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Yu Geun-Hyeong

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Yu Geun-Hyeong (유근형 ; 柳根瀅), pen name Haegang, (April 5, 1894 – January 20, 1993) was a Korean ceramist and played the leading role in the revival of Goryeo celadon.[1][2]

His name is also written as Ryu, Yu Geun-Hyeong, Yu Kun-hyong, Yoo Geun-hyung, Yoo Keun-Hyeong. The studio name is written as Haegang or Hae-Gang.

Biography

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Yu Geun-Hyeong was born in Seoul and attended Boseong Middle School.[3] After graduation, and during much of his first 50 years, Korea was under Japanese rule.

In 1911, he began his career as a potter at the Hanyang Koryo Ceramics Factory located in Shindang-dong, Seoul.[4] A short while later he switched to a new factory called Kanyo K̄oraiyaki established in 1912 by Umii Benzo (b. 1875) in today's Jangchung-dong, Seoul.[5] This second factory was built to supply meet the growing Japanese demand for Goryeo style celadons. In 1913 the firm opened an outlet within the Tokyo's business district Nihonbashi which likely sold Yu's earliest works. Yu's works were also likley sold at exhibitions held by the factory held in Tokyo in 1914 and 1917. The firm became one of two suppliers of Goryeo wares to the Mitsukoshi Department Store in Seoul.[6] This store was frequented by Japanese tourists looking for souvenirs to take back to Japan. It also became the main supply for the Tokyo branch of the store when it opened its Oriental section in 1921. According to one report, Yu himself, may have been sent in 1921 to Japan to help represent the factory he worked at.[7] This was the start of a long association between Yu and other Korean ceramists like Shin Sang-ho who held regular exhibitions in the Oriental section of the Mitsukoshi store in Tokyo at least until the 1990's.

The 1923 Great Kanto earthquake destroyed the Tokyo branch and drove the firm Kanyo K̄oraiyaki into debt. This forced Umii to sell the firm to members of the Yi Royal Family that had been absorbed into the Imperial House of Japan and the Japanese industrialist Tomita Gisaku. Gisaku established Sanwa Goryeo Celadon Ware[8] in 1908 in the town of Nampo in South P'yong'an Province (now North Korea).[5] According to professor Woo of the Department of Ceramics and Glass, Hongik University College and Fine Arts Curator, Korea Modern Celadon, credit for the rediscovery of the lost art of making Goryeo style celadons should be attributed to Gisaku.[9]

The name for the expanded firm employing Yu became the Yi Royal Household Art Workshop owing to its partial royal ownership. Yu's position is described as having evolved from being a potter to being an engineer who was sent around the country from factory to factory to improve operations.[4] Yu's experiments with kiln designs, and different clays are said to have played an essential role in advancing the production of quality Goryeo style wares. [10]

Goryeo Period pitcher at the Art Institute of Chicago which is the basis of some of Yu's reproductions

Yu established a friendship with at least one of the Japanese brothers Noritaka and Takumi Asakawa.[7] The Asakawa brothers were two early advocates for traditional Korean ceramics. Noritaka reportedly surveyed 700 sites of old kilns, recovered and classified an enormous quantity of ceramic artifacts.[11] Likely, Yu's association with the Asakawa brothers introduced him to many artifacts which Yu learned to reproduce.

In 1928, Yu's celadon works were entered into the Chugai Industrial Exhibition, held in Beppu, Japan. He took the gold medal.[12]

He dedicated himself to the restoration of the celadon genre, working first at the Songbuk kiln at the Korea Arts and Culture Research Center at the Kansong Art Museum in 1954, and later at the Korean Formal Arts Research Center in Taebang-dong.[13] In the 1960s, he built his own kiln in Icheon, Gyeonggi-do.

According to dates he incorporated into some of his works supplied into the Japanese market, he continued working well into his 90s.

The name of his studio was Haegang (해강 ; 海剛), which was located in Gyeonggi Province outside Seoul.

He established the Haegang Research Institute in Shindun-myeon, Icheon in 1960, using the many materials he had collected over his decades of research in the field.

He was honored by the government as a Living National Treasure as holder of Intangible Cultural Property No.13 of Gyeonggi Province.[14]

His work was documented in the film Koryo Celadon in 1979, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.[15][16]

His work is held in public collections, including The Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (object number 1992.232) and The British Museum (object number 1992,0623.1-2)

Works

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During his many decades Yu produced a great number of ceramic works including:

  • Pre-celadon works.
  • Everyday celadon wares like cups, teapots, and bowels for the local Korean market
  • Decorative celadon wares for sale at exhibitions, many of which took place in Japan
  • Large works of celadon for display at exhibitions
  • Reproductions of Korean National Treasures
  • Innovative works especially large reticulated vases
[edit]

Video showing Yu at work: Koryo Celadon,1979 - YouTube

Smithsonian Museum ceramic dish signed by Kwang-yeol Yoo showing two extra dots in signature


Further reading

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  • J Portal, 'Korea, Art and Archaeology', British Museum Publications, 2000.
  • Koryo celadon: The Autobiography of Haegang, Yoo, Keun-Hyeong, 1984.[17]
  • Koreana, 1991. Vol 5, No 3. Page 68.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Haegang Pottery Museum". www.lifeinkorea.com. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  2. ^ Suh, Kyung Yoon (June 4, 1999). "How One Korean Rediscovered An Art Form and Lost a Market". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
  3. ^ "≪인터넷저널≫ 장인의 혼 머금은 해강 도자미술관". 인터넷저널. 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  4. ^ a b "유근형", 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전 (in Korean), 2023-09-20, retrieved 2024-01-29
  5. ^ a b Oh, Younjung (17 October 2022). "The paradox of authenticity: The Korean Product Showroom of Mitsukoshi department store in colonial Seoul" (PDF). Cambridge University Press (Modern Asian Studies (2023), 57, 1246 to1276): 17–18.
  6. ^ Oh, Younjung (17 October 2022). "The paradox of authenticity: The Korean Product Showroom of Mitsukoshi department store in colonial Seoul" (PDF). Modern Asian Studies, Cambridge Press.
  7. ^ a b "고려청자 기술을 복원한 해강 유근형 작가 알아보자!". 네이버 블로그 | 한국도자재단 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  8. ^ "Stirrup cup with inlaid sgraffito chrysanthemum and scroll designs – University of Michigan Museum of Art". umma.umich.edu. Retrieved 2025-02-01.
  9. ^ Digital Ceramics Museum. "Exploring Contemporary Korean Celadon". Yingge Ceramics Museum, New Taipei City Taiwan.
  10. ^ Nilsen, Robert (2009). South Korea. Moon Handbooks. ISBN 9781598800593.
  11. ^ Tamashige, Sachiko (2011-08-25). "Japanese brothers who championed Korean ceramics". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  12. ^ www.bibliopolis.com. "Chugai Sangyo Hakurankai by Yoshida HATSUSABURO on Ursus Books, Ltd". Ursus Books, Ltd. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  13. ^ Kon, Choi (1991). "Korea's Modern Ceramic Art". Koreana. 5 (3): 68.
  14. ^ "Yu Geun-Hyeong 유근형 柳根瀅 (Haegang 해강 海剛) (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  15. ^ "Koryo Celadon (1979)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  16. ^ "Koryo Celadon (1979)". IMDb. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  17. ^ Yoo, Keun-Hyeong (1984). Koryo celadon: the autobiography of Haegang, Yoo, Keun-Hyeong. Seoul: Hong Ik Jae. OCLC 923482981.


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