2015 in paleoentomology
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2015 in paleoentomology is a list of new fossil insect taxa that were described during the year 2015, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoentomology that were scheduled to occur during the year.
Clade Amphiesmenoptera
[edit]Lepidoptera
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Lepidoptera belonging to the family Eolepidopterigidae. The type species is Aclemus patulus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fischer |
Eocene |
A ribbed cocoon maker moth found in Baltic amber. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kurz |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Lepidoptera belonging to the family Micropterigidae found in Baltic amber, a species of Electrocrania. |
Trichopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[5] |
Ivanov & Melnitsky |
Eocene |
A caddisfly found in Baltic amber. The type species is Yantarocentrus gusakovi. |
Clade Antliophora
[edit]Dipterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Greenwalt & Evenhuis in Greenwalt, Wingerath & Evenhuis |
Miocene |
A bee fly found in Dominican amber, a species of Anthrax. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A limoniid fly found in Baltic amber. The type species is Antohelia stanislawi. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Szadziewski, Ross & Giłka |
Late Cretaceous |
A ceratopogonid midge. Originally described as a species of Archiculicoides; Borkent (2019) transferred this species to the genus Archiaustroconops.[9] |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Azar et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
A trichomyiine psychodid fly. The type species is Axenotrichomyia boisteli. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly. The type species is Bamara groehni. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov, Andersen & Hagenlund |
Eocene |
An orthoclad found in Baltic amber, probably a species of Bryophaenocladius. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Arillo, Peñalver & Pérez-de la Fuente in Arillo et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Albian) |
A zhangsolvid stratiomyomorph. Genus contains two species: Buccinatormyia magnifica and B. soplaensis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gao et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Limoniidae, a species of Cretolimonia. |
||||
Dactylolabis (Idiolabis) ryszardi[15] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania & Krzemiński |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A dactylolabine limoniid fly found in Baltic amber, a species of Dactylolabis. |
||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly. The type species is Datzia bispina; genus also contains Datzia setosa. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Krzemiński & Kania in Krzemiński, Kania & Durak |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A limoniid fly found in Baltic amber, a species of Dicranomyia. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania, Wang & Szwedo |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A limoniid crane fly, a species of Dicranoptycha. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania |
Eocene |
A limoniid fly. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania |
Eocene |
A limoniid fly. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Greenwalt & Evenhuis in Greenwalt, Wingerath & Evenhuis |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
A bee fly. The type species is Eoanomala melas. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Zakrzewska & Giłka |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Chironomidae belonging to the tribe Tanytarsini found in Baltic amber. The type species is Eonandeva helva; genus also contains Eonandeva latistyla. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Krzemiński, Kania & Lukashevich |
Early Cretaceous |
A ptychopterid fly, a species of Eoptychoptera. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Oberprieler et al. |
Late Jurassic |
A crane fly, a species of Eotipula. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Middle Jurassic (late Callovian) |
A protopleciid nematoceran, a species of Epimesoplecia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Middle Jurassic (late Callovian) |
A protopleciid nematoceran, a species of Epimesoplecia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Middle Jurassic (late Callovian) |
A protopleciid nematoceran, a species of Epimesoplecia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Middle Jurassic (late Callovian) |
A protopleciid nematoceran, a species of Epimesoplecia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Middle Jurassic (late Callovian) |
A protopleciid nematoceran, a species of Epimesoplecia. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lukashevich & Przhiboro |
Early Cretaceous (Berriasian or Valanginian) |
A diamesine chironomid fly. The type species is Eugenodiamesa makarchenkoi. |
||||
Subgen. and sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania, Krzemiński & Krzemińska |
Early Cretaceous |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Perkovsky & Sukhomlin |
Late Eocene |
A black fly found in Rovno amber, a species of Greniera. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Perkovsky & Sukhomlin |
Late Eocene |
A black fly found in Rovno amber, a species of Greniera. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedotova & Perkovsky |
Late Eocene |
A gall midge found in Rovno amber. The type species is Gulyankiola nazarenkoi. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Junior synonym |
Perkovsky & Sukhomlin |
Late Eocene |
A black fly found in Rovno amber. Originally described as a species of Hellichiella;[25] Perkovsky & Sukhomlin (2016) transferred it to the genus Greniera and considered it to be a junior synonym of Greniera yankovskyi.[27] |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov, Andersen & Perkovsky |
Middle Eocene |
An orthoclad, a species of Heterotrissocladius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Choufani et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Ceratopogonidae, a species of Lebanoculicoides. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Szadziewski in Szadziewski, Giłka & Urbanek |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
A member of Ceratopogonidae, a species of Leptoconops. |
||||
Leptotarsus lukashevichae[31] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ribeiro, Santos & Nicolau |
Early Cretaceous |
A crane fly, a species of Leptotarsus (sensu lato). |
|||
Leptotarsus (Longurio) primitivus[32] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Shih et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A crane fly, a species of Leptotarsus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Grimaldi in Arillo et al. |
Cretaceous (late Albian–early Cenomanian) |
A zhangsolvid stratiomyomorph. The type species is Linguatormyia teletacta. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly. The type species is Mandalayia beumersorum. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gao et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Limoniidae, a species of Mesotipula. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly. Originally described as a species of Nemopalpus, but subsequently transferred to the genus Palaeoglaesum.[33] |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A mesosciophilid nematoceran. Genus contains two species: Orentalphila gravia and O. caloa. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly. The type species is Palaeoparasycorax globosus; genus also contains Palaeoparasycorax suppus. |
||||
Paramesosciophilodes bellus[35] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gao et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A mesosciophilid nematoceran, a species of Paramesosciophilodes. |
|||
Paramesosciophilodes rarissima[35] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gao et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A mesosciophilid nematoceran, a species of Paramesosciophilodes. |
|||
Paraphaenocladius nadezhdae[28] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov, Andersen & Perkovsky |
Middle Eocene |
An orthoclad, a species of Paraphaenocladius. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly, a species of Parasycorax. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly, a species of Phlebotomites. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stebner et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A moth fly, a species of Phlebotomus. |
||||
Praearchitipula apprima[36] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gao et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Pediciidae, a species of Praearchitipula. |
|||
Praearchitipula mirabilis[36] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gao et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Pediciidae, a species of Praearchitipula. |
|||
Praemacrochile dryasis[37] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dong et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Tanyderidae, a species of Praemacrochile. |
|||
Praemacrochile ovalum[37] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dong et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Tanyderidae, a species of Praemacrochile. |
|||
Protanyderus astictum[37] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dong et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Tanyderidae, a species of Protanyderus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
A protapiocerid brachyceran fly. The type species is Pseudapiocera shandongensis. |
||||
Pseudosmittia kodrulae[28] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov, Andersen & Perkovsky |
Middle Eocene |
An orthoclad, a species of Pseudosmittia. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Hoffeins, Sinclair & Stark |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of the family Empididae. |
|||
Rovnodidactylomyia zhitomirensis[26] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedotova & Perkovsky |
Late Eocene |
A gall midge found in Rovno amber, a species of Rovnodidactylomyia. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Dong, Shih & Ren |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
A member of Tanyderidae. The type species is Similinannotanyderus lii. |
||||
Similsciophila undulata[34] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A mesosciophilid nematoceran, a species of Similsciophila. |
|||
Sinosciophila angustia[34] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A mesosciophilid nematoceran, a species of Sinosciophila. |
|||
Sinosciophila seboa[34] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lin, Shih & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A mesosciophilid nematoceran, a species of Sinosciophila. |
|||
Smittia sukachevae[28] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov, Andersen & Perkovsky |
Middle Eocene |
||||
Stempellinella electra[41] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zakrzewska & Giłka |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A tanytarsine non-biting midge found in Baltic amber, a species of Stempellinella. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Rocha et al. |
Oligocene or Miocene |
A thick-headed fly found in Dominican amber, a species of Stylogaster. |
||||
Tanytarsus glaesarius[41] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zakrzewska & Giłka |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A tanytarsine non-biting midge found in Baltic amber, a species of Tanytarsus. |
||
Tanytarsus protogregarius[41] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zakrzewska & Giłka |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A tanytarsine non-biting midge found in Baltic amber, a species of Tanytarsus. |
||
Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) bajdai[7] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A limoniid fly found in Baltic amber, a species of Trentepohlia. |
||
Trichoneura (Trichoneura) wegiereki[43] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kania |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A limoniid fly found in Baltic amber, a species of Trichoneura. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Azar & Salamé |
Late Cretaceous (Turonian) |
A sycoracine psychodid fly. The type species is Xenosycorax engeli. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Azar, Mouawad & Salamé |
Late Cretaceous (Turonian) |
A trichomyiine psychodid found in New Jersey amber. The type species is Xenotrichomyia newjerseyiensis. |
Mecopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lara, Bashkuev & Wang |
Late Triassic |
An agetopanorpine permochoristid mecopteran. Type species is Argentinopanorpa miguezi. |
||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Krzemiński et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A mecopteran of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a new genus for "Prochoristella" leongatha Jell & Duncan (1986). |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A mecopteran belonging to the family Cimbrophlebiidae, a species of Bellicimbrophlebia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A mecopteran belonging to the family Cimbrophlebiidae, a species of Cimbrophlebia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A mecopteran belonging to the family Cimbrophlebiidae, a species of Cimbrophlebia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Soszyńska-Maj & Krzemiński |
Eocene (Priabonian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A panorpodid mecopteran found in Baltic amber, a species of Panorpodes. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A mecopteran belonging to the family Cimbrophlebiidae, a species of Telobittacus. |
Siphonapterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar |
Eocene or Miocene |
A flea belonging to the family Pulicidae found in Dominican amber. The type species is Atopopsyllus cionus. |
Archaeognathans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neomachilellus (Praeneomachilellus) ezetaelenensis[51] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Riquelme et al. |
Miocene |
A rock bristletail found in Chiapas amber, a species of Neomachilellus. |
Clade Archaeorthoptera
[edit]†Caloneurodea
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A Caloneurodean Archaeorthopteran. |
†Cnemidolestodea
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
A Cnemidolestodean belonging to the family Protembiidae. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A Cnemidolestodean. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Cnemidolestodean belonging to the family Protembiidae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Cnemidolestodean belonging to the family Protembiidae |
Other archaeorthopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Country | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Archaeorthoptera. The type species is Bethouxia ariegensis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Archaeorthoptera. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Archaeorthoptera. |
Orthopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Middle–Late Jurassic |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
An elcanid orthopteran. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
Possibly a member of Tettigoniidae, a species of Permophyllum. |
||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Chamorro-Rengifo & Lopes-Andrade in Chamorro-Rengifo, Braun & Lopes-Andrade |
Oligocene |
A member of Tettigoniidae; a new genus for "Agraecia" reticulata Piton & Théobald (1939). |
Clade Coleopterida
[edit]Coleoptera
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Peris, Philips & Delclòs |
Early Cretaceous (early Albian) |
A member of Anobiinae, a species of Actenobius. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber. The type species is Allandroides vossi. |
|||
Aneurops daugpilensis[60] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Alekseev |
Late Eocene |
A member of Monotomidae found in Baltic amber, a species of Aneurops. |
|||
Anthonomus (Anthomorphus) browni[61] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Legalov |
Cenozoic (Eocene or Miocene) |
An anthonomine curculionine weevil found in Dominican amber, a species of Anthonomus. |
|||
Anthonomus (Anthomorphus) cruraluma[61] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Legalov |
Cenozoic (Eocene or Miocene) |
An anthonomine curculionine weevil found in Dominican amber, a species of Anthonomus. |
|||
Archaeocallirhopalus alekseevi[62] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov & Bukejs |
Eocene |
A trachyphloeine broad-nosed weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Archaeocallirhopalus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[64] |
Nadein in Nadein, Perkovsky & Moseyko |
Eocene |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Galerucinae found in Rovno amber. The type species is Archealtica convexa. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Nadein |
Late Eocene |
A lamprosomatine leaf beetle. Genus contains two species known from Baltic amber: Archelamprosomius balticus and Archelamprosomius kirejtshuki. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A permosynid beetle, a species of Artematopodites. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Háva |
Eocene or Miocene |
A skin beetle belonging to the subfamily Attageninae found in Dominican amber, a species of Attagenus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Early Cretaceous |
Baissa locality |
A weevil. The type species is Baissabrenthorhinus mirabilis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Baltocar. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar Jr. & Legalov |
Cenozoic (Eocene or Miocene) |
A baridine curculionid weevil found in Dominican amber, a species of Baris. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev |
Eocene |
A cylindrical bark beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Bitoma. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Háva |
Eocene or Miocene |
A skin beetle belonging to the subfamily Megatominae found in Dominican amber, a species of Caccoleptus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Háva |
Eocene or Miocene |
A skin beetle belonging to the subfamily Megatominae found in Dominican amber, a species of Caccoleptus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nabozhenko et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A darkling beetle belonging to the subfamily Alleculinae and the tribe Gonoderini. The type species is Calcarocistela kirejtshuki. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[64] |
Nadein in Nadein, Perkovsky & Moseyko |
Eocene |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Galerucinae. The type species is Calomicroides danicus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Peris & Solórzano Kraemer in Peris et al. |
Miocene |
A tesserocerine platypodine ambrosia beetle found in Chiapas amber, a species of Cenocephalus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kirejtshuk, Kurbatov & Nel |
Cretaceous (latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian) |
A rove beetle belonging to the subfamily Scydmaeninae, a species of Clidicus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Grzymala |
Eocene |
A member of Aderidae found in Baltic amber, a species of Cnopus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gamboa & Ortuño |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A ground beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Coptodera. |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Peris & Delclòs |
Cretaceous (Albian to Cenomianian) |
A monotomid beetle. The type species is C. birmanicus; genus also contains C. hispanicus from the Albian of Spain. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai & Huang |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
An aleocharine rove beetle found in Burmese amber. The type species is Cretodeinopsis aenigmatica. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Nikolajev & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Glaphyridae, a species of Cretohypna. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Caterino, Wolf-Schwenninger & Bechly |
Late Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) |
A member of Histeridae. The type species is Cretonthophilus tuberculatus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Chamorro |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A leaf beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Cryptocephalus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Chamorro & Bukejs in Bukejs & Chamorro |
Probably Miocene (Burdigalian) |
A leaf beetle found in Dominican amber, a species of Cryptocephalus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Háva |
Eocene or Miocene |
A skin beetle belonging to the subfamily Megatominae found in Dominican amber, a species of Cryptorhopalum. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Háva |
Eocene or Miocene |
A skin beetle belonging to the subfamily Megatominae found in Dominican amber, a species of Cryptorhopalum. |
||||
Derelomus thalioculus[61] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Legalov |
Cenozoic (Eocene or Miocene) |
A derelomine curculionine weevil found in Dominican amber, a species of Derelomus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko, Prokin & Bashkuev |
Late Triassic |
A permosynid beetle, a species of Dinoharpalus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A permosynid beetle, a species of Dinoharpalus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bieńkowski |
Paleocene (Danian) |
A leaf beetle, a species of Donacia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Háva |
Paleogene |
An artematopodid polyphagan found in Baltic amber, a species of Electribius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wu, Coty & Ding |
Late Oligocene to middle Miocene |
An artematopodid polyphagan, a species of Electribius. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber. The type species is Electrauletes unicus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Peris, Maier & Sánchez-García in Peris et al. |
Early Cretaceous (early Albian) |
A riffle beetle. The type species is Elmadulescens rugosus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Grzymala |
Eocene |
Europe |
A member of Aderidae, a species of Escalerosia. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
A weevil. The type species is Furhylobius troesteri. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Glaesotropis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Glaesotropis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Glaesotropis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Glaesotropis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Háva & Damgaard |
Paleogene |
A skin beetle belonging to the subfamily Megatominae found in Baltic amber, a species of Globicornis. |
||||
Heterachthes? zappii[86] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vitali |
Miocene |
A longhorn beetle found in Dominican amber, possibly a species of Heterachthes. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs, Alekseev & Jäch |
Eocene |
A riffle beetle, a species of Heterelmis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Prionoceridae. The type species is Idgiaites jurassicus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
A weevil. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kirejtshuk & Kovalev |
Late Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Omalisidae found in Baltic amber. The type species is Jantarokrama utilis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai, Ślipiński & Huang |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Monotomidae. The type species is Jurorhizophagus alienus. |
||||
Gen. et 5 spp. nov |
Valid |
Kirejtshuk, Chetverikov & Azar |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Sphindidae. Genus contains five species: L. poinari, L. impexa, L. limosa, L. straminea and L. slipinskii. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Junior synonym |
Poinar & Háva |
Eocene or Miocene |
Originally described as a skin beetle belonging to the subfamily Attageninae; however, Háva & Poinar (2015) reinterpreted it as a junior synonym of the genus Litargus.[92] The type species is Limniattagenus electron (subsequently recombined as Litargus electron).[92] |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Schmidt |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A ground beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Limodromus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nikolajev & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A stag beetle. The type species is Litholamprima longimana. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Melanapion. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A weevil found in Baltic amber, a species of Melanapion. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai & Huang |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
An osoriine rove beetle found in Burmese amber. The type species is Mesallotrochus longiantennatus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vitali |
Early Oligocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A longhorn beetle belonging to the subfamily Spondylidinae and the tribe Anisarthrini found in Baltic amber. The type species is Mesalocerus tetropoides. |
|||
Gen. et 5 sp. nov |
Valid |
Kirejtshuk, Moseyko & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Chrysomelinae. The type species is M. antenattus; genus also includes M. adapertilis, M. angusticollis, M. basicollis and M. trapezicollis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai, Ślipiński & Huang |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Schizopodidae. The type species is Mesoschizopus elegans. |
||||
Microbregma waldwico[99] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Alekseev |
Late Eocene |
A species of Microbregma known from Baltic amber. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Alekseev |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A false darkling beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Microscapha. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lyubarsky & Perkovsky |
Late Cretaceous (Santonian) |
A silken fungus beetle found in Taymyr amber. The type species is Microticus khatanga. |
||||
Gen. et 2 spp. nov |
Valid |
Yu et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Buprestidae. The type species is Mongoligenula altilabdominis; genus also contains Mongoligenula gracilis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Legalov |
Cenozoic (Eocene or Miocene) |
A tychiine curculionine weevil found in Dominican amber. The type species is Neosibinia lepidosoma. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vitali |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A longhorn beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Obrium. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu |
Cretaceous |
A ground beetle found in Burmese amber, a species of Oodes. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Bukejs |
Eocene |
A false darkling beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Orchesia. |
||||
Gen. et 4 sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Grzymala |
Eocene |
Europe |
A member of Aderidae. Genus contains four species: P. densipunctatus, P. saeticornis, P. glabricornis and P. mara. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Legalov |
Eocene |
A member of Brentidae belonging to the subfamily Nanophyinae. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kirejtshuk, Legalov & Nel |
Early Eocene |
A member of Brentidae belonging to the subfamily Apioninae and the tribe Tanaini found in Oise amber. The type species is Palaeotanaos oisensis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[64] |
Nadein in Nadein, Perkovsky & Moseyko |
Eocene |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Eumolpinae. The type species is Paleomolpus hirtus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yu et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A lophocaterine trogossitid beetle. The type species is Paracretocateres bellus. Kirejtshuk (2017) considered the genus Paracretocateres to be a junior synonym of the genus Forticatinius Tan & Ren (2007).[109] |
||||
Gen. et 4 sp. nov |
Valid |
Nikolajev |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Glaphyridae. The type species is Paraglaphyrus yixianensis; genus also contains Paraglaphyrus ovalis, Paraglaphyrus robustus and Paraglaphyrus subtilis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Grzymala |
Eocene |
Europe |
A member of Aderidae, a species of Picemelinus. |
|||
Gen. et comb. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A relative of reticulated beetles. A new genus for "Simmondsia" permiana Ponomarenko (2004); genus also contains new species Proterocupes nedubrovensis and Proterocupes major. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai, Beattie & Huang |
Middle Jurassic |
An olisthaerine rove beetle. The type species is Protolisthaerus jurassicus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kazantsev |
Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago) |
A firefly. The type species is Protoluciola albertalleni. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Bothrideridae found in Baltic amber, a species of Pseudobothrideres. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev |
Eocene |
A member of Bothrideridae found in Baltic amber, a species of Pseudobothrideres. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A schizocoleid beetle, a species of Pseudochrysomelites. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A schizocoleid beetle, a species of Pseudochrysomelites. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A schizocoleid beetle, a species of Pseudochrysomelites. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar, Brown & Legalov |
Eocene or Miocene |
A weevil belonging to the family Attelabidae found in Dominican amber, a species of Pseudopilolabus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid[64] |
Nadein in Nadein, Perkovsky & Moseyko |
Eocene |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Galerucinae, a species of Psyllototus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev |
Eocene |
An ironclad beetle found in Baltic amber, a species of Pycnomerus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev |
Eocene |
A false darkling beetle belonging to the tribe Dircaeini found in Baltic amber. The type species is Quasianisoxya curonensis. |
||||
Rhizophtoma longus[75] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Peris & Delclòs |
Early Cretaceous (Albian) |
A monotomid beetle, a species of Rhizophtoma. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ashman, Oberprieler & Ślipiński |
Late Jurassic |
A member of Ommatidae. The type species is Rhopalomma stefaniae. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Legalov |
Cenozoic |
A tooth-nosed snout weevil found in Dominican amber, a species of Rhynchitobius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Legalov |
Cenozoic |
A tooth-nosed snout weevil found in Dominican amber, a species of Rhynchitobius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vitali |
Eocene |
|||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yan et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Byrrhoidea. The type species is Serecoleus nadbitovae. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of Artematopodidae. The type species is Sinobrevipogon jurassicus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yu et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A longhorn beetle. The type species is Sinopraecipuus bilobatus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Kirejtshuk |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Smicripidae found in Baltic amber, a species of Smicrips. |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko, Prokin & Bashkuev |
Middle to Late Triassic |
A member of Coptoclavidae. Genus includes Stargelytron larissae and Stargelytron altus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Peris, Philips & Delclòs |
Late Cretaceous (Turonian) |
A member of Anobiinae, a relative of the drugstore beetle. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zahradník & Háva |
Eocene |
A member of Bostrichidae found in Baltic amber, a species of Stephanopachys. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zahradník & Háva |
Eocene |
A member of Bostrichidae found in Baltic amber, a species of Stephanopachys. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[64] |
Nadein in Nadein, Perkovsky & Moseyko |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Cassidinae found in Baltic amber. The type species is Succinispa stainesi. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Nadein |
Eocene |
A lamprosomatine leaf beetle found in Baltic amber. The type species is Succinoomorphus warchalowskii. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs, Biondi & Alekseev |
Late Eocene |
A flea beetle found in Baltic amber. The type species is Sucinolivolia torpida. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Moseyko |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Eumolpinae found in Baltic amber, a species of Taphioporus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid[64] |
Moseyko & Perkovsky in Nadein, Perkovsky & Moseyko |
Eocene |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Eumolpinae found in Rovno amber, a species of Taphioporus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bukejs & Moseyko |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A leaf beetle belonging to the subfamily Eumolpinae found in Baltic amber, a species of Taphioporus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Peris & Solórzano Kraemer in Peris et al. |
Miocene |
A tesserocerine platypodine ambrosia beetle found in Chiapas amber, a species of Tesserocerus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
An asiocoleid beetle, a species of Tetracoleus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Schmidt & Faille |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A species of Trechus found in Baltic amber. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A schizocoleid beetle, a species of Uskatocoleus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A schizocoleid beetle, a species of Uskatocoleus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ponomarenko |
Late Permian |
A schizocoleid beetle, a species of Uskatocoleus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Nabozhenko |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A darkling beetle belonging to the tribe Palorini found in Baltic amber. The type species is Vabole triplehorni. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Grzymala |
Eocene |
Europe |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Alekseev & Grzymala |
Eocene |
Europe |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nikolajev |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Ochodaeidae belonging to the subfamily Chaetocanthinae and the tribe Synochodaeini. The type species is Yixianochodaeus horridus. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Nikolajev |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Scarabaeoidea belonging to the family Eremazidae. The type species is Yixianscarabaeus sulcatus; genus also includes Yixianscarabaeus tenuistriatus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yu et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A lophocaterine trogossitid beetle. The type species is Yixianteres beipiaoensis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jarzembowski et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian to Barremian) |
Weald Clay Group |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jarzembowski et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jarzembowski et al. |
Early Jurassic (Sinemurian to Toarcian) |
Cattamarra Coal Measures |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jarzembowski et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian to Barremian) |
Weald Clay Group |
Clade Dictyoptera
[edit]Blattodea
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latiblattella avita[132] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Greenwalt & Vidlička |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
A cockroach related to members of the genus Ectobius, a species of Latiblattella. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vršanský & Bechly |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
A corydioid cockroach and/or a possible relative of the mantises. The type species is Manipulator modificaputis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Early Permian |
A cockroach, possibly a species of Phyloblatta. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Dittmann et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
A Mesoblattinidae Dictyoptera. |
"Isoptera"
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Engel & Tanaka |
Late Miocene (late Messinian) |
An archotermopsid termite, a species of Gyatermes. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Engel & Nel |
Eocene (early Priabonian) |
A kalotermitid termite. The type species is Huguenotermes septimaniensis. |
Clade Hymenopterida
[edit]Hymenopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Li et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
An ephialtitid wasp. The type species is Acephialtitia colossa. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kopylov & Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
An ichneumonid, a species of Amplicella. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kopylov & Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
An ichneumonid, a species of Amplicella. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kopylov & Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
An ichneumonid, a species of Amplicella. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kononova & Simutnik in Kononova, Simutnik & Lazarenko |
Eocene |
A Scelionidae wasp. The type species is A. floridus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Engel |
Early Cretaceous (Barremian) |
A wasp related to the family Serphitidae. The type species is A. melqarti. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Huber |
Eocene |
A fairyfly with two species: A. balticus and A. longivena. |
||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Kaulfuss & Dlussky |
Aquitanian |
A ponerine ant |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Perrichot |
Albian-Cenomanian |
|||||
Gen. et 3 sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Myrmicinae. The type species is B. zherikhini; genus also contains B. lata and B. rugosa. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kononova & Simutnik in Kononova, Simutnik & Lazarenko |
Eocene |
A member of Scelionidae found in Rovno amber, a species of Brachyscelio. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[147] |
Wang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A praesiricid sawfly. The type species is Brevisiricius distortus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Amblyoponinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Burks & Heraty in Burks et al. |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
An aphelinid chalcid wasp found in Baltic amber, a species of Centrodora. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Engel |
Early Miocene |
A scolebythid wasp found in Dominican amber, a species of Clystopsenella. |
||||
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Fisher in Fisher, Tucker & Sharkey |
Eocene |
A Proteropini tribe ichneutine braconid wasp. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
A myrmicine ant. Originally described as a species of Crematogaster, subsequently transferred to the genus Incertogaster.[152] |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[154] |
Archibald & Rasnitsyn |
Eocene (Ypresian) |
A stem sawfly. The type species is Cuspilongus cachecreekensis. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid[147] |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A praesiricid sawfly. The type species is Decorisiricius patulus; genus also contains Decorisiricius longus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Engel & Huang in Engel et al. |
Cenomanian |
A spathiopterygid wasp. The type species is Diaspathion ortegai. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
A dolichoderine ant. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Dolichoderinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Perfilieva & Rasnitsyn |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Dolichoderinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Dolichoderinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Dolichoderinae. |
|||
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Doweld |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
A cuckoo wasp found in Baltic amber; a replacement name for Protochrysis Bischoff (1916) and its first replacement name Protochrysidis Carpenter (1985) (both preoccupied). |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
An ant of uncertain phylogenetic placement. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
An ant of uncertain phylogenetic placement'. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
|||||
Gen. et 3 sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A xyelydid sawfly. Genus contains three species: Fissilyda compta, F. alba and F. parilis. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Mendes, de Oliveira & Limaverde |
Fonseca Formation |
A member of Pergidae belonging to the subfamily Euryinae. The type species is F. perfectus; genus also includes F. propinquus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Formicinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Formicinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Formicinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Formicinae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Formicinae. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Burks & Heraty in Burks et al. |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
An aphelinid chalcid wasp found in Baltic amber. The type species is Glaesaphytis interregni. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Huber |
Eocene |
A fairyfly found in Baltic amber, a species of Gonatocerus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Li et al. |
Cenomanian |
A praeaulacid evanioid wasp. The type species is Habraulacus zhaoi. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kopylov & Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
An ichneumonid, a species of Khasurtella. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Simutnik |
Eocene |
A member of Encyrtidae. The type species is Kotenkia platycera. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
A dolichoderine ant. The type species is Ktunaxia jucunda. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
|||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid[147] |
Wang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A praesiricid sawfly. The type species is Decorisiricius aequalis; genus also contains Limbisiricius complanatus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Dolichoderinae, a species of Liometopum. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Burks, Pinto & Heraty in Burks et al. |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A trichogrammatid chalcid wasp found in Baltic amber, a species of Mirufens. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Myrmicinae, a species of Myrmecites. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Myrmicinae, a species of Myrmecites. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Myrmicinae, a species of Myrmecites. |
|||
Novalyda decora[159] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Ponerinae, a species of Pachycondyla. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Ponerinae, a species of Pachycondyla. |
|||
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Middle Eocene |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Ponerinae, a species of Pachycondyla. A replacement name for Pachycondyla minuta Dlussky & Wedmann (2012) (preoccupied). |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Burks, Pinto & Heraty in Burks et al. |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A trichogrammatid chalcid wasp found in Baltic amber. The type species is Palaeogramma eos. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Aneuretinae, a species of Paraneuretus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Talamas in Talamas & Buffington |
Miocene |
A member of Scelioninae found in Dominican amber, a species of Paridris. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Tolkanits & Perkovsky |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
An ichneumonid found in Baltic amber, a species of Paxylommites. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Burks & Heraty in Burks et al. |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
An aphelinid chalcid wasp found in Baltic amber. The type species is Phtuaria fimbriae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Talamas in Talamas & Buffington |
Miocene |
A member of Scelioninae found in Dominican amber, a species of Plaumannion. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
|||||
Praeaulacus byssinus[165] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang, Li & Shih |
Middle Jurassic |
A praeaulacid wasp, a species of Praeaulacus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Proceratiinae, a species of Proceratium. |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Li et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
An ephialtitid wasp. Genus contains two species: Proephialtitia acantha and Proephialtitia tenuata. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
A dolichoderine ant, a species of Proiridomyrmex. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
A dolichoderine ant, a species of Protazteca. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
A pseudomyrmecine ant, a species of Pseudomyrmex. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Burks, Pinto & Heraty in Burks et al. |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A trichogrammatid chalcid wasp found in Baltic amber, a species of Pterandrophysalis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bläser, Krogmann & Peters |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Pteromalidae belonging to the subfamily Cerocephalinae found in Baltic amber. The type species is Pteropilosa lailarabanorum. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Simutnik & Perkovsky |
Late Eocene |
An encyrtid wasp found in Rovno amber. The type species is Rovnosoma gracile. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A praesiricid sawfly, a species of Rudisiricius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A praesiricid sawfly, a species of Rudisiricius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A praesiricid sawfly, a species of Rudisiricius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A praesiricid sawfly, a species of Rudisiricius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A praesiricid sawfly, a species of Rudisiricius. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A praesiricid sawfly, a species of Rudisiricius. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kopylov & Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
An ichneumonid. The type species is Sinochora distorta. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A scoliid wasp. The type species is Sinoproscolia yangshuwanziensis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lapolla & Greenwalt |
Eocene |
A myrmicine ant, a species of Solenopsites. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Simutnik |
Eocene |
A member of Encyrtidae. The type species is Sugonjaevia sakhalinica. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Simutnik |
Late Eocene |
A member of Encyrtidae. The type species is Sulia glaesaria. |
||||
Symphytopterus graciler[165] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang, Li & Shih |
Middle Jurassic |
An ephialtitid wasp, a species of Symphytopterus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Burks, Pinto & Heraty in Burks et al. |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A trichogrammatid chalcid wasp found in Baltic amber, a species of Szelenyia. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kopylov & Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
An ichneumonid, a species of Tanychora. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kopylov & Zhang |
Early Cretaceous |
An ichneumonid, a species of Tanychora. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bläser, Krogmann & Peters |
Early Miocene |
A member of Pteromalidae belonging to the subfamily Cerocephalinae found in Dominican amber. The type species is Tenuicornus dominicus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Radchenko & Dlussky |
Late Eocene |
An ant found in Baltic amber, a species of Tetramorium. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Radchenko & Dlussky |
Late Eocene |
An ant found in Baltic amber, a species of Tetramorium. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[154] |
Archibald & Rasnitsyn |
Eocene (Ypresian) |
A pamphiliid sawfly. The type species is Ulteramus republicensis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Dlussky, Rasnitsyn & Perfilieva |
Late Eocene |
Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya site |
An ant belonging to the subfamily Myrmeciinae, a species of Ypresiomyrma. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[154] |
Archibald & Rasnitsyn |
Eocene (Ypresian) |
A horntail. The type species is Ypresiosirex orthosemos. |
Clade Neuropterida
[edit]Neuroptera
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Yang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Archibald & Makarkin |
||||||
Sp. nov |
Valid[175] |
Khramov et al. |
Late Jurassic |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Shi, Winterton & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
|||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Khramov |
Late Jurassic |
A beaded lacewing. A new genus for "Mesithone" protea Panfilov (1980); genus also contains "Mesithone" gracilis Panfilov (1980). |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Myskowiak, Escuillié & Nel |
Early Cretaceous |
A neuropteran of uncertain phylogenetic placement; originally described as an osmylid, but Winterton et al. (2019) transferred it to the family Nymphidae.[179] The type species is C. magnificus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Makarkin |
Late Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) |
A Paraberothinae beaded lacewing. The type species is C. groehni. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Huang et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
Originally classified as a pleasing lacewing; subsequently considered to be a member of the superfamily Psychopsoidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement by Lu, Zhang & Liu (2016),[182] while Liu et al. (2018) considered it to be a member of the family Kalligrammatidae.[183] The type species is C. magnificus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
An aetheogrammatid neuropteran. The type species is C. ovatum. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
An aetheogrammatid neuropteran. The type species is C. rotundum. |
||||
Gen. et 5 sp. nov |
Valid[185] |
Peng, Makarkin & Ren |
Middle Jurassic |
Daohugou Beds |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. Five species: D. dissectus, D. clausus, D. inanis, D. bifasciatus and D. cubitalis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Makarkin & Ohl |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A berothine berothid neuropteran. The type species is E. groehni. |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid[185] |
Peng, Makarkin & Ren |
Middle Jurassic |
Daohugou Beds |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. Two species: E. ferox and E. confini. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[185] |
Peng, Makarkin & Ren |
Middle Jurassic |
Daohugou Beds |
A psychopid neuropteran. The type species is G. reticulatus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu, Khramov & Zhang |
Middle or Late Jurassic |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu et al. |
Late Jurassic |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu et al. |
Middle–Late Jurassic |
|||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Jepson |
Late Jurassic |
A mantispid neuropteran; a new genus for "Mesithone" carnaria Khramov (2013) and "Mesithone" monstruosa Khramov (2013). Jepson, Khramov & Ohl (2018) transferred "Mesithone" monstruosa to the genus Ovalofemora.[190] |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov |
Late Jurassic |
A beaded lacewing. The type species is K. parva; genus also contains K. tristis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A permithonid neuropteran. The type species is L. reducta. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A permithonid neuropteran. The type species is L. pectinata. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid[175] |
Khramov et al. |
Middle–Late Jurassic boundary interval |
|||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Shi et al. |
Cretaceous |
A mantispid[192] or a paraberothine[193] neuropteran. The type species is M. cristata. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[185] |
Peng, Makarkin & Ren |
Middle Jurassic |
Daohugou Beds |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. The type species is N. unicus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[185] |
Peng, Makarkin & Ren |
Middle Jurassic |
Daohugou Beds |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. The type species is O. multus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov & Makarkin |
Early Jurassic |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. The type species is O. biramosa. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov & Makarkin |
Late Early to early Middle Jurassic |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. The type species is O. anteromedialis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov & Makarkin |
Late Early to early Middle Jurassic |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. The type species is O. sogulensis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Perkovsky & Makarkin |
Late Cretaceous (Santonian) |
A spongillafly. The type species is P. sukachevae. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov & Makarkin |
Late Early to early Middle Jurassic |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. The type species is P. undulatus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Shi, Winterton & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A nymphid neuropteran. Originally described as a species of Sialium; Archibald & Makarkin (2020) transferred it to the genus Spilonymphes.[196] |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Shi, Winterton & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov |
Late Jurassic |
A beaded lacewing, a species of Sinosmylites. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov |
Late Jurassic |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Khramov |
Late Jurassic |
|||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Shi, Winterton & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A nymphid neuropteran. The type species is S. major. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[185] |
Peng, Makarkin & Ren |
Middle Jurassic |
Daohugou Beds |
An osmylopsychopid neuropteran. The type species is S. trifasciatus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fang, Ren & Wang |
Middle Jurassic |
A saucrosmylid neuropteran. The type species is U. aspoeckae. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Archibald & Makarkin |
Eocene |
A corydasialid lacewing |
Raphidiopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Makarkin & Khramov |
Late Cretaceous (early Turonian) |
A snakefly, a species of Alloraphidia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lü, Liu & Dong |
Middle Jurassic |
A mesoraphidiid snakefly, a species of Mesoraphidia. |
Clade †Palaeodictyopteroidea
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Carboniferous (Moscovian) |
A spilapterid palaeodictyopteran. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Pecharová, Ren & Prokop |
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) |
A brodiopterid megasecopteran, a species of Brodioptera. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Pecharová, Prokop & Ren |
Carboniferous (early Pennsylvanian) |
An aykhalid megasecopteran. The type species is Namuroptera minuta. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Pecharová, Prokop & Ren |
Carboniferous (early Pennsylvanian) |
An aykhalid megasecopteran. Genus contains Sinopalaeopteryx olivieri and Sinopalaeopteryx splendens. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu et al. |
Late Carboniferous |
A palaeodictyopteran. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fu et al. |
Carboniferous (Namurian) |
A calvertiellid palaeodictyopteran. |
Clade Palaeoptera
[edit]Ephemeropterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Sinitshenkova et al. |
Middle Triassic |
A vogesonymphid mayfly. The type species is Palegonympha triassica. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Sinitshenkova et al. |
Middle Triassic |
A litophlebiid mayfly. The type species is Triassolitophlebia palegica. |
Odonatopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Huang et al. |
Cretaceous |
A damselfly, possibly a disparoneurine platycnemidid. The type species is Cretadisparoneura hongi. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nel & Huang |
Middle Jurassic |
A dragonfly belonging to the group Cavilabiata. The type species is Daohugoulibellula lini. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nel et al. |
Late Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) |
A liupanshaniid aeshnoid dragonfly. The type species is Galloliupanshania incompleta. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nel et al. |
Late Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) |
A gallophlebiid libelluloid dragonfly. The type species is Gallophlebia magnifica. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nel et al. |
Late Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) |
A stenophlebiid dragonfly. The type species is Gallostenophlebia incompleta. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Odonatoptera. The type species is Huangiopterum lodevense. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Petrulevičius |
Eocene (Ypresian) |
A damselfly belonging to the family Synlestidae. The type species is Inacayalestes aikunhuapi. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Huang et al. |
Cretaceous |
A damselfly, possibly a member of Platystictidae. The type species is Mesosticta burmatica. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Garrouste & Nel |
Eocene |
A damselfly, a species of Petrolestes. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Garrouste & Nel |
Eocene |
A damsel-dragonfly belonging to the clade Isophlebioptera. The type species is Pseudostenolestes bechlyi. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zeiri, Nel & Garrouste |
Eocene |
An Urolibellulidae libelluloid dragonfly. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Nel & Huang |
Early Cretaceous |
A stenophlebiid odonatan. The type species is Yixianstenophlebia magnifica. |
Clade Paraneoptera
[edit]Hemipterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) |
A scale insect found in Burmese amber. The type species is Alacrena peculiaris. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Heiss, Wappler & Wedmann |
Middle Eocene |
The Messel pit |
An aradid heteropteran, possibly a species of Aneurus. |
|||
Anthoscytina brevineura[216] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Chen, Wang & Zhang in Chen et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A procercopid cicadomorph, a relative of froghoppers; a species of Anthoscytina. |
|||
Anthoscytina elegans[216] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Chen, Wang & Zhang in Chen et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A procercopid cicadomorph, a relative of froghoppers; a species of Anthoscytina. |
|||
Anthoscytina hongi[216] |
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Chen, Wang & Zhang in Chen et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A procercopid cicadomorph, a relative of froghoppers; a replacement name for Sinotettegarcta longa Hong (1986). |
|||
Apticoccus fortis[214] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Early Cretaceous |
A scale insect, a species of Apticoccus. |
|||
Apticoccus longitenuis[214] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Early Cretaceous |
A scale insect, a species of Apticoccus. |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Żyła et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
An oviparosiphid aphidomorph. A new genus for "Oviparosiphum" baissense Shaposhnikov & Węgierek (1989); genus also contains "Paroviparosiphum" camptotropum Zhang, Zhang, Hou & Ma (1989), "Oviparosiphum" latum Hong & Wang (1990), "Mesoviparosiphum" malacum Zhang, Zhang, Hou & Ma (1989), "Paroviparosiphum" opimum Zhang, Zhang, Hou & Ma (1989) and "Mesoviparosiphum" tuanwangense Zhang, Zhang, Hou & Ma (1989). |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Drohojowska & Szwedo |
Early Cretaceous |
A whitefly found in Lebanese amber. The type species is Aretsaya therina. |
||||
Gen. et 3 sp. nov |
Valid |
Ryzhkova |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Saldidae. The type species is Baissotea infanta; genus also contains Baissotea peregrina and Baissotea popovi. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Homan, Żyła & Węgierek |
Early Cretaceous |
A bajsaphidid aphid, a species of Bajsaphis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Homan, Żyła & Węgierek |
Early Cretaceous |
A bajsaphidid aphid, a species of Bajsaphis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Homan, Żyła & Węgierek |
Early Cretaceous |
A bajsaphidid aphid, a species of Bajsaphis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Homan, Żyła & Węgierek |
Early Cretaceous |
A bajsaphidid aphid, a species of Bajsaphis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Huang et al. |
Cretaceous (Albian or Cenomanian) |
A water measurer. The type species is Burmametra macrocarinata. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lambkin |
Late Triassic (Norian) |
A dysmorphoptilid cicadomorph. The type species is Carsburgia knezouri. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Szwedo & Ansorge |
Early Cretaceous |
A mimarachnid planthopper. The type species is Chalicoridulum montsecensis. |
||||
Curvicaudus spinosus[224] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Tang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A vetanthocorid cimicoid, a species of Curvicaudus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Huang et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
An oviparosiphid aphidoid. The type species is Daoaphis magnalata. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lambkin |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
A dysmorphoptilid cicadomorph, a species of Dysmorphoptiloides. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov & Chłond |
Late Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A thread-legged bug found in Baltic amber, a species of Emesopsis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov & Chłond |
Late Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A thread-legged bug found in Baltic amber, a species of Emesopsis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Cicadomorpha belonging to the family Scytinopteridae. The type species is Euroscytina lutevanorum. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Szwedo, Stroiński & Lin |
Paleocene |
A lophopid planthopper. The type species is Gesaris gnapo. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) |
A mealybug. The type species is Gilderius eukrinops. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Wappler et al. |
Eocene |
A lacebug of uncertain family affiliation. |
||||
Hallodapomimus antennatus[229] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Herczek & Popov |
Eocene |
A phyline mirid found in Baltic amber, a species of Hallodapomimus. |
|||
Heteromargarodes hukamsinghi[214] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Paleocene-Eocene |
A member of Margarodidae found in Cambay amber, a species of Heteromargarodes. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Early Cretaceous |
A scale insect. The type species is Hodgsonicoccus patefactus. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) |
A scale insect. The type species is Kozarius perpetuus; genus also contains Kozarius achronus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Tang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
A vetanthocorid cimicoid. The type species is Longilanceolatus tenellus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Szwedo, Lapeyrie & Nel |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A lutevanaphidid aphidomorph. The type species is Lutevanaphis permiana. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) |
A scale insect. The type species is Magnilens glaesaria. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Heiss, Wappler & Wedmann |
Middle Eocene |
The Messel pit |
A mezirine aradid heteropteran, a species of Mezira. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Heiss, Wappler & Wedmann |
Middle Eocene |
The Messel pit |
A mezirine aradid heteropteran, a species of Mezira. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Drohojowska & Szwedo |
Early Cretaceous |
A whitefly found in Lebanese amber. The type species is Milqartis azari. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Szwedo & Ansorge |
Early Cretaceous |
A mimarachnid planthopper. The type species is Mimamontsecia cretacea. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Early Eocene (Ypresian) |
A member of Diaspididae found in Cambay amber. The type species is Normarkicoccus cambayae. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Simon & Żyła |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A monophlebid scale insect found in Baltic amber. Genus contains two species: P. hoffeinorum and P. kotejai. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kaulfuss & Moulds |
Early Miocene |
A hairy cicada. The type species is Paratettigarcta zealandica. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) |
A scale insect. The type species is Pedicellicoccus marginatus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Sternorrhyncha belonging to the superfamily Psylloidea and the family Protopsyllidiidae, a species of Permopsyllidium. |
||||
Pityococcus moniliformalis[214] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Eocene |
A pityococcid scale insect found in Baltic amber, a species of Pityococcus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Cicadomorpha belonging to the family Prosbolidae, a species of Prosbole. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Cicadomorpha belonging to the family Prosbolidae, a species of Prosbole. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Herczek, Popov & Gorczyca |
Eocene |
Bitterfeld amber |
A member of Miridae belonging to the subfamily Psallopinae, a species of Psallops. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Herczek, Popov & Gorczyca |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Miridae belonging to the subfamily Psallopinae, a species of Psallops. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) |
A weitschatid scale insect. The type species is Pseudoweitschatus audebertis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[235] |
Bourgoin, Wang & Gnezdilov |
Early Miocene |
An augiline caliscelid planthopper found in Dominican amber. The type species is Quizqueiplana alexbrowni. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) |
A Coccidae scale insect. The type species is Rosahendersonia prisca. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Drohojowska & Szwedo in Drohojowska, Perkovsky & Szwedo |
Eocene (Lutetian-Priabonian) |
A whitefly found in Rovno amber. The type species is Rovnodicus wojciechowskii. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Żyła & Węgierek |
Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous |
An ellinaphidid aphid. The type species is Secusellinaphis khotontensis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lis, Vršanský & Schlögl in Vršanský et al. |
Miocene |
Lakšárska Nová Ves Formation |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Drohojowska & Szwedo |
Early Cretaceous |
A whitefly found in Lebanese amber. The type species is Shapashe aithiopa. |
||||
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Chen, Yao & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A procercopid cicadomorph. The type species is Stellularis longirostris;[239] genus also contains "Anthoscytina" aphthosa Ren, Yin & Dou (1998) and "Anthoscytina" macula Hu, Yao & Ren (2014).[216] |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lambkin |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
A dysmorphoptilid cicadomorph, a species of Tennentsia. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lambkin |
Late Triassic (Norian) |
A dysmorphoptilid cicadomorph, a species of Tennentsia. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Heiss & Golub |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A cimicomorph, probably a member of Thaumastocoridae, found in Baltic amber. The type species is Thaumastotingis areolatus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Heiss, Golub & Popov |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
A member of Tingidae. The type species is Tingiometra burmanica. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Chen, Zhang & Wang in Chen et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A procercopid cicadomorph, a relative of froghoppers. The type species is Titanocercopis borealis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Chen, Yao & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A member of Rhopalidae. The type species is Vescisalignus indecorus. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Żyła & Węgierek |
Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous |
An ellinaphidid aphid. Genus contains two species: Vetellinaphis cracens and Vetellinaphis longalata. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Simon, Szwedo & Xia in Wang et al. |
Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
An ensign scale. The type species is Wathondara kotejai. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Early Cretaceous |
A mealybug. The type species is Williamsicoccus megalops. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Węgierek & Kania in Węgierek, Kania & Zmarzły |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A member of Drepanosiphidae found in Baltic amber. The type species is Wojciechaphis andrei. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vea & Grimaldi |
Early Cretaceous |
A scale insect. The type species is Xiphos vani. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Drohojowska & Szwedo |
Early Cretaceous |
A whitefly found in Lebanese amber. The type species is Yamis libanotos. |
Psocodea
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Azar et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A pachytroctid booklice. Type species is Atapinella garroustei. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Azar et al. |
Late Cretaceous (earliest Cenomanian) |
A pachytroctid booklice. Type species is Burmipachytrocta singularis. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Azar et al. |
Early Cretaceous (late Barremian/earliest Aptian) |
A pachytroctid booklice. |
Thysanoptera
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ulitzka |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
A thrips belonging to the family Merothripidae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ulitzka |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
An aeolothripid thrips, a species of Mymarothrips. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ulitzka |
Eocene |
Europe (Baltic Sea coast) |
An aeolothripid thrips, a species of Rhipidothripoides. |
Clade †Paoliidea
[edit]†Paoliida
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Nel, Garrouste & Prokop |
Permian—Triassic boundary |
A member of Antracoptilidae. Genus contains two species: A. pumilio and A. kenyaensis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A member of Hypoperlida belonging to the family Ischnoneuridae, a species of Graticladus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Anthracoptilidae. The type species is Lodevocladus subtilis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Anthracoptilidae, a species of Strephocladus. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Anthracoptilidae, a species of Strephocladus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A member of Hypoperlida belonging to the family Tococladidae. The type species is Tshekardocladus sparsus. |
Clade Perlidea
[edit]Dermapterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Engel & Peris in Engel et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
An earwig of uncertain phylogenetic placement. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yang, Shih & Ren |
Early Cretaceous |
A pygidicranid earwig. Type species is Cylindopygia falcata. |
Embiopterans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Shcherbakov |
Triassic (Ladinian-Carnian) |
A webspinner belonging to the family Alexarasniidae. The type species is Nestorembia novojilovi. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Shcherbakov |
Latest Permian or earliest Triassic |
A webspinner belonging to the family Alexarasniidae. The type species is Nikolembia kusnezovi. |
Phasmatodeans
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A relative of stick insects belonging to the family Permophasmatidae. The type species is Arachnephasma scurra. |
||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid[254] |
Archibald & Bradler |
Ypresian |
A Susumanioidea stem group Phasmatodean |
Clade †Reculida
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculida and the family Chaulioditidae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
A Reculidan and the family Lemmatophoridae; a species of Artinska. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Urzhumian) |
A Reculidan of the family Chaulioditidae |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A Reculidan[255] and the family Chelopteridae, a species of Chelopterum. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculidan and the family Geinitziidae; a species of Geinitzia. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculidan of the family Pinideliidae. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Ufimian) |
A Reculidan of the family Geinitziidae |
||||
Permoshurabia kungurica[54] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A Reculidan[255] of the family Geinitziidae |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
A Reculidan of the family Geinitziidae. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculidan of the family Geinitziidae |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculidan of the family Geinitziidae |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculida of the family Liomopteridae |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculida of the family Sylvaphlebiidae |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculidan of the family Sylvaphlebiidae |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A Reculidan of the family Lemmatophoridae |
Other insects
[edit]Name | Novelty | Status | Authorship of new name | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Triassic (Ladinian or Carnian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Daldubidae. The type species is Batkentak intactus. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Junior homonym |
Aristov |
Permian (Kazanian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Permotermopsidae. The type species is Belebey mutilus. The generic name is a junior homonym of Belebey Ivakhnenko (1973); Aristov (2019) coined a replacement name Belebeus.[256] |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A member of Holometabola of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Cavalarva caudata. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida[255] belonging to the family Permotermopsidae, a species of Idelina. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Late Permian (Severodvinian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Atactophlebiidae. The type species is Issadophlebia fusa. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Junior homonym |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Doubraviidae. The type species is Iva permiana. The generic name is a junior homonym of the pontellid Iva Lubbock (1853). |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida[255] belonging to the family Euryptilonidae; a new genus for "Sylvardembia" pectinata Novokshonov, (2000). |
||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Doubraviidae. The type species is "Cerasopterum" megakhosaroides Aristov (2004). |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Grylloblattida (an extinct group of insect containing putative relatives of extant grylloblattids) belonging to the family Sylvaphlebiidae. The type species is Lodevophlebia reticulata. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Late Carboniferous |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Eoblattidae. The type species is Lomovatka udovichenkoi. |
||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Shcherbakov |
Permian (early Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora Beds |
A member of Protorthoptera, possibly a member of the family Sheimiidae; a new genus for "Pseudosheimia" alligans Aristov & Rasnitsyn (2009). |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Permian (Kazanian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Atactophlebiidae. The type species is Malmyzhia kazanica. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
Iva-Gora beds |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida[255] belonging to the family Megakhosaridae, a species of Megakhosarella. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Myskowiak, Pouillon & Nel |
Late Carboniferous (Gzhelian) |
A euryptilonid grylloblattodean. The type species is Montceaupterum baillyi. |
||||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early and middle Permian (Kungurian to Ufimian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida[255] belonging to the family Atactophlebiidae. The type species is Novokshonovus ignoratus Aristov & Rasnitsyn;[54] genus also includes Novokshonovus boreus Aristov.[53] |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Grylloblattida (an extinct group of insect containing putative relative of extant grylloblattids) belonging to the family Euryptilonidae, a species of Oborella. |
||||
Parastenaropodites stirps[54] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov & Rasnitsyn |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida[255] belonging to the family Mesorthopteridae, a species of Parastenaropodites. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop et al. |
Permian (Guadalupian) |
A member of Grylloblattida (an extinct group of insect containing putative relative of extant grylloblattids). The type species is Permobaharellus salagousensis. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Middle Permian (Kazanian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida[255] belonging to the family Permopectinidae, a species of Permopectina. |
||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Early Permian (Sakmarian) |
Boituva Formation |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Protophasmatidae; a new genus for "Paranarkemina" martinsnetoi Pinto (1999). |
|||
Gen. et 4 sp. nov |
Valid |
Cui et al. |
Middle Jurassic |
A member of the family Bajanzhargalanidae, a possible relative of ice crawlers. Genus contains four species: Sinonele fangi, Sinonele hei, Sinonele phasmoides and Sinonele mini. |
||||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Early Permian (Kungurian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Cacurgidae. The type species is Suksunus bicodex. |
||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Aristov |
Permian (Urzhumian) |
A member of Grylloblattida/Eoblattida belonging to the family Mesorthopteridae. The type species is "Alicula" asiatica Storozhenko (1997). |
References
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