tr][s]
Mehmed Rifat Pasha [tr][t]
Ahmet Rıza[u]
Hüseyin Cahid (Yalçın)
Vitali Hayim Faraggi [tr] Jewish
Bedros Hallaçyan [tr] Armenian
Krikor Zohrab Liberty Party
Pandelâki Kozmidi [tr] Rum
Tahir Hayreddin [tr][v] Freedom and Accord Party Arab
Konstantin Konstantinidi Efendi Independent Rum
Independent İzmit Hazız Rüşdü Bey Independent Turk
Ahmed Müfid (Saner) [tr]
Anastas Mihailidis [tr] Rum
Hüdavendigâr Bursa Hacı Ömer Feyzi [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Mehmet Tahir
Hafız Ahmet Hamdi [tr] Independent
Hayri Bey
Abdullah Sabri Efendi
Ertugrul (Bilecik) Mehmet Sıktı Bey Union and Progress Turk
Mehmed Sadık [tr] Independent
Karahisarı Sahib (Afyon) Rıza Pasha Union and Progress Turk
Hoca Kamil (Miras) [tr] Independent
Salim Efendi
Kütahya Abdullah Azmi [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Ahmed Ferid (Tek)
Hasan Tahsin (Aynî) Independent
Hatibzade Ahmed Cemal Bey[w]
Kitapsız Mustafa Saffet Pasha[x]
Independent Biga Arif İsmet Bey[y] Union and Progress Turk
Atıf (Kamçıl)[z]
Timurcuzade Mustafa Bey[aa] Independent
Seyyid Ali Rıza Bey[ab]
Archipelago Limni (Lemnos) Mihail Stellios [el] Independent Rum
Midilli (Lesbos) Panayot Bostani Efendi Independent Rum
Mihail Saltas [el]
Sakız (Chios) Mihailki Chelebidi Efendi Independent Rum
Rhodes Teodor Konstantidi [tr] Independent Rum
Aydın Menteşe (Muğla) Milâslı Halil (Menteşe) Union and Progress Turk
Hamza Hayati (Öztürk) [tr] Independent
Denizli Fraşirili Gani [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Ahmed Muhib Efendi Independent
Aydın Mehmet Übeydullah (Hatipoğlu) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Hacı Süleyman (Bilgen) [tr][ac] Independent
İsmail Sıtkı (Erboy) [tr][ad]
Smyrna (İzmir) Nesim Mazliyah [tr] Union and Progress Jewish
Aristidi Pasha (Yorgancıoğlu) [tr][ae] Rum
Emmanouil Emmanouilidis[af]
Pavlos Karolidis
Mehmed Seyyid [tr] Turk
Mehmed Said [tr] Independent
Istepan Ispartalıyan [tr] Armenian
Saruhan (Manisa) Haydar [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Mensurizade Said [tr]
İlhami (Dinçer) [tr] Independent
Tokadizade Şekib [tr]
Independent Karesi (Balıkesir) Abdülaziz Mecdi (Tolun) [tr] Socialist Party Turk
Hacı Ali Galib [tr] Independent
Helvacızade Muharrem Hasbi [tr]
Şefik Bey[ag]
İbrahim Vasfi [tr]
Konstantin Savopoulos [tr][ah] Rum
Konya Konya Muhammed Zeynelabidin [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Hacı Salim Efendi Independent
Mehmed Emin Efendi
Mustafa Efendi
Mehmed Vehbi (Çelik) [tr]
Hamid-i Abad (Isparta) Hacı Eşref Bey Independent Turk
Böcüzâde Süleyman Sami [tr]
Burdur Muhaddeszade Ömer Lütfi [tr] Independent Turk
Antalya Ebüzziya Tevfik Independent Turk
Mehmed Hamdi (Yazır)
Kastamonu Kastamonu Necmeddin Molla (Kocataş) [tr][ai] Union and Progress Turk
Ahmet Mahir (Ballı) [tr]
İsmail Mahir [tr]
Ahmed Şükrü (Bayındar) [tr]
Yusuf Kemal (Tengirşek)[aj]
Çankırı Mehmed Behçet (Kutlu) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Sinop Hacı Hasan Fehmi [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Rıza Nur Independent
Independent Bolu Mehmet Habip [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Hacı Abdülvehab (Öner) [tr] Independent
Şerefettin Bey
Mustafa Zeki Efendi
Ankara Ankara Hacı Mustafa [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Mehmet Talât (Sönmez) [tr]
Mahir Said (Pekmen) [tr] Liberty Party
Kasım Nuri [tr] Independent
Niğde Ürgüplü Mustafa Hayri [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Fahreddin Efendi (Kurtoğlu?) Independent
Muhiddin Bey
Georgios Kourtoglou Rum
Kayseri Hacı Kasım [tr] Independent Turk
İmamzade Ömer Mümtaz [tr]
Kırşehir Ali Rıza (Benli) [tr] Independent Turk
Mahmud Mahir [tr]
Yozgat Edip [tr] Independent Turk
Hayrullah [tr]
Çorum Mehmet Münir (Çağıl) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Ali Osman Efendi
Adana Adana Ali Münif (Yeğenağa)[ak] Union and Progress Turk
Abdullah Faik (Çopuroğlu) [tr][al] Independent
Cebelibereket (Dörtyol) Mehmed Reşid Bey Independent Turk
Kozan Hampartsoum Boyadjian Hunchakian Party Armenian
İçel Mahmud Bayram Efendi Independent Turk
Mersin Abdülhalim Bey[am] Independent Turk
Arif Hikmet Bey[an]
Independent Canik (Samsun) Mustafa Nail[ao] Union and Progress Turk
Said Efendi[ap]
Süleyman Necmi (Selman) [tr][aq]
Abdullah Bey[ar] Independent
Mehmed Ali [tr]
Hacı Ahmed Hamdi Efendi
Sivas Amasya Arif Fazıl [tr] Union and Progress Turk
İbrahim Cudi [tr] Independent
İsmail Hakkı Pasha [tr]
Tokat Hoca Mustafa Sabri Union and Progress Turk
Sheikh Hacı Mustafa Hakkı [tr] Independent
Hattatzade İsmail Pasha [tr]
Karahisar-ı Şarkı (Şebinkarahisar) Ömer Feyzi [tr] Independent Turk
Sardarzade Mustafa [tr]
Sivas Nazaret Daghavarian Armenakan Party Armenian
Ahmed Şükrü Efendi Independent Turk
Dr. Hüsnü Bey
Dr. Ömer Şevki (Purut) [tr]
Mustafa Ziya Bey
Independent Urfa (Şanlıurfa) Shaykh Saffet (Yetkin) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Mehmed Nadim Bey Independent
Diyarbekir Diyarbakır Pirinççizade Arif [tr][as] Independent Kurd
Pirinççizade Aziz Feyzi[at]
Siverek Nurettin Bey Independent Turk
Ergani İstefan Çıracıyan [tr] Independent Armenian
İbrahim Efendi Turk
Mardin Said Bey Independent Turk
Memuretulaziz Malatya Ahmed Hamid [tr][au] Independent Turk
Keşşaf Efendi[av]
Mehmed Tevfik Efendi
Memuretulaziz (Elazığ) Çötelizade Asım [tr] Independent Turk
Hacı Mehmed Nuri [tr]
Hacı Ziyaeddin [tr]
Dersim (Tunceli) Ömer Lütfi Fikri Independent Kurd
Trabzon Gümüşhane İbrahim Lütfi Pasha Independent Turk
Hayri Efendi
Trabzon Ali Osman (Güley) Bey Union and Progress Turk
Mehmed Emin Efendi Independent
Mahmud Mazhar Bey
Mahmud İmameddin[aw]
Eyüboğlu İzzet [tr]
Saraçzade Ali Naki Efendi[ax]
Falcızade Mahmud[ay]
Matthaios Kofidis Rum
Lazistan (Rize) Çürüksulu Ahmet Pasha [tr] Independent Turk
İbrahim Ferid Efendi
Erzurum Erzurum Karakin Pastermadjian Armenian Revolutionary Federation Armenian
Vartkes Serengülian
Hafizzade Seyfullah (Topdağı) [tr] Independent Turk
Şevket Bey
Hafız Ahmet Ziya [tr] Kurd
Bayazıt Süleyman Sudi (Acarbay) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Erzincan Osman Fevzi (Topçu) [tr] Independent Turk
Bitlis Genç (Bingöl) Mehmed Emin [tr] Independent Turk
Muş Gegham Ter-Karapetian Armenian Revolutionary Federation Armenian
Hacı İlyas Semi [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Bitlis Arif Efendi Independent Turk
Siirt Abdürrezak Efendi Independent Turk
Van Van Vahan Papazian Armenian Revolutionary Federation Armenian
Tevfik Efendi Independent Turk
Hakkari Sayyid Taha Efendi Independent Arab
Independent Zor Hızır Lütfi Efendi Independent Turk
Aleppo Aleppo Artin Boşgezenyan[az] Union and Progress Armenian
Mehmet Ali Cenani Turk
Halebli Sheikh Mustafa [tr][ba] Arab
Hajji Sait Abdulnafi Pasha [tr][bb] Independent
Rifat Bey (Bereketoğlu)[bc]
Amrizade Muhammed Bahaeddin[bd]
Sheikh Amrizade Beshir al-Ghazi [ar][be]
Mari Pasha al-Mallah[bf]
Mesud Efendi
Marash (Kahramanmaraş) Hacı Hasan Fehmi [tr] Independent Turk
Bayezidzade Mehmet Şükrü [tr]
Vahan Efendi Armenian
Beirut Trablusşam (Tripoli, Lebanon) Fuad Hulusi (Demirelli) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Beirut Kâmil al-Esad [ar][bg] Union and Progress Arab
Riza as-Sulh [ar] Independent
Suleyman al-Boustani[bh]
Acre As'ad Shukeiri Independent Arab
Nablus Ahmed Hammash Efendi Independent Arab
Lazikiye (Latakia) Muhammed Arslan Bey[bi] Union and Progress Arab
Muhammed Mustafa Emir Arslan [tr][bj] Independent
Syria Damascus Shukri al-Asali[bk] Independent Arab
Shafiq Muayyad al-Azm [ar]
Rushdi al-Shama [ar]
Abdurrahman Al Yusuf [tr][bl]
Chuhadarzade Sulayman[bm]
Muhammad Ajlani Efendi[bn]
Hama Abdul Hamid al-Zahrawi Union and Progress Arab
Khalid al-Berazi Bey Independent
Homs Mustafa bin Kaddawe Bey Independent Arab
Havran (Hebron) Mikdatzâde Saadettin [tr] Independent Arab
Karak Tawfiq al-Mejali Efendi Independent Arab
Independent Jerusalem Ruhi al-Khalidi Union and Progress Arab
Hafiz as-Said Efendi Independent
Said al-Huseyini [tr]
Tahir al-Husayini Bey
Hejaz Hejaz Sharif Abdullah bin Al-Hussein Independent Arab
Hasan Sheybi Efendi
Jeddah Qasim Zeynel Efendi Independent Arab
Independent Medina Abdul Qadir Hashmi Efendi Independent Arab
Yemen Asir Sheikh Ahmed Efendi[bo] Independent Arab
Ali bin Hassan Efendi
Ferraj Said Bey Turk
Taiz Sheikh Salih Senidar Efendi Independent Arab
Sanaa Sharif Hussein bin Ali Pasha Independent Arab
Said Ali bin Hussein Efendi[bp]
Said Ahmed Jenani Bey[bq]
Hussein al-Khalili[br]
Said Ahmed Yahya al-Keysi
Qadi Muhammed Makhafi Efendi
Said Ali Muta Efendi
Hussein Abdul Qadir Bin Ali[bs] Unknown
Al Hudaydah Said Muhammed Abdurrahman[bt] Independent Arab
Hadi al-Rezak Efendi
Ali Suwayd Efendi
Mahmud Nedim Bey[bu] Turk
Tehir Recep Bey[bv]
Zühdü Efendi [tr][bw]
Basra Basra Karataşzade Abdülvehap Pasha[bx] Independent Turk (?)
Zehirzade Ahmed Pasha [tr][by] Arab
Talip ibn Rajab
Müntefik Ferid Pashazade Abdunmuhsin[bz] Union and Progress Arab
Refet Senewi Efendi[ca] Independent
Hızır Efendi Turk
Ammare Abdul Mejid [tr][cb] Independent Arab
Hussein al-Alwan[cc]
Muhammed Kureysh [tr][cd]
Muhammed Selim[ce]
Baghdad Kerbala Abdul Mahdi [tr] Independent Arab
Baghdad Sassoon Eskell Union and Progress Jewish
Alusizade Ali [tr] Independent Arab
Babanzâde İsmail Hakkı [tr] Kurd
Divaniye Seyyid Mustafa Nuri [tr] Independent Arab
Beyzade Shawkat Pasha al-Rifat [tr]
Mosul Kirkuk Mehmed Ali [tr] Independent Turk (?)
Salih Pasha Arab
Sulaymaniyah Haji Said [tr] Union and Progress Arab
Mosul Davud Yusufani [tr] Independent Assyrian
Muhammed Ali Fazil [tr] Arab
Tripolitania Trablusgarp (Tripoli, Libya) Ferhad Efendi Independent Arab
Mahmud Naci (Balkış) [tr] Turk
Sadık Bey
Cebel-i-garbi Sulayman al-Baruni Independent Arab
Fezzan Abdülkadir Cami (Baykut) [tr] Union and Progress Turk
Hajji Bey Independent Arab
Independent Bengazi Ömer Mansur Pasha Independent Turk
Yusuf Şetvan [tr]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Died
  2. ^ Elected as deputy of Pristina in deceased deputy Hamdi Efendi's place
  3. ^ Elected as deputy from Scutari in deceased deputy Şakir Bey's place
  4. ^ Died
  5. ^ Became Hüdavendigâr Vilayet governor
  6. ^ Replaced Azmi Bey as deputy from Preveza
  7. ^ Elected as deputy from Debre in deceased deputy İsmail Bey's place
  8. ^ Died
  9. ^ Resigned
  10. ^ Elected as deputy from Prizren in Mehmet Emin Efendi's place
  11. ^ Elected deputy from Serfiçe in Konstantinos Drizis' place
  12. ^ Resigned
  13. ^ Elected as deputy from Siroz in Yusuf Naşid's place
  14. ^ Resigned
  15. ^ Elected as deputy from Rodosto in Agop Babikyan's place
  16. ^ Died
  17. ^ Elected as deputy from Adrianople in Asım Bey's place
  18. ^ Died
  19. ^ Died on 4 March 1909
  20. ^ Elected as deputy from Constantinople in Manyasizade Refik's place
  21. ^ Became a Senator on 23 February 1912
  22. ^ Elected as Freedom and Accord Party's candidate in the İstanbul by-election of December 1911
  23. ^ Elected as deputy from Kütahya in Mustafa Saffet Pasha's place
  24. ^ Resigned
  25. ^ Died
  26. ^ Elected as deputy from Biga in Arif Ismet Bey's place
  27. ^ Elected as deputy from Biga in Seyyid Ali Rıza Efendi's place
  28. ^ Died
  29. ^ Resigned
  30. ^ Elected as deputy from Aydın in Hocazade Süleyman's place
  31. ^ Became a Senator 31 February 1911
  32. ^ Elected as deputy from Aydın in Aristidi Pasha's place
  33. ^ Appointed as a member to the Court of Appeals
  34. ^ Elected as deputy from Karesi in Şefik Bey's place
  35. ^ Elected as deputy from Kastamonu in Yusuf Kemal's place
  36. ^ Resigned
  37. ^ Appointed governor of Ankara
  38. ^ Elected deputy from Adana in Ali Münif's place
  39. ^ Elected deputy from Mersin in Arif Hikmet Bey's place
  40. ^ Died
  41. ^ Appointed to the Senate 21 February 1911
  42. ^ Elected deputy from Samsun in Abdullah Efendi's place
  43. ^ Elected Deputy from Sansum in Mustafa Nail's place
  44. ^ Appointed to the Court of Cessation
  45. ^ Died 14 March 1909
  46. ^ Elected deputy from Diyarbakır in Pirinççizade Arif's place
  47. ^ Died
  48. ^ Elected deputy from Malatya in Ahmed Hamid Bey's place
  49. ^ Died
  50. ^ As the oldest deputy, he was the provisional president of the Chamber of Deputies
  51. ^ Elected deputy from Trabzon in Mahmud İmameddin's place
  52. ^ Elected deputy from Aleppo in Mustafa Bey's place
  53. ^ Appointed to the council of state
  54. ^ First member of parliament made Sheik-ül-İslam
  55. ^ Died
  56. ^ Elected deputy from Aleppo in Mellahzade Meri Pasha's place
  57. ^ Elected deputy from Aleppo in Rıfat Bey's place
  58. ^ Appointed Aleppo branch of Evkaf Ministry
  59. ^ Elected deputy from Beirut in Suleyman al-Boustani's place
  60. ^ Appointed to the Senate 31 February 1911
  61. ^ Elected deputy from Lazikiye in Emin Adil Aslan Bey's place
  62. ^ Killed in the 31 March Incident
  63. ^ Elected deputy from Damascus in Mehmet Aclanî Efendi's place
  64. ^ Elected deputy from Damascus in Çuhadarzade Süleyman's place
  65. ^ Died
  66. ^ Died
  67. ^ Died
  68. ^ Died
  69. ^ Elected deputy from Sanaa in Hüseyin El Halili's place
  70. ^ Resigned
  71. ^ Elected deputy from Sanaa in Seyyid Ali Bin Hüseyin Efendi's place
  72. ^ Resigned
  73. ^ Elected deputy of Hudeyda in Abdurrahman Efendi's place
  74. ^ Resigned
  75. ^ Elected deputy from Hudeyda in Tahir Recep's place
  76. ^ Elected deputy from Basra in Ahmed Pasha's place
  77. ^ Died
  78. ^ Elected deputy from Müntefik in Refet Senevi's place
  79. ^ Died
  80. ^ Elected deputy from Ammare in Hüsyin el-Alvan's place
  81. ^ Considered incapacitated after not attending parliament for two years
  82. ^ Elected deputy from Ammare in Mehmed Selim's place
  83. ^ Considered incapacitated after not attending parliament for two years

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Myron E. Weiner, Ergun Özbudun (1987) Competitive Elections in Developing Countries, Duke University Press, p334
  2. ^ Kansu, Aykut (2000). Politics in Post-revolutionary Turkey, 1908-1913. Brill. p. 319. ISBN 978-90-04-11587-3.

Sources

[edit]
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=3rd_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&oldid=1263855139"