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Russo-Ukrainian War

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Russian military intervention in Ukraine
Part of the 2014 Crimean crisis

  Crimea and Sevastopol
  Rest of Ukraine
Date27 February 2014 (de facto)[2] – 4 March 2014 [3]
Location
Crimean peninsula, Ukraine
Status

Ongoing

  • Russia takes effective control over Crimea[4]
  • Covert operations conducted by the Russian special forces[5]
Belligerents
 Russia  Ukraine[1]
Commanders and leaders
Russia Vladimir Putin
Russia Sergey Shoigu
Russia Valery Gerasimov
Russia Igor Sergun
Russia Aleksandr Vitko		 Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov
Ukraine Ihor Tenyukh
Ukraine Mykhailo Kutsyn
Ukraine Serhiy Hayduk
Units involved

Russian Armed Forces:
76th Airborne Division
Black Sea Fleet:

GRU Operators

Armed Forces of Ukraine:
Ukrainian Navy

  • 36th Coastal Defense Brigade[6]
Ukrainian Sea Guard
Ukrainian police
Internal Troops
Strength

Black Sea Fleet: 11,000 (including Marines)

Reinforcements: 2,000 – 6,000[6][7]
Total: 16,000[8]		 ~ 3,500[9]
Casualties and losses
none 1 injured[10][1]
50 border guards captured[11]
1 admiral defected

Beginning on 27 February 2014, Russian troops seized control of most of the Crimean peninsula in the southeastern area of Ukraine. Amidst rising tensions in the region as part of the Ukrainian revolution — and as the newly installed government in Ukraine started to distance itself from Russia — Russia, after receiving a written request from the ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych,[12] moved troops into the Crimea in order to protect its geopolitical interests in the region, including the Russian civilians and military posted in it.[a]

The Ukrainian response has been muted as its leaders try to find a diplomatic solution with no military reaction from their part so far. Russia, however, vowed that its troops would stay until the political situation has been "normalized"; something expected to happen when Crimea holds a referendum on 30 March 2014 where its people will vote on whether Crimea shall attain greater autonomy by continuing to be part of Ukraine "on the basis of agreements and treaties".[original research?][14] At the international level, the United States, the United Kingdom, NATO and the European Union have condemned Russia's actions and urged Russian President Vladimir Putin to withdraw from Crimea.[15][16][17][18][19]

Background

Main article: 2014 Crimean crisis
See also: Euromaidan and 2014 Ukrainian revolution

On 22 February 2014 protesters overthrew the administration President Viktor Yanukovych and the opposition took control of the capital city and national government. Soon after Yanukovych fled from Kiev,[20] the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) voted to restore the 2004 version of the Constitution of Ukraine and impeach Yanukovych. While on the run, Yanukovych refused to resign and some politicians from Ukraine's east and south regions, including Crimea, declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych.[21]

On 23 February 2014, following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the law on languages of minorities, including Russian, was abolished, making Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels.[22] The The Christian Science Monitor reported: "The cancellation of this language law only served to infuriate Russian-speaking regions, who saw the move as more evidence that the anti-government protests in Kiev that managed to topple Mr. Yanukovych's government were intent on pressing for a nationalistic agenda. It only deepened tensions in Crimea, for example, where the idea that the protesters on Maidan were radical fascists."[23] On 1 March 2014 the bill repealing the law was vetoed by Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov.[24]

On 27 February, a pro-Russian politician, Sergey Aksyonov, was elected as Crimea's prime minister. Armed men, dressed in Russian-like military uniforms but which did not bear distinctive insignia recognizable at a distance as required by the Geneva convention, seized government buildings in Simferopol, the capital city of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and ousted the prime minister appointed by the President of Ukraine.[25] Aksyonov declared himself in charge of local military and law enforcement. On 1 March, the acting president of Ukraine, Oleksandr Turchynov, decreed the Crimean legislature's appointment of Aksyonov as unconstitutional, as the position of prime minister is appointed by the president of Ukraine, and not elected by parliament. The Crimean legislature has declared its intention to hold a referendum on greater autonomy from Kiev on 25 May 2014, a move which Hatidzhe Mamutova, the head of the League of Crimean-Tatar Women, called illegal.[26]

Councilors in the Crimean city of Sevastopol, home to the Russian and Ukrainian Black Sea naval fleets, selected a Russian citizen as mayor, as pro-Russian demonstrators chanted "a Russian mayor for a Russian city". Furthermore, Sevastopol's police chief said he would refuse orders from Kiev.[27] In Sevastopol, Kerch, and other Crimean cities, pro-Russian demonstrators pulled down the flag of Ukraine and replaced it with the flag of Russia in clashes with city officials.[28][29]

Russian units began moving into Crimea almost immediately after the press conference of former president Yanukovych held on 28 February 2014 in Rostov-on-Don, near the eastern border of Ukraine, where he called for Putin to "restore order" in Ukraine. During the conference Yanukovych insisted that military action was "unacceptable" and that he would not request Russian military intervention.[30][31] Still on 4 March 2014 Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Vitaly Churkin demonstrated a photocopy of a letter allegedly signed by Victor Yanukovich on 1 March 2014, to support their assertion that Yanukovich had demanded Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[32] Aksyonov also appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to provide assistance in ensuring the peace in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Both houses of the Russian legislature (Federal Assembly) voted on 1 March 2014 to send Russian troops into Crimea.[33][34]

Strategic importance

The Port of Sevastopol and the town of Kacha are located in Sevastopol, a city on the west of Crimea but part of Ukraine. Both locations hold key strategic value for Russia, economically and militarily. The Port of Sevastopol is considered a key hold for maritime routes between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and, therefore, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The port is also one of the few warm deepwater ports in the Black Sea available to Russia, which it currently leases from Ukraine. As the Ukranian revolution unfolded —and as the newly installed Ukrainian government began to distance itself from Russia— Russia felt that its access to the port and its military bases in Crimea were in jeopardy. Ensuring access to the port and Russia's military bases in Crimea are considered one of the main factors that sparked Russia's military intervention. On the other hand, the town of Kacha serves as military headquarters for the 25th Independent Anti-submarine Helicopter Regiment (25th AHR) and the 917th Independent Composite Air Regiment (917th ICAR) of the Black Sea Fleet Naval Air Force (which belongs to Russia).

At the same time, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea occupies most of the Crimean peninsula. The republic is and operates as an autonomous republic with its own constitution even though it belongs to the Ukraine. Many Russian civilians and service members reside and operate in it. As tensions escalated in the region, Russia intervened under the justification that it must "protect Russian civilians and military in Ukraine".[a]

Russian actions

Military action in Crimea

On 26 February, President Vladimir Putin ordered urgent military exercises to test the combat readiness of his armed forces across western Russia.[35] From that day onwards, there were reports that Russian soldiers had established a checkpoint between the major Crimean cities of Sevastopol and Simferopol.[36][37] Men in military uniform seized the Crimean parliamentary building and the Council of Ministers building and replaced the Ukrainian flag with the Russian flag.[2] Soldiers suspected of being Russians occupied Simferopol International Airport and Sevastopol International Airport, while Western and independent media reported Russian troop movements in Crimea, including Russian military helicopters moving into the peninsula and Russian Army trucks approaching Simferopol, the Crimean capital.[38][39] Ukrainian officials said Russian forces took over a military airbase in Sevastopol, landed troops at another airbase,[40] and surrounded a coast guard base.[41]

By 2 March, Ukrainian military bases in Crimea were under the control of Russian military forces;[42] soldiers infiltrated the radio-technical company at the Maganome Cape near Feodosiya;[43][44][failed verification] the 55th Anti-Air Defense in Yevpatoriya had been seized.[43] Russian military, without identification, blocked the 36th Ukrainian Coastal Defense unit (Ukrainian Navy) in Perevalne (between Simferopol and Alushta) and demanded that the besieged Ukrainian Marines to surrender,[45] and 400 Russian special operations troops were arrived by the Russian Black Sea Fleet BDK "Azov".[46] Russian Special Operation soldiers attempted to disarm the 191st Training unit of Ukrainian Navy in Sevastopol;[47][48] there also was an attempt by another 30 soldiers of Russia to take over the 39th Training unit of Ukrainian Navy (Sevastopol).[49][50] The State Border Guard Service of Ukraine acknowledged seizure of its headquarters of the Azov-Black Sea regional administration and the Simferopol border detachment by the armed Russian soldiers.[51][52] The Crimea Front took over the building of Trade Unions in Simferopol and under the flag of Russia announced that they protect the Constitution of Ukraine;[53] Russian soldiers blocked the Ukrainian military installation А-0669 in Kerch.[54]

On 2 March, Ukrainian Navy Rear Admiral Denis Berezovsky officially defected and pledged allegiance to Crimea.[55] According to MP Yuri Syrotyuk, Berezovsky had already been dismissed before his defection[56] for ordering his troops not resist the Russian forces in case of blockade or isolation.[56] Ukrainian units which refused to surrender informed the acting Minister of Defense Ihor Tenyukh, who replaced Berezovsky with Rear Admiral Serhiy Hayduk.[56] Internal Troops of Ukraine in Simferopol refused to lay down their arms and side with the Russians.[57] By 3 March 2014, Russian troops captured the Ukrainian Border Guard base in Balaklava after repeated assaults.[11] There was a number of incidents where the local civilians requested the Russian soldiers do not provoke the Ukrainian military.[58] Russia vowed troops would stay until the political situation has been "normalised".[14] Around 21:00 (LST), five vehicles with soldiers of the Russian Black Sea Fleet broke through the border checkpoint "Krym-Kuban" at the ferry crossing "Krym-Kavkaz" in Kerch.[59][60][61]

Ukrainian defence sources alleged that the commander of Russian Black Sea Fleet Vice-Admiral Aleksandr Vitko had issued an official ultimatum to all Ukrainian military servicemen to surrender by 05:00 (LST) 4 March 2014 or face a military confrontation.[62][63] These allegations were denied by the Russian foreign ministry[64] and a representative of the Black Sea Fleet headquarters.[65][66] The deadline came and went without incident or attempt to storm.[12] Human rights observers confirmed that Russian soldiers are openly standing on the perimeter of the Ukrainian hamlet Perevalne.[67]

Other troop movements

The head of Chernihiv regional council announced that the Russians were conducting military movements on the Chernihiv Oblast segment of the State Border of Ukraine on 2 March 2014.[68] The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said on 3 March 2014 Russia had started to amass troops on several segments of the eastern borders with Ukraine (Kharkiv, Luhansk, and Donetsk oblasts).[69] Later, the Luhansk border detachment dismissed those claims as a disinformation by media.[70] On 3 March 2014, Russia deployed 3,500 troops and heavy equipment on Baltic coast in Kaliningrad Oblast near Polish and Lithuanian borders,[71] causing Lithuania and Poland, who are members of NATO, to ask for protection against a Russian invasion.[72]

Non-military

Before the military intervention, Russia recalled its ambassador to Ukraine for consultations.[73] Russian President Vladimir Putin reportedly told his US counterpart, Barack Obama, that Russia was acting to protect ethnic Russians and Russian-speakers in Crimea and eastern Ukraine.[74] Aleksei Pushkov, the Chairman of the Russian State Duma committee on Foreign Affairs, said that the majority of people in Crimea should be given the right of self-determination. He added that he thought the Crimean Parliament's planned referendum on 30 March[75] (on greater Crimean autonomy, according to the BBC Russian-language service)[76] was a much more legitimate way to achieve political change than demonstrations on Kiev's Maidan Square.[76]

At a meeting to protest against the Russian intervention in Ukraine that took place near to the Ministry of Defense building in Moscow, 28 protesters were arrested by the police.[77] Andrei Yurov, an expert of the Moscow Helsinki Group, said that the decision of the Council of the Federation allowing President Putin to use military force within the territory of Ukraine was taken on the basis of unconfirmed information about the "victims" among citizens in Crimea.[78]

Non-military events in other regions of Ukraine

(For non-military events in the Crimea, and also for military events there, see 2014 Crimean crisis.)

On 1 March, the Oblast council of Luhansk Oblast voted to demand giving Russian language the status of second official language, stopping ″persecution of Berkut fighters″, disarming Maidan self-defense units and banning a number of far-right political organizations like Svoboda and UNA-UNSO. For the case the authorities failed to comply with the demands, the Oblast council reserved itself the ″right to ask for help from the brotherly people of the Russian Federation.″[79]

On 3 March, around 200 demonstrators with Russian flags stormed the Odessa Oblast administrative building[80] There were reports of busloads of Russian citizens crossing the border into Ukraine in order to support pro-Russian protests.[81] At an administrative building in Kharkiv, a Russian from Moscow replaced the Ukrainian flag with a Russian one.[81]

The council of the Donetsk Oblast voted to have a referendum to decide the future of the oblast.[82] On 3 March, a number of armed people started storming Donetsk Oblast administrative building, waving Russian flags and shouting ″Russia!″ and ″Berkut are heroes!″. The police did not offer resistance.[83] There are reports, that power in Donetsk has been taken over by separatists.[84]

Reactions

Crimean response

Crimean Prime Minister Aksyonov [85] asserted control over all security forces in Crimea with the help of armed men[85] and appealed to Putin for assistance in maintaining "peace and tranquility". n.[86] The position of Prime Minister is normally appointed by the President of Ukraine;[87] On 1 March, the acting president Turchynov decried the appointment of Sergei Aksyonov as the head of the government of Crimea as unconstitutional.[88]

The chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Refat Chubarov, expressed concern that Tatars in Crimea would be threatened as a result of the Russian takeover. He said Crimea is part of Ukraine and warned of a collapse in "world order" if Russia succeeds in separating Crimea from Ukraine.[89]

Ukrainian response

Interim Ukrainian President Oleksandr Turchynov accused Russia of "provoking a conflict" by invading Crimea. He compared Russia's military actions to the 2008 Russia–Georgia war, when Russian troops occupied parts of the Republic of Georgia, and the breakaway enclaves of Abkhazia and South Ossetia were established under the control of Russian-backed administrations. He called on Putin to withdraw Russian troops from Crimea and stated that Ukraine will "preserve its territory" and "defend its independence".[90] On 1 March, he warned, "Military intervention would be the beginning of war and the end of any relations between Ukraine and Russia."[91]

On 1 March, Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov placed the Armed Forces of Ukraine on full alert and combat readiness.[92]

International reactions

Further information: International reaction to the 2014 Crimean crisis

The international community condemned and expressed grave concerns over the Russian intervention in another country. The UN Security Council held a special meeting at the weekend on the crisis.[93] The G7 countries condemned the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty, and urged Russia to withdraw.[15][94] All G7 leaders are refusing to participate in it due to assumed violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, in contravention of Russia's obligations under the UN Charter and its 1997 basing agreement with Ukraine.[95]

The United States raised the likelihood of sanctions against Russia unless they withdrew.[96][15] Canada recalled its ambassador from Russia.[97] British Foreign Minister William Hague removed Britain from preparations for the upcoming G8 summit and said the UK would work with international partners to "ensure that reforms by Ukraine are matched by international willingness to provide economic support".[98]

Financial markets

The intervention has caused turbulence on the financial markets. Stock markets around the world fell sharply due to the threat of instability, while gold, and government stocks (in particular US and German) all rallied. The Swiss franc climbed to a 2-year high against the dollar and 1-year high against the Euro. The Euro and the US dollar both rose, as did the Australian dollar.[96] The Russian stock market declined by more than 10 percent, whilst the Russian Rouble hit an all time lows against the US dollar and the Euro.[99][100] The Russian Central bank hiked interest rates and intervened in the foreign exchange markets to the tune of $12 billion to try to stabilise its currency.[96]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Radyuhin (2014) "President Vladimir Putin, who is Commander-in-Chief of the Russian armed forces, asked Parliament for permission to use the Russian armed forces to "protect" Russian civilians and military in Ukraine."[13]

References

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  45. ^ "Russian forces blocked Ukrainian unit in Perevalne and demand to lay down arms", Ukrayinska Pravda, 2 March 2014
  46. ^ Russian soldiers blocked the 36th coastal defense brigade of the Ukrainian Navy, Ukraine: Marine portal, 2 March 2014
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  52. ^ In Crimea were seized the headquarters of the Ukrainian border guards. Ukrinform. 2 March 2014
  53. ^ ATR TV. atr.ua
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  60. ^ Russian troops broke through the border at checkpoint 'Krym-Kuban', State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, 3 March 2014
  61. ^ Into Ukraine across the Kerch crossing broke through buses and trucks with gunmen ignoring border control, 3 March 2014 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
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  63. ^ The commander of the Black Sea Fleet issued an ultimatum to the Ukrainian military, declared the Defense Ministry, 3 March 2014 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  64. ^ Nikolsky, Alexei. "минобороны украины". Vedomosti (in Russian). RU. Retrieved 3 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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  85. ^ a b Putin declares war against Ukraine Ukrayinska Pravda, 1 March 2014
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  87. ^ Template:Uk icon The new prime minister is the leader of Russian Unity, Ukrayinska Pravda (27 February 2014)
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  100. ^ Sullivan, Tim, Putin: troops to bases; warning shots in Crimea {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
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