==References==
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Armit, Ian, Towers In The North: The Brochs Of Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2002. ISBN0752419323
Bannerman, John, "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba" in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and the Scotland. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN0-567-08682-8
Barrow, G.W.S. "Pre-feudal Scotland: shires and thanes" in The Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh UP, Edinburgh, 2003. ISBN0-7486-1803-1
Broun, Dauvit, "Dál Riata" in Michael Lynch (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001. ISBN0-19-211696-7
Broun, Dauvit, "Dunkeld and the origin of Scottish identity" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
Broun, Dauvit, "National identity: early medieval and the formation of Alba" in Lynch (2001).
Broun, Dauvit, "Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development" in Sally M. Foster (ed.), The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections. Four Courts, Dublin, 1998. ISBN0-85182-414-6 Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: checksum
Broun, Dauvit, "The Seven Kingdoms in De situ Albanie: A Record of Pictish political geography or imaginary map of ancient Alba" in E.J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Medieval Era. John Donald, Edinburgh, 2005. ISBN0-85976-608-X
Bruford, Alan, "What happened to the Caledonians ?" in Cowan & McDonald (2005).
Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973. ISBN0-7134-5882-8
Campbell, Ewan, Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots. Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN0-82641-874-7 Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: checksum
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Ireland: to 1100" in Lynch (2001).
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Nechtan son of Derile" in Lynch (2001).
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Scotland, the 'Nennian' Recension of the Historia Brittonum and the Libor Bretnach in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Fourt Courts, Dublin, 2000. ISBN1-85182-516-9
Clancy, Thomas Owen, "Columba, Adomnán and th Cult of Saints in Scotland" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
Cowan, E.J., "Economy: to 1100" in Lynch (2001).
Cowan, E.J., "The Invention of Celtic Scotland" in Cowan & McDonald (2005).
Crone, B.A., "Crannogs and Chronologies", PSAS, vol. 123 (1993), pp. 245–254.
Cummins, W.A., The Age of the Picts. Sutton, Stroud, 1998. ISBN0-7509-1608-7
Dennison, Patricia, "Urban settlement: to 1750" in Lynch (2001).
Driscoll, Stephen T., "Burghead" in Lynch (2001).
Dyer, Christopher, Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain 850–1520. Penguin, London, 2003. ISBN0-140-25951-1
Forsyth, Katherine, Language in Pictland : the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish' (Studia Hameliana no. 2). De Keltische Draak, Utrecht, 1997. ISBN90-802785-5-6
Forsyth, Katherine, "Literacy in Pictland" in Huw Pryce (ed.), Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies. Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1998.
Forsyth, Katherine, "Evidence of a lost Pictish Source in the Historia Regum Anglorum of Symeon of Durham", with an appendix by John T. Koch, in Taylor (2000).
Forsyth, Katherine, "Picts" in Lynch (2001).
Forsyth, Katherine, "Origins: Scotland to 1100" in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History, Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN0-19-820615-1
Foster, Sally M., Picts, Gaels, and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. Batsford, London, 2004. ISBN0-7134-8874-3
Geary, Patrick J., Before France and Germany: The creation and transformation of the Merovingian World. Oxford U.P., Oxford, 1988. 0-19-504457-6
Hanson, W., "North England and southern Scotland: Roman occupation" in Lynch (2001).
Haywood, John, Dark Age Naval Power. Anglo-Saxon Books, Hockwold-cum-Wilton, 1999. ISBN1-898281-22-X
Henderson, Isabel, "Primus inter pares: the St Andrews Sarcophagus and Pictish Sculpture" in Foster (1999).
Higham, N.J., The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Sutton, Stroud, 1993. ISBN0-86299-730-5
Laing, Lloyd & Jenny Lloyd, The Picts and the Scots. Sutton, Stroud, 2001. ISBN0-7509-2873-5
Lowe, Chris, Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Angles in Southern Scotland. Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN0-82641-875-5 Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: checksum
Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P., "Religious life: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
Markus, Fr. Gilbert, O.P., "Conversion to Christianity" in Lynch (2001).
Nicolaisen, W.F.H., Scottish Place-Names. John Donald, Edinburgh, 2001. ISBN0-85976-556-3
Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200. Longman, London, 1995. ISBN0-582-01565-0
Oram, Richard, "Rural society: medieval" in Lynch (2001).
Price, Glanville, "Pictish" in Glanville Price (ed.), Languages in Britain & Ireland. Blackwell, Oxford, 2000. ISBN0-631-21581-6
Pryor, Francis, Britain A.D. Harper Perennial, London, 2005.ISBN0-00-718187-6
Ritchie, Anna, "Culture: Picto-Celtic" in Lynch (2001).
Rodger, N.A.M., The Safeguard of the Sea. A Naval History of Great Britain, volume one 660–1649. Harper Collins, London, 1997. ISBN0-00-638840-X
Sellar, W.D.H., "Gaelic laws and institutions" in Lynch (2001).
Sharpe, Richard, "The thriving of Dalriada" in Taylor (2000).
Smyth, Alfred P., Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000. Edinburgh UP, Edinburgh, 1984. ISBN0-7486-0100-7
Taylor, Simon, "Place names" in Lynch (2001).
Taylor, Simon, "Seventh-century Iona abbots in Scottish place-names" in Broun & Clancy (1999).
Watson, W.J.The History of the Celtic Place-names of Scotland.
Woolf, Alex, "Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts" (forthcoming).
Woolf, Alex, "Nobility: early medieval" in Lynch (2001).
Woolf, Alex, "Ungus (Onuist) son of Uurgust" in Lynch (2001).
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