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Élysée Accords

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Élysée Treaty.
See also: History of Vietnam
Élysée Accords
Franco-Vietnamese Agreement on March 8, 1949[1]
Bảo Đại and the French High Commissioner in Indochina Léon Pignon exchanged letters at City Hall in Saigon on 14 June 1949, leading to the Élysée Accords taking effect.[2]
SignedMarch 8, 1949 (1949-03-08)
LocationParis, France
Effective14 June 1949
Signatories
Parties
Ratifiers29 January 1950 (French National Assembly)
2 February 1950 (French President)
LanguagesVietnamese
French

The Élysée Accords was a treaty recognizing independence of Vietnam from France, as an associated member within the French Union.[3][4] It included one main letter and two extra letters signed at the Élysée Palace by Vietnamese Emperor Bảo Đại[a] and French President Vincent Auriol on 8 March 1949.[6][1] Vincent Auriol signed the treaty under the name of president of both France and the French Union. The Accords legally abolished the 1884 Treaty of Huế and ended French colonial rule in Vietnam (1883-1949).[7][8][9][1] The Accords was signed after a period of negotiations between France and the anti-communist nationalist faction of Bảo Đại (1947-49) when France lost hope of peace with the communist Viet Minh, in accordance with the principle of "independence" stated in a preliminary treaty in Hạ Long Bay on 5 June 1948.[10][11] It led to the establishment of the State of Vietnam, that replaced a provisional government four months later. With this treaty, France abolished Tonkin and Annam protectorates, and recognized Vietnamese sovereignty over Cochinchina colony. However, Cochinchina would go through some procedural steps to rejoin Vietnam three months later. The Accords took effect when Bảo Đại and the French High Commissioner in Indochina Léon Pignon exchanged letters at City Hall in Saigon on 14 June 1949.[12] It received final ratification by the French National Assembly on 29 January 1950, and was signed by French President Vincent Auriol on 2 February.[3]

The agreement was signed in the context of the First Indochina War and the Cold War between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., to convince Bảo Đại's faction that France would give Vietnam a big autonomy. It was based on French progressive declaration 24 March 1945 on Indochina[13] and France ruled by the left since late 1946.[14][15] The March 24 Declaration was based on what had been achieved at the Brazzaville Conference in early 1944 in gratitude for colonial soldiers' service to Free France during World War II, whereby political entities in French Indochina would be granted a large degree of freedom and democracy.[16] The French Union was created as an international organization in December 1946 to replace the old French colonial empire, in the context of decolonization. However, initially the colony of Algeria was not included in the territories that would gain full independence because it was an internal part of France.[17][18] The French Union would become the French Community and later the Francophonie. After World War II, both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. opposed colonialism. The United States did not want communists to dominate Asia under the guise of "national liberation".[19] The U.S. started to support Bảo Đại and it put pressure on France in negotiating with his faction on 17 January 1949 because Chinese communists had a large advantage in the civil war. The French communists fully supported their comrades in Vietnam and opposed the French National Assembly's ratification of the treaty, but failed.[3] The accords as a legal corridor for complete independence for Vietnam stated that the country had a wide autonomy and could conduct its own foreign affairs, control its finances and have an army; although, the agreement fell short of granting complete independence right away.[3][1][20] Despite the communists' accusations, the French goal was to gradually grant self-government to a multi-component and non-communist Vietnam based on the gradual growth of the indigenous state apparatus as long as French economic and cultural interests were guaranteed through the French Union, but the process was accelerated due to France's disadvantage in the war.[21][22][23] Vietnam (State of Vietnam) gained the full independence from France on 4 June 1954, partly due to big French defeat in Điện Biên Phủ.[24][25][26][b] One month later, the French accepted their complete defeat, and the State of Vietnam lost north of 17th parallel to the communists with an agreement that it opposed and did not sign.[30][31][32] Its successor, the Republic of Vietnam, withdrew from the French Union on 9 December 1955.[33]

The agreement ratified, the U.S.R.S. recognizing Vietnamese communists, and communist victory in China, led to the U.S. moving from a position of neutrality to strong supporting the French Union in the war against the communist Viet Minh.[3][20] The French had portrayed their actions in Vietnam as fighting the communism of Hồ Chí Minh while attempting to regain control of their colony after World War II, despite the fact that Vietnam had been gradually granted autonomy after the accords. Within the framework of the French Union, two other countries of Indochina, Laos and Cambodia, were also granted independent status and also became French associated states.[34] The three countries formed a common confederation until 30 December 1954.[35] This treaty made Vietnam a semi-constitutional monarchy headed by Bảo Đại, it had no constitution and no parliament and whether it became a republic or not was subject to a referendum. The monarchy would be overthrown to become the First Republic with a fraudulent referendum of Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm on 26 October 1955, and a parliament and constitution would be created exactly one year later after Constitutional Assembly elections, in the context of the Vietnam War against communism.[36][37][38]

Content

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French High Commissioner in Indochina Raoul Salan and Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Phan Long visit Hanoi, Northern Vietnam, 27 January 1951.[39]

According to the Accords; Vietnam was an "independent" member country within the French Union, and was "freely" associated in "equality" and friendship with France.[40][1] The agreement gave Vietnam a high self-determination and this Vietnam can be compared with independent countries within the British Commonwealth, established in 1949;[41] though fell short in many aspects. In fact, the countries such as Canada and Australia also only gained full independence from the United Kingdom in 1982 and 1986 respectively. France not only abolished two French protectorates in Vietnam and allowed Cochinchina to return to Vietnam, France also abolished their three concessions in those two protectorates (Hanoi, Haiphong, Da Nang).[1] Vietnam was empowered to control its own finances and the path was paved for the creation of the Vietnamese National Army, predecessor of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces, on 8 December 1950.[42] The French Government was prepared, at the request of the Government of Vietnam, to act as an intermediary for the opening of Vietnamese consulates in countries where Vietnam considered it would have special interests. Vietnamese consuls carried out their activities: in countries where Vietnam had a diplomatic mission, under the direction and responsibility of the head of this mission. The French Associated States including Vietnam were allowed to establish diplomatic relations with a limited number of foreign capitals, mainly Washington, London, Rome, and Bangkok.[43][1] Vietnam had the right to establish and manage its own national budget.[1] Vietnam was granted the right to appoint diplomats to the Republic of China, Thailand, and the Holy See, however Vietnamese diplomacy still depended on France.[44][4] In general, the French arrangement afforded three Indochinese countries a limited degree of internal and external sovereignty (for example, they were allowed to enter into diplomatic relations with a small number of countries), but for the most part reserved for France effective control over foreign relations, as well as military, judicial, administrative, and economic activities. They were three associated states and the concept of "associated state" was originally used to refer to arrangements under which Western powers afforded a (sometimes very limited) degree of self-government to some of their colonial possessions after the end of World War II, based on the 1941 Atlantic Charter between the United Kingdom and United States that France later also supported.[45][46][47] Even before World War II, the United States abandoned colonialism by granting self-government to the Philippines in 1935 with a roadmap to independence, completed in 1946.[48]

Vietnam was not yet fully independent and the Bảo Đại's government continued to demand more autonomy from France. Vietnam had the right to own its armed forces to take charge of maintaining order, internal security, and national defense.[1] The role of the Vietnamese army in the First Indochina War was particularly obscure. However, the French Army in Vietnam was no longer as a colonial and invading army, but as an army of the French Union, helping to fight communism and protect Vietnam, an ally of France and a member country within the French Union. Vietnam's defense budget would be borne by the Vietnamese government. The Vietnamese army would be composed of Vietnamese under the command of Vietnamese officers; French instructors and technical advisers would be placed at the disposal of Vietnam. The Vietnamese cadres would be trained by Vietnamese military schools and, possibly, by French schools where they would be accepted without any discrimination. During wartime, the Vietnamese army would fight as part of the French Union army, with one of the general staff members being Vietnamese.[1]

French cultural interests in Vietnam were guaranteed by this treaty but on the basis of equality and cooperation between France and the three Indochinese countries. Vietnam was recognized as the owner of the real estate and land of the Pasteur Institute in Hanoi, Northern Vietnam.[1] French schools in Vietnam applied the programs currently in force in France; a class on Vietnamese history and civilization was required to be taught there. Vietnamese students were free to apply to study in French schools in Vietnam. These schools were required to open a Vietnamese language class for Vietnamese students.[1]

Vietnam would establish a customs union with the other Indochinese countries. There would be no customs barriers between these countries. No taxes would be collected at their common borders, common tariffs would apply to import and export activities within the Union. The Indochinese piastre would be in the French franc zone. However, the exchange rate between the piastre and the French franc would not be fixed and may change according to economic conditions. However, this exchange rate could only be changed after consultation among the Indochinese member countries. Vietnam would have a common monetary union with the Indochinese countries. The only currency in circulation within the territory of this monetary union would be the piastre issued by the Indochinese Institute of Issue. The Institute of Issue could issue different types of currency for Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.[1] The Government of Vietnam could increase taxes and fees, and could introduce new taxes and fees. Vietnam gained the right to enjoy all budget revenues within the country.[1]

Regarding domestic sovereignty, France granted full authority to Vietnam. The French and Vietnamese were equal citizens within the French Union.[1] Each Government retained ownership of its archives. Vietnam enjoyed full and comprehensive jurisdiction in civil, commercial, and criminal courts throughout the country.[1]

The agreement left many gaps that required the two countries to continue negotiating to reach additional agreements. The autonomy and rights of ethnic minorities must be respected while the supreme interests of Vietnam were still guaranteed. The French Government undertook to present and support Vietnamese candidates whenever they fully satisfied the general conditions laid down by the Charter of the United Nations for admission to this organization. Despite still depending on France, the establishment of Vietnamese diplomacy that was no longer represented by France was a turning point because diplomacy is something that every sovereign state needs. Vietnam had the right to freely appoint its representatives to the Supreme Council of the French Union.[1] Vietnam was qualified to negotiate and sign agreements with countries other than France relating to its own specific interests.[1]

French capitalists could freely invest in Vietnam when the national interests of Vietnam were guaranteed. Vietnamese citizens in France and other places of the French Union, French citizens and citizens of other places of the French Union residing in Vietnam enjoyed the same freedom of residence as natives within the framework of the Law and territorial regulations. They enjoyed freedom of movement, freedom of trade and in general all democratic freedoms in this field. Assets and enterprises owned by Vietnamese citizens in other places of the French Union enjoyed the same regime as assets and enterprises owned by French Union citizens in Vietnam, mainly in terms of tax and labor laws.[1]

Effects

[edit]
National flag of the State of Vietnam (1949-55) and the Republic of Vietnam (1955-75).[49]
Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Văn Tâm welcomes delegates to The 3rd session of the World Health Organization Regional Committee for the Western Pacific, held in Saigon from 25 September to 1 October 1952.[50]

The agreement was denounced by the Vietnamese communists led by Hồ Chí Minh as "illegal" and a cover for France continue its "colonialism" in Vietnam under the help and control of American "imperialism".[51][52]

Although the agreement was signed, the transfer took time and legal procedures to carry out step by step, and Vietnam gradually gained independence through the pressure of the war and the gradual growth of its own government apparatus. The war, which was unfavorable to France, forced neo-colonialists to accelerate the transfer of power. On 3 July 1953, the French government issued a declaration of its intention to complete the independence and sovereignty of the three Indochinese Associated States (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam).[53] Vietnam would gain full independence from France on 4 June 1954, this means that the State of Vietnam (Vietnam) had the right to be independent of all treaties signed by France. This is the reason why legally the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the successor of the State of Vietnam, did not violate the Geneva Accords of July 1954 signed by France and communists when South Vietnam did not hold a general election with the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) to reunify Vietnam in July 1956.[54][31] Before that, at Pau (France) in 1950, Bảo Đại complained that France's support for him as Head of State of Vietnam was merely a solution to save their colonialism. But also in a conference from June to November in Pau that year, his Vietnam and France discussed transferring the functions of immigration management, foreign relations, foreign trade, customs and finance to Vietnam. Finance was the most controversial issue, including the control of profits from foreign exchange operations. As a result, all of the above functions were transferred by France to Vietnam. France even complained that Bảo Đại was especially focused on demanding independence instead of attracting the support of the people.[3]

After the Convention signed in Pau on November 29, 1950 within the framework of the French Union, the privilege of issuing currency was transferred from the Bank of Indochina to the Issuing Institute of the Indochinese Countries (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam), or the Institut d'Émission des États du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-nam, that was established in December 1951 and began operating on 1 January 1952. In 1953, the Vietnam branch of the Institut d'Émission des États du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viet-nam issued notes dual denominated in piastre and đồng. This means that in addition to using a common currency with Laos and Cambodia, Vietnam also started to have its own currency.[55][56]

The First Indochina War increasingly became a civil war as the Vietnamese state and military apparatus became increasingly autonomous and powerful. The Vietnamese army was strongly supported by France and the United States. The Vietnamese National Army, predecessor of the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces, grew rapidly in numbers, including light infantry battalions. By the winter of 1953, the Vietnamese army had 200,000 regular troops (including 50,000 reservists) and 78,000 local troops. By December 1954, after the Navarre Plan was implemented and Vietnam got divided, the number of troops in the Vietnamese National Army in South Vietnam reached 230,000, including 165,000 regular troops and 65,000 local troops.[57] The total number of officers trained by the two schools during the period 1951 - 1954 was 5,623. After graduation, the officers were given the rank of Second Lieutenant.[42] Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, French High Commissioner and commander of French troops in Indochina (1950-52), declared that the war France was waging in Vietnam was anti-communist and that France no longer had colonial ambitions here:[3]

We have no more interest here... We have abandoned all our colonial positions completely. There is little rubber or coal or rice we can any longer obtain. And what does it amount to compared to the blood of our sons we are losing and the three hundred and fifty million francs we spend a day in Indochina? The work we are doing is for the salvation of the Vietnamese people. And the propaganda you Americans make that we are still colonialists is doing us tremendous harm, all of us-the Vietnamese, yourselves, and us.

He also claimed:

This war, whether you like it or not, is the war of Vietnam for Vietnam. And France will carry it on for you only if you carry it on with her... Certain people pretend that Vietnam cannot be independent because it is part of the French Union. Not true! In our universe, and especially in our world of today, there can be no nations absolutely independent. There are only fruitful interdependencies and harmful dependencies... Young men of Vietnam, to whom I feel as close as I do to the youth of my native land, the moment has come for you to defend your country.

By the Élysée Accords, Vietnam was unified. However it became a federal state where the North, Center, and South all enjoyed legal status and autonomy. Generally Emperor Bảo Đại as Head of State did not have absolute power because he had to share power with the Government and the National Advisory Council while the future of the monarchy remained uncertain, but in the Domain of the Crown that was established on 15 April 1950 according to this agreement and supported by Bảo Đại's mother, his power was absolute and French intervention here was also greater, here ethnic minorities were in the majority and enjoyed autonomy.[58][59] With this agreement, Vietnam became relatively autonomous in education, administration and judiciary. In elected bodies and representative councils, Vietnamese people accounted for about 70%. The French outlined the path of constitutional democracy for an independent Vietnam.[60][1]

Whilst intending to prevent further nationalist sentiment, the Élysée Accords had the opposite effect - showing Vietnamese nationalists that the French were unwilling to compromise their colonial interests in Indochina. Ngô Đình Diệm was a conservative strongly opposing communism and was the initial supporter of the "Bảo Đại Solution", but he also rejected an offer of Prime Minister in the new Vietnam, saying "the national aspirations of the Vietnamese people will be satisfied only when our nation obtains the same status India and Pakistan enjoy".[44] Diệm felt uncomfortable with the French influence and this made him pro-American because he believed that the U.S. as No.1 superpower could help Vietnam modernize and industrialize as well as help Vietnam's freedom and full independence, even though he considered liberal democracy to be not good for the Vietnamese at the time. He and his brothers were part of a political group that opposed both the communists and Bảo Đại, their Cần Lao Party was established and his brothers played important roles in helping him build international and internal networks and support in different ways.[61] The Americans' assessments of Diệm were varied but Diệm did gain favor with some high-ranking officials, such as Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, Roman Catholic cardinal Francis Spellman, Representative Mike Mansfield of Montana, and Representative John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts along with numerous journalists, academics, and the former director of the Office of Strategic Services William J. Donovan.[62] Although he did not succeed in winning official support from the U.S., his personal interactions with American political leaders promised the prospect of gaining more support in the future. Mansfield remembered after the luncheon with Diệm held on 8 May 1953, he felt that "if anyone could hold South Vietnam, it was somebody like Ngô Đình Diệm".[63] After becoming Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam on June 16, 1954, based on a treaty of full independence, he would see the last vestiges of the French colonial empire in Vietnam gradually disappear.[64] After Vietnam got divided, he and the United States would also eliminate French involvement in Vietnam with making South Vietnam withdraw from the French Union on 9 December 1955 and forcing the French troops to withdraw from South Vietnam on 28 April 1956.[65]

On 22 July 1949, the United States State Department declared that the Élysée Accords was developments that realized the aspirations of the Vietnamese people, though the United States did not immediately recognize the new state, much to the disappointment of France. The U.S. initially did not recognize Vietnam because they wanted to see a non-communist Vietnam with complete independence. U.S. support for Vietnam and France grew steadily after the accords; and because of the loss of China to the communists in October 1949 and the recognition of the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam by the Soviet Union in January 1950, the United States eventually recognized new Vietnamese state of Bảo Đại on February 3 (one day after the French President ratified the agreement) and granted $15 million in military aid, France asked for help from the U.S. before that on 16 February 1950 as at that time the French Union was in a much strong position compared to the communist Viet Minh and China's support for the communists would cause France to face a military defeat in Indochina.[3][20] The United States provided direct economic aid to Vietnam after the two countries signed a treaty in Saigon on 7 September 1951 while military aid had to go through France until February 1955. Donald Heath was appointed as the first U.S. ambassador to take up his post in Vietnam.[66] The United States, on the one hand, helped France in the war, but on the other hand, it always put pressure on France to gradually give the Vietnamese autonomy, especially in the context of the global Cold War against the communist bloc led by the Soviet Union. France and the U.K. had lost their superpower status and were devastated after the war while relying on the Marshall Plan. After World War II, the United States used its power to contribute greatly to the gradual liquidation of the French colonial empire and the British Empire in particular and colonialism in general. France felt uncomfortable with the decolonial pressure of the United States. They prevented the Vietnamese army from being trained to use new American equipment and prevented the Vietnamese from using American liaison officers, but France eventually relented.[67][68] In September 1950, the U.S. further enforced the Truman Doctrine by creating a Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG) to screen French requests for aid, advise on strategy, and train Vietnamese soldiers.[69]: 18  By 1954, the U.S. had spent $1 billion in support of the French military effort, shouldering 80% of the cost of the war.[70]: 35  American help could not save the defeat of the French Union because the communists were helped by China. China was the first country recognizing communist government in Vietnam on 18 January 1950.[71] After the U.S. four days, the United Kingdom was the next country recognizing Vietnam of Bảo Đại on 7 February 1950.[72] In early 1950, 35 countries recognized Vietnam.[73] Vietnam joined many international organizations outside the French Union.[74] With Vietnam's independence, the country was among the parties that signed the peace treaty with Japan in San Francisco in September 1951, it also claimed sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea at the 1951 San Francisco Conference without any objection from any of the participating countries.[75] And in 1952, Vietnam became an observer country of the United Nations.[76]

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Notes

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  1. ^ Bảo Đại abdicated on 25 August 1945 under pressure from the communists, but he later used the title of "emperor" again with the support of the anti-communist faction to represent them in negotiations with France and sign a treaty with the French head of state. However, after he became the leader of the new state, he was usually called by another term.[5][3][1]
  2. ^ The full independence treaty 4 June 1954 between Vietnam and France included two smaller treaties, recognizing Vietnam as a completely sovereign country within the French Union. It was signed in the Hôtel Matignon between two Prime Ministers (Bửu Lộc and Joseph Laniel), a few days before the fall of Laniel’s government in France and nearly one month after French defeat in Điện Biên Phủ, and it was never ratified by the two heads of state so it was never legally completed according to Article 31 of the 1946 French Republic Constitution;[27] but according to its Article 4, it came into effect on the day of signing.[28][29]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Hiệp định Pháp-Việt ngày 8 tháng 3 năm 1949 (Hiệp định Élysée)". June 16, 2014.
  2. ^ "Explorer les collections". m.quaibranly.fr. Archived from the original on 2025-01-22. Retrieved 2025-01-21.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j https://web.archive.org/web/20110806004651/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent5.htm. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |ngày truy cập= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |tựa đề= ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "pent5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Duiker, William (1994-07-01). U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-6581-7.
  5. ^ Guillemot, François. Dai Viêt: Indépendance et révolution au Viêt-Nam, léchec de la troisième voie (1938-1955). Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2012.
  6. ^ "Hiệp định élysée – Bách khoa Toàn thư Việt Nam". bktt.vn.
  7. ^ Billot, 411–415
  8. ^ Billot, 418–21; Devillers, 482–4
  9. ^ Le Monde illustré - Le Vietnam à cessé d'être protectorat français cérémonie à l'hôtel de ville de Saïgon avec l'empereur Bao Daï et le commissaire de la République M. Pignon (Vietnam ceased to be a French protectorate, ceremony at Saigon City Hall with Emperor Bao Dai and the Commissioner of the Republic, Mr Pignon.) Published: 1950. Quote: "Au cours d'une cérémonie qui s'est déroulée à l'hôtel de ville de Saigon, S.M. l'empereur Bao Daï et le haut commisaire de la République M. Pignon, ont signé la coxcation pour l'application des accords du 8 mars 1949, qui transfère au Vietnam, indépendant au sein de l'Union française, les pouvoies drenus par la France et remet au souverain le contrôle de l'administracion.". (in French).
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  19. ^ The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2, "U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954", MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT - Harry S. Truman President Archived 2011-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, trích "Recognition by the United States of the three legally constituted governments of Vietnam, Laos' and Cambodia appears desirable and in accordance with United States foreign policy for several reasons. Among them are: encouragement to national aspirations under non-Communist leadership for peoples of colonial areas in Southeast Asia; the establishment of stable non-Communist governments in areas adjacent to Communist China; support to a friendly country which is also a signatory to the North Atlantic Treaty; and as a demonstration of displeasure with Communist tactics which are obviously aimed at eventual domination of Asia, working under the guise of indigenous nationalism."
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