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White bear of Henry III

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A sculpture by Kendra Haste of the bear in the Tower of London, commissioned in 2010

The white bear of Henry III was given to King Henry III of England by King Haakon IV of Norway in 1252. Its exact identity is not certain, but it was most likely a polar bear. Henry housed the bear at his Royal Menagerie in the Tower of London. It was exercised in the tower grounds and, following an order by the king in 1253, allowed to swim in the River Thames. The bear was a popular attraction in the city, and later monarchs also kept similar bears.

Background

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Although earlier monarchs had kept exotic animals at the Tower of London, it was Henry III (reigned 1216–1272) who established the Royal Menagerie on a permanent footing. The first animals kept in the menagerie were three "leopards"—though the term was more fluid in the medieval era and probably referred to lions—given to Henry by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1235 upon his marriage to Henry's sister Isabella. Animals were kept in the menagerie continuously thereafter until 1834, when concerns over welfare of the animals led to its closure.[1][2]

Gift

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A polar bear (top) and Syrian brown bear (bottom)

An animal, described as a "pale" or "white" bear, was given to Henry by Haakon IV of Norway in 1252.[2][3] The species of the animal is not known definitively, but it was most likely a polar bear;[3] polar bears were known as white bears in Britain before the 19th century.[4] Alternative explanations, such as unusually-coloured specimens of the Eurasian brown bear, would likely not have been considered sufficiently regal a gift. The light-coloured Syrian brown bear is another possibility, but Haakon had around this time also gifted a "white bear" to Frederick II, who reigned in Sicily and would already have had access to these animals.[5]

The Norwegian and Baltic populations of polar bears had been exterminated by the 10th century. For a polar bear to have reached Norway, it would either have arrived on drifting ice or been procured by Haakon from Greenland, over whose Norse settlements he was exerting increasing control.[4][6] The white bear was an important royal symbol in Norse history, similar in status to leopards and lions of the English crown, so the gift had great diplomatic value. It is not known if the bear had an individual name.[3]

At the Tower

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The white bear was housed in the menagerie of the Tower of London, and its handler occasionally led it around the grounds for exercise.[5] Henry was shocked by the expense of keeping the bear, so he delegated its upkeep to the sheriffs of London;[7][8] the order was made by the king on 13 September 1252 at Bury St Edmunds and communicated to the sheriffs from Windsor on 29 September.[9] The sheriffs' allowance of four sous a day proved hardly sufficient for the animal. They were also responsible for providing clothing to the bear's Norwegian handler.[3]

Henry was concerned that the bear was insufficiently provided for, and so made a further order to the sheriffs on 30 October 1253.[9] He ordered that a muzzle and chain be made for the animal so it could be walked outside of the Tower's grounds, and that it be permitted to swim, bathe, and fish in the River Thames tethered by a long rope.[3] The upkeep payments were also increased to six pence per day.[10] The bear would be taken to the Thames daily, where it fished for sturgeon and salmon. The excursions proved popular with the public, who flocked to the river to view the animal. Traffic on nearby roads was halted to facilitate the bear's movements.[11][3]

Legacy

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Modern-day view of the Tower and river

The bear was a popular attraction for the city, and its popularity in the menagerie was surpassed only by the arrival of an elephant in 1255, a gift of Louis IX of France.[3] The tower records note payments for the transport of another white bear named Lynn in 1287. This individual is presumed to have been shipped from a place of the same name—perhaps Lyngen Fjord—and been caught in Svalbard; it was likely a replacement for Henry's original bear.[5] Another white bear was present at the menagerie by 1549.[12] James VI and I received two polar bear cubs in 1609 and kept them in his bear garden.[13] The white bear, or its replacements, led to a number of public houses adopting the name "The White Bear".[11][12] The bear may also have inspired the symbol's use on token coins such as those issued by traders in Bride Lane (off Fleet Street) in the 17th century.[14]

References

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  1. ^ Thomas, Phillip Drennon (1 January 1996). "The Tower of London's Royal Menagerie" (PDF). History Today: 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  2. ^ a b "The Tower of London Menagerie". Historic Royal Palaces. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Bibby, Miriam. "King Henry III's Polar Bear". Historic UK. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b Mowat, Farley (2012). Sea of Slaughter. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-77100-046-8. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  5. ^ a b c Engelhard, Michael (1 November 2016). Ice Bear: The Cultural History of an Arctic Icon. University of Washington Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-295-99923-4. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  6. ^ Miller, William Ian (2008). Audun and the Polar Bear: Luck, Law, and Largesse in a Medieval Tale of Risky Business. BRILL. p. 18. ISBN 978-90-04-16811-4.
  7. ^ Smith, William (1833). A new history and survey of the cities of London and Westminster, and the borough of Southwark. pp. 230–231. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  8. ^ Davidson, Lucy. "Lions and Tigers and Bears: The Tower of London Menagerie". History Hit. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  9. ^ a b Stow, John (1733). A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Borough of Southwark, and Parts Adjacent. T. Read. pp. 69–70. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  10. ^ Derocher, Andrew E. (8 March 2012). Polar Bears: A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Behavior. JHU Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4214-0305-2.
  11. ^ a b Elvery, Martin (7 July 2021). "Swimming in the Thames used to be more dangerous because of polar bear". My London. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  12. ^ a b Larwood, Jacob; Hotten, John Camden (1866). The History of Signboards, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. J.C. Hotten. p. 154. Archived from the original on 2024-09-08. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  13. ^ Simpson, Sherry (18 October 2013). Dominion of Bears: Living with Wildlife in Alaska. University Press of Kansas. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-7006-1935-1. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  14. ^ Boyne, William (1889). Trade Tokens Issued in the Seventeenth Century in England, Wales, and Ireland: By Corporations, Merchants, Tradesmen, Etc. E. Stock. p. 547.
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