User:XanderAi/sandbox

Product of the NYAAD

Dutch Kills Millstones

Constructed by Burger Jorissen in 1650, Jorrisen’s Mill was the first tidal mill in western Queens. It operated using a ditch known as Berger’s Sluice, which ran just east of Northern Boulevard between 40 Road and 48th Street. For decades, a pair of centuries-old millstones, once used to grind wheat, have been embedded in a traffic triangle at Queens Plaza, where Northern and Queens Boulevards intersect and two major elevated lines converge. The labor-intensive tasks of grinding wheat and sifting flour were predominantly carried out by African-American workers. It is very likely that some of the 163 African American slaves known to have been held in Newtown in 1755 were employed in operating these millstones.

History

Since 1631, tide-powered water mills in Boston, New England, and New York have been essential for grinding grain, cutting lumber, grinding spices, making snuff, pounding iron, and performing numerous other heavy labor tasks that contributed to America’s development. These “tide-mills” also supported maritime commerce, connecting emerging metropolitan centers along the Atlantic Coast. In New York, these mills were an economic boon that propelled the city to greatness—a fact commemorated by the two flour barrels on the city’s coat of arms. The mill at Dutch Kills in Long Island City, New York was the first in western Queens.

The LIRR expansion caused the gristmill to be destroyed in 1861, the last vestiges of the mill are the stones Jorrisen installed in 1657. These millstones are linked to the Grist Mill in the first European community in Queens, located in what was and still is known as Dutch Kills. The Payntar Millstones are significant beyond making flour for Washington’s Continental Army; they are a tangible link to early U.S. industrial history.

The mill’s ownership can be traced through several families: Bragaw, Parcell, Polhemus and Ryerson, before being acquired by the Payntar family in 1831. The mill and its pond remained until 1861, when the Long Island Railroad’s construction obliterated the site.

The Payntar family salvaged the millstones and placed them in front of their home on Jackson Avenue, approximately 300 feet north of Queens Plaza.

The millstones, returned to Dutch Kills Green in the 2014 renovation

Park in eastern part of plaza, after renovation

Bike lane in Queens Plaza after renovation

20th Century

When the Payntar home was demolished in 1913, the millstones were moved to the plaza in front of the Long Island Savings Bank at 41st Avenue and Queens Plaza North. A postcard from around 1925 depicts tall light fixtures with circular bases resembling the millstones. 40th Avenue was once called Paynter Ave. During the construction of the Queens Plaza subway station around 1930, the stones were temporarily relocated to a nearby flower bed. A 1940s booklet by the Long Island Savings Bank shows the millstones embedded in a traffic island, where they remained until the 2000s.

For the next 15 years, the local historical society monitored the millstones, noting significant deterioration due to vandalism and exposure to the elements. The centers of the stones have eroded, with one stone cracked and asphalt dumped into them. Concerns about their condition were raised as early as 2001.

As part of a multimillion-dollar renovation of Queens Plaza by the NYC Planning and the New York City Economic Development Corporation, the millstones were to be moved to the center of the plaza and mounted on pedestals with four pins drilled through them. Their centers would be filled with grout. However, their new location, near a bike lane and in a congested traffic hub, raises concerns about safety and exposure to road salt and weathering. As a temporary measure due to public outcry, the millstones of Dutch Kills have been moved to the Ravenswood library.

Historical Significance

Despite an application for designation to the NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission being rejected, the millstones are considered the oldest surviving European artifacts in the borough. Lore was they arrived on a West Indian merchant ship. The design on their faces suggests they are either replacements or originals with their faces re-scored, dating to the early 19th century.

The Greater Astoria Historical Society sought support to temporarily house the millstones in their museum, retain experts to study their origin and age, and exhibit them for the community until a permanent local interior space is found. The society, with the expertise to securely house the artifacts, would make them available for public viewing more frequently than alternative proposals. The millstones from Jorrisen’s Mill are significant artifacts of New York’s early industrial history. Their preservation in a secure environment, accompanied by interpretative and educational information, is essential for public understanding and appreciation.

It is uncommon for tide mill millstones to remain intact, as many have been shattered or destroyed over time. The association of these millstones with a 17th-century mill further enhances their rarity and historical value. The Jorrisen millstones are likely among the earliest tidal millstones preserved in the United States, and possibly in the Western Hemisphere.

See also

• List of tide mills on Long Island

External links

• Official website

Sources

Information is derived from James Riker’s “Annals of Newtown” (1852) and personal recollections of the Payntar Family. The Payntar Family, professional organizations like the Historic Districts Council, and the Queens Borough historian support efforts to preserve the stones.

TABLE ENTRY |- | Dutch Kills | Jorrisen's Mill (1650) | Millpond | 1650-1657 | Burger Jorrisen (Original proprietor), Bragaw, Parcell, Polhemus and Ryerson (Late 18th century), Payntar family (1831-61)

|

File:???(NYPL b12610187-423823).jpg

Jorrisen's Mills Obliterated by LIRR expansion(NYPL b12610187-423823)

New article

Title Bellmore Volunteer Exempt Fireman's Benevolent Association Description Black and white photograph of firefighters from the Bellmore Volunteer Exempt Fireman's Benevolent Association holding a parade banner in front of the Bellmore Theatre, which had been showing Waterloo Bridge at the time. Subject Fire fighters; Organizations; Parades; Location Bellmore - Nassau County - New York Date of Original 1940-09-07 Physical Format Black-and-white photographs Physical Description photograph; b&w; 2.5 x 3.5 in. Local Location Historical Society of the Bellmores Collection Type Still Image Format of Digital image/jpeg Identifier 2015.001.104 Holding Institution Bellmore Memorial Library; Contact Information Bellmore Memorial Library, 2288 Bedford Avenue, Bellmore, NY 11710; Tel: (516) 785-2990; email:bellmorehistoryATgmail.com; www.bellmorelibrary.org/local-history Publisher of Digital Bellmore Memorial Library, 2288 Bedford Avenue, Bellmore, NY 11710; www.bellmorelibrary.org/local-history/ Digital Collection Bellmore Historical Photographs Library Council Long Island Library Resources Council Notes This material may include outdated attitudes, language and cultural depictions that could cause offense. Rights In Copyright- Educational Use Permitted; http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/ File Name bml.bhs.firedept.0011.jpg

Synopsis: Bellmore Movies

Family-owned Bellmore Movies, owned by Henry and Anne Stampfel, is the last single-screen movie theater on Long Island. More than just a cinema, it represents a story of film, family business, and survival. The theater has adapted by presenting events, film festivals, comedy, plays, and a mix of movies to keep seats filled in the age of Netflix, providing history, longevity, and hope for the film industry.

Co-owner Henry Stampfel notes that Bellmore Movies is one of the oldest movie theaters on Long Island, having survived wars, Prohibition, two pandemics, and numerous strikes. Despite losing its original marquee in a 1999 storm, the theater continues to operate near the Bellmore Long Island Rail Road station, just shy of 110 years old, with its iconic crimson curtains.

The theater faced significant challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, but a Shuttered Venue Operators Grant (SVOG) helped it recover. The Stampfels, who met while working at the Oceanside Theatre in 1978, took over Bellmore Movies in 1986 and have maintained its single-screen format, focusing on careful programming and live performances.

Bellmore Movies is ADA accessible and well-maintained, featuring a lobby, concession counter, and ticket booth. It hosts a variety of events, including the Lighthouse Repertory Theatre’s productions, and remains a beloved cultural landmark for the community.

• • • Bellmore Cinema***

Established in 1914, Bellmore Cinema is one of the oldest single-screen movie theaters on Long Island. It has survived wars, Prohibition, two pandemics, and numerous strikes.

Firefighters in front of Bellmore Cinema, 1940

Owned by Henry and Anne Stampfel, it is the last single-screen movie theater on Long Island. It represents a story of film, family business, and survival. The theater has adapted by presenting events, film festivals, comedy, plays, and a mix of movies to keep seats filled in the age of Netflix, providing history, longevity, and hope for the film industry.

Early history

Bellmore Movies, situated near the Bellmore train station on Long Island, has an unassuming exterior. It has endured significant historical events, including the Spanish Flu of 1918, the Great Depression, two world wars, and numerous other conflicts and challenges. Despite losing its original marquee in a 1999 storm, the theater continues to operate, just shy of 110 years old, with its iconic crimson curtains.

Closing due to a catastrophic event, it reopened to a crowd craving the "itch", their beloved Saturday afternoon matinee. The marquee had been struck by lightening during a severe summer thunderstorm on July 17, 1998 and required repairs.

At one time there was an old seat displayed just in front of the ticket booth of the 350 seat venue. It was found after a renovation and is from the depression era. During the Kilgore family’s ownership of the 20's and 30's, the theater was distinguished by its wooden floors, low ceiling beams, and a wooden ticket booth and tiny lobby that showcased silent films of the era. There was a Penny candy store (Smith Bros. Sweet Shop) on the corner and it was Pettit Ave back then

Bellmore Movies

In 1999 it reopened with a renovation that brought it up to village code. There had been talk of splitting it's screen in two, to naught.

The theater faced significant challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, but a Shuttered Venue Operators Grant (SVOG) helped it recover. The Stampfels, who met while working at the Oceanside Theatre in 1978, took over Bellmore Movies in 1986 and have maintained its single-screen format, focusing on careful programming and live performances.

Today

Bellmore Movies is ADA accessible and well-maintained, featuring a lobby, concession counter, and ticket booth. It hosts a variety of events, including the Lighthouse Repertory Theatre’s productions, and remains a cultural landmark for the community.

In 2005 the Internation Film Expo hosted 3000 visitors to the venue. The Rocky Horror Show, a stage performance, was hosted here every friday at midnight in the 2010s. There is also a Latino Film Festival and a Big Fish Film Festival.</ref>

New article

• • • Longman House 1854 by Benjamin Place***

Longman House, constructed in 1854 by Architect Benjamin Place, is a Civil War era city style dwelling that was built in the Brooklyn Italianate style in then eastern Queens and bought by Samuel Longman in 1858. It is located in Hempstead Village(Heemstede) in the middle of Long Island in Nassau County, New York.

Early history

The Town of Hempstead, established in the 1600s, is the oldest English settlement in Nassau County and has grown to become the largest township in the United States. In 1643, John Carman and Reverend Robert Fordham purchased 64,000 acres from Tackapausha, a prominent Native American Chief, for $100. By 1644, English settlers had secured permission from Dutch Governor Kieft to farm the land, leading to the development of a thriving community of farmers and fishermen.

The Longman House stands as a testament to the architectural and social history of Brooklyn, New York. Built in 1854, it showcases the Italianate style that was en vogue during the mid-19th century, characterized by its decorative frieze and the distinctive placement of the main entrance. The Italianate architectural style, which gained popularity in the mid-19th century, is distinguished by several key features. Among these are a decorative frieze adorning the front facade and a side entrance, a design element typical of late Federal-period architecture.

Restoration and Current Ownership

The current owner, Wendall Johnson, has dedicated 20 years to restoring Longman House. His efforts have preserved the house’s Vernacular style, with careful attention to maintaining its original exterior design. Inside, Johnson has replaced the floors with planking salvaged from the demolition of the Sunday School of St. George’s Episcopal Church in Hempstead. An enthusiast of antiques, Johnson has furnished the home with authentic period pieces.

Johnson's commitment to authenticity is evident in his use of reclaimed materials and period furnishings, ensuring that the house remains a living piece of history. The white picket fence and wrap-around porch continue to evoke images of leisurely summer days gone by, making the Longman House a historic landmark in the community.

The house not only reflects the affluence of its original owner, Samuel Longman, who used it as a summer retreat but also the dedication of its current owner, Wendall Johnson, who has meticulously restored it over two decades.

References

Hempstead notes:An individual for whom no place of residence is listed, or for whom the place of residence is listed as the Town of Hempstead, N.Y., is presumed to have been a resident of Jerusalem, N.Y. Other likely places of residence would have been the village of Hempstead (located within the Town of Hempstead) and Bethpage, Town of Oyster Bay, N.Y. An individual for whom no occupation is listed is presumed to have been a farmer.

• • • Mill in Jerusalem***

Langdon Family note: alternate spellings for Langdon include Landain, Landin, Landon, Landung, Langden, Langle, and Langlon, Langdon, John – born c.1685; died 1725. He was a son of Joseph Langdon (c.1649-c.1710) and Mary Osborne. Langdon operated a mill near his house on the Mill River at Near Rockaway, N.Y.; he probably also worked a farm at Jerusalem, N.Y., which was given to him by his father. He married Willemtje Snedaker (c.1691-?) around 1708. He was the brother of Thomas Langdon (c.1673-1734), whose daughter, Elizabeth (c.1702-?), married Capt. John Birdsall (1696-1764) in 1744. Langdon, Jonathan – born c.1710; date of death unknown. He was a son of Thomas Langdon (c.1673-1734) and Mary (Dusenbury) Alburtis (widow of Arthur Alburtis). He was a farmer in Jerusalem, N.Y.; he moved to Dutchess County in or before 1740. He was a brother of Elizabeth Langdon (1702-?), who married Capt. John Birdsall (1696-1764) in 1744. Langdon, Joseph – born c.1649; died c.1710. He was the son of Thomas Langdon (c.1625-c.1666) and Isabelle (maiden name unknown). Langdon was a farmer in the Town of Hempstead, N.Y.; he married Mary Osborne c.1671. The known children of Joseph Langdon and Mary Osborne were Joseph (c.1682- 1739), John (c.1685-1725), Samuel (c.1689-?), Thomas (c.1673-1734), Mary (c.1691-?), William (c.1678-?), and Hannah (c.1684). Langdon was the grandfather of Elizabeth Langdon (1702-?), who married Capt. John Birdsall (1696-1764) in 1744. Langdon, Joseph, Jr. – born c.1682; died c.1739. He resided in the Town of Hempstead, N.Y., where he was a farmer. He was a son of Joseph Langdon (c.1649-c.1710) and Mary Osborne. The name of Langdon’s first wife is unknown; he married his second wife, Hannah Carman, on May 30, 1715 at Grace Church, Jamaica, N.Y. He was a brother of Thomas Langdon (c.1673-1734), whose daughter, Elizabeth (c.1702-?), married Capt. John Birdsall (1696-1764) in 1744. Langdon, Joseph – born c.1700; alive as of 1742 and may have lived as late as 1751. He lived in the Town of Hempstead, N.Y., and was a son of Thomas Langdon (c.1673-1734) and Mary (Dusenbury) Alburtis (widow of Arthur Alburtis). Langdon was a farmer and a loyalist militia captain. He was a brother of Elizabeth Langdon (1702-?), who married Capt. John Birdsall (1696-1764) in 1744.

Queens / Nassau

North - South going East

Location	Name of mill and coordinates	Type	Built	Notes	Photograph
Dutch Kills	Jorrisen's Mill (1650)	Kill	1650-1657	Burger Jorrisen (Original proprietor), Bragaw, Parcell, Polhemus and Ryerson (Late 18th century), Payntar family (1831-61)	Dutch Kills eastern millstone jeh
Astoria, New York	Jackson	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Jackson Grist Mill, located at Bowery Bay at present day LaGuardia Airport in Astoria, New York, United States,	Bowery Bay seen in 1989, with the wreckage of USAir Flight 5050 in the foreground.
Canarsie, New York	Vanderveer	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Vanderveer Grist Mill, located at Vanderveer Creek, New York, United States,	Vanderveer Grist Mill
Flushing, New York	Flushing River	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Bush Lumber & Coal Grist Mill, located at present day Flushing, New York, United States,	Grist Mill
Elmhurst, New York	Lott	Sawmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Lott Saw Mill of Newtown, located at present day Elmhurst, New York, United States,	Water tower in Lott Texas
Newtown, New York	Carll	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Carll Grist Mill, located at Newtown, present day Elmhurst, New York, United States,	Jesse Carll Shipyard by Edward Lange (1882).
Jamaica, New York	Remsen	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Jackson Grist Mill, located at Merrick Rd/Sayres Av in present day St. Albans, New York, United States,	Remsen Grist Mill
Rosedale, New York	Duryea's Creek	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Duryea's Creek Grist Mill, located at present day JFK Airport in Rosedale, New York, United States,	Duryea's Creek Grist Mill
Douglaston, New York	Lawrence	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Alley Pond Grist Mill, located at present day Douglaston, New York, United States,	Alley Pond Grist Mill
Cambria Heights, New York	Neils	Sawmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Hook Creek Saw Mill, located on Hook Creek at present day Cambria Heights/Laurelton, New York, United States,	Hook Creek Saw Mill
Laurelton, New York	Springfield Reservoir	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Springfield Reservoir Grist Mill, Located on Hook Creek at present day Laurelton, New York, United States,	Simonson Creek, Idlewild Park, Brookville Boulevard, Brookville, Queens.
Springfield Gardens, New York	Nostrand	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Thurston's Creek/Springfield Grist Mill, located at Thurston's Creek/Springfield Gardens in present day Laurelton, New York, United States,	Thurston Hollow looking downstream
Rosedale, New York	Pearsalls	Gristmill Sawmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Conselyea Saw & Grist Mill, located on Hook Creek at present day Brookville, New York, United States,	Simonson Creek, Idlewild Park, Brookville Boulevard, Brookville, Queens.
Great Neck, New York	Saddle Rock Grist Mill	Tidemill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The NRHP (listed 1978) Saddle Rock Mill museum, located at Udall's Millpond in present day North Hempstead, New York, United States,	Saddle Rock Grist Mill
Valley Stream, New York	Valley Stream Reservoir	Sawmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Thompson Saw Mill, located above the Valley Stream reservoir at present day Valley Stream, New York, United States,	Thompson Grist Mill
Rosedale, New York	Watts	Mills Tidemill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Hungry Harbor Creek Mills, located on Hungry Harbor Creek (trib. Hook Creek) at present day Rosedale, New York, United States,	A Manhasset BayWalk sign at the North Hempstead Town Dock in Port Washington, NY on August 10, 2022.
Port Washington, New York	Cock's	Gristmill Built by Adam Mott	1871	Cock's Grist Mill, located at present day Manorhaven Park across Port Washington harbor from the Baxter Estates millpond, New York, United States,	A Manhasset BayWalk sign at the North Hempstead Town Dock in Port Washington, NY on August 10, 2022.
Manhasset, New York	Baxter	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Baxter Grist Mill, located at present day Baxter Estates, New York, 11050, United States,	A Manhasset BayWalk sign at the North Hempstead Town Dock in Port Washington, NY on August 10, 2022.
Glen Cove, New York	Musketa Cove	Gristmill Sawmill	Sawmill c.1669 Gristmill 1677	The Musketa Cove Plantation Grist Mill (1677), located at present day Glen Cove, New York, United States,	Corn Starch works, Glen Cove, L.I.
Hempstead, New York	Nichols	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Nichols mill going south from Hempstead, located at present day Hempstead, New York, United States,	Hempstead, Town of Hempstead, Queens Co. L.I. NYPL1527304
Hempstead, New York	Oliver	Gristmill	(Exact date unknown), between 1810 and 1870	The Oliver mill going south from Hempstead, located at present day Hempstead, New York, United States,	Hempstead, Town of Hempstead, Queens Co. L.I. NYPL1527304
East Rockaway, New York	Haviland Mill	Gristmill	1689 (original construction)	The Haviland Mill in East Rockaway has a history dating back to 1689. Robert Davison, returning from his service during the American Revolution, found employment in the mill of Anthony DeMott, despite DeMott's loyalty to the British crown during the war. Despite DeMott's involvement in signaling to loyalist militia during a skirmish near the property in 1776, Davison and DeMott apparently had an amicable relationship. Davison worked in DeMott's mill for several years and eventually married DeMott's daughter, Nancy Ann.	Haviland-Davison Grist Mill, as seen in November 2014.
Rockville Centre	Mott Mill	Gristmill, Millpond	Pre-1852 (Established by Mordecai "Rock" Smith)	Reverend Mordecai "Rock" Smith, a miller by trade, owned and operated the mill, which was situated near Parsonage Creek on the Merrick and Jamaica Plank Road (Jamaica Ave) in Rockville Centre. During the Revolutionary War, the mill was operated by Anthony DeMott. Robert Davison, who served during the American Revolution, worked in DeMott's mill and later purchased the old Haviland mill in East Rockaway.

Name of Close Property	Name of Mill	Type	Photo
Dutch Kills	Payntar	Gristmill	!No Image
Bowery Bay/LaGuardia	Jackson	Gristmill	!No Image
Vanderveer Creek	Vanderveer	Gristmill	!No Image
Flushing	Bush Lumber	Gristmill	!No Image
Newtown	Lott	Sawmill	!No Image
Newtown	Carll	Gristmill	!No Image
Merrick/Sayres	Remsen	Gristmill	!No Image
Duryea’s Creek	Duryea	Gristmill	!No Image
Alley Pond	Lawrence	Gristmill	!No Image
Hook Creek I	Neils	Sawmill	!No Image
Hook Creek II	Simonson	Gristmill	!No Image
Thurston’s Creek/Springfield	Nostrand	Gristmill	!No Image
Hook Creek III	Conselyea	Gristmill/Sawmill	!No Image
Great Neck	Udall	Mill	!No Image
Hungry Harbor	Watts	Mills	!No Image
Port Washington	Dodge	Mill	!No Image
Manhasset Bay	Mitchell	Mill	!No Image
Valley Stream	Thompson	Sawmill	!No Image
Glen Cove	Starch	Cornstarch	!No Image
Roslyn	Roslyn	Tidemill	!No Image
Mineola	Albertson	Windmill	!No Image
Hempstead II	Clowes	Windmill	!No Image
Hempstead II	Nichols	Gristmill	!No Image
Hempstead III	Oliver	Gristmill	!No Image
Rockville	Langdon/Demott	Gristmill	!No Image

New article

John Henry Brinckerhoff (1829-1903) was a prominent merchant and public official in Jamaica, Queens, New York. Known for his extensive contributions to the community, Brinckerhoff held various public offices and was deeply involved in local civic organizations. His legacy includes significant improvements in local infrastructure and education, reflecting his dedication to public service and community development.

Early History: Born on November 24, 1829, to Abraham and Jane Elizabeth Wright Brinckerhoff, John Henry Brinckerhoff began his career at a young age. At fifteen, he started an apprenticeship as an engineer and machinist with the Long Island Railroad. By the age of seventeen, he was in charge of one of the company’s locomotives. His career took him to Syracuse and Michigan, where he worked in railroad construction and repair before returning to Jamaica in 1857 to enter the grocery business.

Effect on Jamaica: Brinckerhoff’s impact on Jamaica was profound. He served as Supervisor of the Town of Jamaica for thirteen years, from 1874 to 1887, and was chairman of the Queens County Board in 1881. He also held positions as commissioner of highways, justice of the peace, village trustee, and member of the Village Board of Education. His work with the Jamaica State Normal School, where he served as treasurer and secretary, was particularly notable. Brinckerhoff was instrumental in organizing the Queens County Non-Partisan Taxpayers’ Association and the Jamaica Citizens’ League, contributing significantly to the community’s development.

Death: John Henry Brinckerhoff passed away on January 16, 1903. His death marked the end of a distinguished career in public service and community involvement. He left behind a legacy of integrity, dedication, and significant contributions to the growth and improvement of Jamaica, Queens. His efforts in public office and various civic organizations have had a lasting impact on the community,

Fish point fulling mill

Measures were taken this year by two enterprizing citizens of the town, to erect a fulling-mill on the stream that empties at Fish's Point. The town favored the project, and passed the following, June 27th, 1691 : " Voted, that Thomas Stevenson and Edward Stevenson sliall liave the stream or brook tliat is commonly called Lodowick Brook, as tlieir own right, to have and to hold to them and theirs for ever, with what convenience of land can be spared (not infringing the highway) for the building of a fulling-mill, with which they are to do the town's work first, and as reasonable as other workmen do, and to keep the same in repair."

Twenty years from this date, to wit, on Oct. 16th, 1711, Thomas Stevenson and John Stevenson (son of Edward) sold to Jesse Kip, at that time the proprietor of the grist-mill at Fish's Point, all their interest in the above premises. This fulling-mill remained for many years, but every vestige of it has now disappeared, though the locality still retains the name of the Fulling-mill Dam. This was one of the first fulling-mills erected in this province. The costliness of imported cloths had induced the practice of making domestic woollens, and the raising of sheep for that purpose. The depredations of wolves offered, however, a serious impediment to the safe rearing of flocks, and though the inhabitants of this town were less annoyed by these midnight prowlers than their neighbors of the adjoining towns, they found it necessary, in February, 1692, to offer twenty shillings a head for every wolf killed within the limits of the town.