User:Robynthehode/sandbox
Circumcision - Violence against men
[edit]I have done some searching and found two academic articles that support the idea that circumcision is criminal assault - namely violence against men
[4] Only abstract
List of superlative fountains
[edit]bold | Denotes fountain was tallest in world at time of construction |
Rank | Name | Image | Height of main jet | Number of jets | Continuous | Lights | Country | City | Year constructed | Remarks | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | King Fahd's Fountain | ![]() |
260 m (850 ft) | 1 | No | Yes | Saudi Arabia | Jeddah | 1985 | Tallest fountain in the world |
Continent Populations
[edit]- Europe - UN
- Asia - UN
- Africa - UN
- N America
- S America - https://knoema.com/data/south-america+population
- Australia
- Australasia
- Oceania
- Antartica
Sources
UN US Census - https://www.census.gov/popclock/ https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8rdmp3/revision/1
Continent sizes
- Europe -
- Asia - 44,614,000 square kilometres (17,226,200 square miles) https://www.britannica.com/science/continent https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66721-largest-continent
- Africa - 30,370,000 km2 (11,730,000 sq mi) [1]
- N America
- S America -
- Australia
- Australasia
- Oceania
- Antartica
Continent | Area (km2) [failed verification] |
Area (sq mi) [failed verification] |
Area source | Percent total landmass [failed verification] |
Population | Pop Source | Percent total pop. |
Most populous city (proper) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | [note 1] | 30,370,000 | 11,730,000 | 20.4% | 1,339,429,990 (1,287,920,000) | [2] | 16.9% | Lagos, Nigeria | |
Antarctica | [note 2] | 14,200,000 | 5,500,000 [3] | 9.2% | 4,490 | [4] | 0.0% | McMurdo Station | |
Asia | [note 3] | 44,614,000 | 17,226,000 [5] | 29.5% | 4,639,847,430 (4,545,133,000) | [6] | 59.5% | Shanghai, China | |
Europe | [note 4] | 10,180,000 | 3,930,000 | 6.8% | 750,769,200 (742,648,000) | [7] | 9.7% | Moscow, Russia[8] | |
North America | [note 5] | 24,709,000 | 9,540,000 | 16.5% | 493,618,450 (587,615,000) | [9] | 7.7% | Mexico City, Mexico | |
South America | 17,840,000 | 6,890,000 | 12.0% | 430,461,090 (428,240,000) | [10] | 5.6% | São Paulo, Brazil | ||
Australia (pop figure for Oceania) | [note 6] | 8,600,000 | 3,300,000 | 5.9% | 42,677,810 (41,261,000) | [11] | 0.5% | Sydney, Australia |
- ^ Sayre, April Pulley (1999), Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
- ^ "The population of Africa - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Antarctica | History, Animals, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ See also Demographics of Antarctica. Antarctica. CIA World Factbook. March 2011 data. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ^ "Asia | Continent, Countries, Regions, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ "The population of Asia - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "The population of Europe - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
- ^ "Forbes проигнорировал Москву". irn.ru.
- ^ "North America - World - Population - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ "The population of South America - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ "The population of Oceania - knoema.com". Knoema. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
List of oldest democracies in the world
[edit]Country | Date of universal suffrage and candidacy | Date of universal suffrage - male | Date of universal suffrage - female | Date of candidacy - male | Date of candidacy - female | Date of establishment of parliament | Type of democracy | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Finland | 1907 | Date suff male | Date suff female | Date cand male | Date cand female | Date est parliament | Type | Notes | Ref |
New Zealand | 1893 | Date suff male | Date suff female | Date cand male | Date cand female | Date est parliament | Type | Notes | Ref |
List of circuses
[edit]This is a list of former and extant circus companies that perform a multi-skill multi-date circus production at a touring or permanent venue. This list excludes circus groups, circus schools and other circus organisations who perform circus entertainment outside this definition to enable the list to be manageable.
Name | Country | Town | Years Active | Traditional or Contemporary | Touring or Permanent | Animal Acts | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adam Forepaugh | USA | Philadelphia | 1865-1890 | Traditional | ? | Yes | ||
Al G. Barnes Circus | USA | 1895-1929 | Traditional | Touring | Yes | Purchased by the American Circus Corporation in 1929. Stopped touring after 1938 | ||
Albanian National Circus | Albania | Tirana | 1952-present | Traditional | Permanent & Touring | Yes | Was a permanent circus in Tirana from 1952-1975. Added a big top touring facility in 1975 | |
Archaos | France | Marseille | 1986-present | Contemporary | Touring | No | ||
Bertram Mills Circus | UK | London | 1920-1967 | Traditional | Permanent & Touring | Yes | [1] | |
Big Apple Circus | USA | New York City | 1977-present | Contemporary | Permanent & Touring | No | ||
Billy Smart | UK | London | 1946-1983 | Traditional | Touring | Yes | [2] | |
Black Tower Circus | United Kingdom | Blackpool | 1894-present | Traditional & Contemporary | Permanent | No | Animal acts until 1990. Based in a building at the foot of Blackpool Tower | |
Bobby Roberts Circus | UK | Oundle | 1944-1982 | Traditional | Touring | Yes | [3] | |
Bobby Roberts Super Circus | UK | ? | ? | Traditional | Touring | Yes | Bobby Roberts Jr. Son of Bobby Roberts. Bobby Roberts Jr. found guilty of three counts of causing unnecessary suffering to a performing elephant in 2012 | [4] |
Capital Circus of Budapest | Hungary | Budapest | 1889-present | Traditional | Permanent | Yes | Current building opened 1971 | |
Carson & Barnes Circus | USA | ? | 1937-current | Traditional | Touring | Yes | Cited for more than 100 violations of federal Animal Welfare Act | [5] [6] |
Chinese State Circus | UK | ? | 1992-present | Contemporary | Touring | No | Owned by Gandey World Class Productions | [7] |
Chipperfields Circus | UK | ? | 1930s-1990s | Traditional | Touring | Yes | [8] | |
Circa | Australia | Brisbane | 1987-present | Contemporary | Touring | No | Started as 'Rock n Roll Circus' in 1987. Changed name in 2004. Received six Helpmann Awards | |
Circo Atayde Hermanos | Mexico | ? | 1880-present | Contemporary | ? | ? | ||
Circo de los Horrores | Spain | ? | 2006-present | Contemporary | Touring | No | 'Circus of Horrors' style circus | [9] |
Circo Orfei | Italy | Palermo | ? | Traditional | Touring | Yes | [10] | |
Circo Osorio & American Crown Circus | USA | Las Vegas | 1927-present | Traditional | Touring | No | Began in 1927 as Circo Osorio in Mexico. Became Circo Osorio & American Crown Circus in 1997 | [11] |
Circus Aotearoa | New Zealand | Waitetuna | ? | Traditional | Touring | No | [12] |
|| [[]] || Country || Town || Years Active || Traditional or Contemporary || Permanent or Touring || Animal Acts || Notes || Ref
|-
- ^ "Bertram Mills - Circopedia". www.circopedia.org. Retrieved 2020-07-04.
- ^ Billy Smart - Circopedia
- ^ "Obituary: Bobby Roberts". The Independent. 1999-04-19. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
- ^ Laurence Cawley (23 November 2012). "What next for the Bobby Roberts Super Circus?". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "Our History". Circussaurus. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
- ^ "Urge Carson & Barnes Circus to End All Cruel Animal Acts!". PETA. 2017-04-07. Retrieved 2020-08-14.
- ^ "Chinese State Circus". Chinese State Circus. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
- ^ Sansom, Ian (2010-05-14). "Great dynasties of the world: The Chipperfields". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
- ^ "Circo de los Horrores". Apocalipsis (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-03-31.
- ^ "Log into Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
{{cite web}}
: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ "Meet Osorio Family". American Crown Circus. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
- ^ "FAQ - Circus Aotearoa". 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
Name | Country | Town or City | Years Active | Touring or Permanent | Animal Acts | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abuhadba Circo Internacional[1] | Bolivia | |||||
Adam Forepaugh | U.S. | |||||
Aerialize[2] | Australia | |||||
Al G. Barnes Circus | U.S. | |||||
Albert & Friends Instant Circus[3][4] | UK | |||||
Aloft Circus Arts [5] | U.S. | |||||
Antonio Franconi | Italy | |||||
Archaos | France | |||||
Artcirq[6] | Canada | |||||
Batty's Hippodrome | U.S. | |||||
Bertram Mills Circus | UK | |||||
Big Apple Circus | U.S. | |||||
Billy Smart[7] | UK | |||||
Bindlestiff Family Cirkus | U.S. | |||||
Blackpool Tower Circus | UK | |||||
Bobby Roberts Super Circus[8] | UK | |||||
Capital Circus of Budapest | Hungary | |||||
Carson & Barnes Circus[9] | U.S. | |||||
Chaplin's Circus[10] | UK | |||||
Chinese State Circus | UK | |||||
Chipperfield's Circus | UK | |||||
Circa[11][12] | Australia | |||||
Circo Atayde Hermanos[13] | Mexico | |||||
Circo de los Horrores [14] | Spain | |||||
Circo de Teresa Rabal[15] | Spain | |||||
Circo Orfei [16] | Italy | |||||
Circo Osorio[17] | U.S. | |||||
Circuba | Cuba | |||||
Circus Aotearoa[18] | N.Z. | |||||
Circus Amok | U.S. | |||||
Circus Avalon[19] | Australia | |||||
Circus Bassie & Adriaan | Netherlands | |||||
Circus Carl Busch[20] | Germany | |||||
Circus Contraption | U.S. | |||||
Circus Dire Dawa [21] | Ethiopia | |||||
Circus Flora | U.S. | |||||
Circus Gatti[22][23] | U.S. | |||||
Circus Hargeisa[24] | Somaliland | |||||
Circus Herman Renz | Netherlands | |||||
Circus Joseph Ashton | Australia | |||||
Circus Juventas | U.S. | |||||
Circus Knie | Switzerland | |||||
Circus Krone | Germany | |||||
Circus Mondao[25][26] | UK | |||||
Circus Mundus Absurdus[27] | Finland | |||||
The Circus of Horrors[28] | UK | |||||
Circus of Tiny Invisibility[29] | U.S. | |||||
Circus Olympia[30][31] | Australia | |||||
Circus Oz | Australia | |||||
Circus of Pepin and Breschard | U.S. | |||||
Circus Renz | Germany | |||||
Circus Roncalli | Germany | |||||
Circus Royale | Australia | |||||
Circus Smirkus | U.S. | |||||
Circus Sarasota[32] | U.S. | |||||
Circus Sunrise[33] | Australia | |||||
Circus Tyanna[34] | UK | |||||
Circus Vargas | U.S. | |||||
Circus Vegas[35] | Ireland | |||||
Circus waldissima[36] | U.S. | |||||
Cirkus Agora | Norway | |||||
Cirkus Cirkör | Sweden | |||||
Cirque Amar[37] | Algeria | |||||
Cirque Berzerk[38] | U.S. | |||||
Cirque de Flambé[39] | U.S. | |||||
Cirque de la Symphonie | U.S. | |||||
Cirque du Soleil | Canada | |||||
Cirque Éloize | Canada | |||||
Cirque Fernando | France | |||||
Cirque Medrano | France | |||||
Cirque Plume | France | |||||
Circus Redickuless | U.S. | |||||
Continental Circus Berlin | UK | |||||
Darix Togni[40][41] | Italy | |||||
De La Guarda[42] | Argentina | |||||
Dorato Circus[43] | Israel | |||||
Dream Science Circus[44] | U.S. | |||||
El Circo[45] | U.S. | |||||
End of the World Cirkus[46] | U.S. | |||||
Eroni's Circus | Australia | |||||
Flynn Creek Circus[47] | U.S. | |||||
Flying Fruit Fly Circus | Australia | |||||
Fossett's Circus[48][49] | Ireland | |||||
Foolhardy Circus Arts[50] | UK | |||||
Garden Bros. Circus | U.S | |||||
Dragone | Belgium | |||||
FSU Flying High Circus | U.S. | |||||
Gerry Cottle[51][52][53] | UK | |||||
The Great Pakistani Circus[54] | Pakistan | |||||
The Great American Royal Circus[55] | U.S. | |||||
The Bite-sized Circus - The Littlest Show on Earth[56] | Australia | |||||
Great British Circus | UK | |||||
Gasaui [57] | Bolivia | |||||
Great Bombay Circus[58][59] | India | |||||
Great Royal Circus[60] | India | |||||
Hamid Circus[61] | U.S. | |||||
Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus | U.S. | |||||
Hippodrome Circus[62] | UK | |||||
Hungarian National Circus | Hungary | |||||
Humboldt Circus | U.S. | |||||
ISU Gamma Phi Circus[63] | U.S. | |||||
Janbaz Circus[64] | Pakistan | |||||
Jordan World Circus[65][66] | U.S. | |||||
Jumbo Circus[67][68] | India | |||||
Jim Rose Circus | U.S. | |||||
Kelly Miller Circus[69] | U.S. | |||||
La Gota Circo | Dubai | |||||
Lennon Bros Circus | Australia | |||||
Lewis and Clark circus | U.S | |||||
Long Shadow Stilt Theatre[70] | AU | |||||
Loomis Bros. Circus [71] | U.S. | |||||
Lost in translation Circus [72] | UK | |||||
Lucent Dossier Experience | U.S. | |||||
Lucky Irani Circus[73] | Pakistan | |||||
Midnight Circus [74] | U.S. | |||||
Moscow Circus | Russia | |||||
New Pickle Circus[75] | U.S. | |||||
Nofit State Circus | Wales | |||||
P. T. Barnum | U.S. | |||||
Pablo Fanque | UK | |||||
Perry Bros Circus[76][77] | Australia | |||||
Pickle Family Circus | U.S. | |||||
Ramos Bros. Circus | U.S. | |||||
Ringling Brothers Circus | U.S. | |||||
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus | U.S. | |||||
Royal Hanneford Circus | U.S. | |||||
The Royal London Circus | Malaysia | |||||
Royal Circus and Equestrian Philharmonic Academy | UK | |||||
Sarrasani | Germany | |||||
Shrine Circus | U.S. | |||||
Silvers Circus | Australia | |||||
Sole Brothers' Circus | Australia | |||||
Star Spangled Circus[78] | U.S. | |||||
Stardust Circus | Australia | |||||
Stilt Circus[79] | U.S. | |||||
Steel City Clown Brigade | U.S. | |||||
Taylor Circus Stars[80] | U.S. | |||||
Tbilisi Circus | Georgia | |||||
Teatro ZinZanni | U.S. | |||||
Tirana Circus | Albania | |||||
Turkmen State Circus | Turkmenistan | |||||
Tom Arnold | UK | |||||
Tom Duffy's Circus[81] | Ireland | |||||
Travelling Light Circus[82] | UK | |||||
Two Bit Circus [83] | U.S. | |||||
UniverSoul Circus | U.S. | |||||
Vau De Vire Society[84] | U.S. | |||||
Wanderlust Circus | U.S. | |||||
Webers Circus | Australia | |||||
Circus Gerbola[85] | Ireland | |||||
Will-o'-the-Wisp Fire Circus[86] | AU | |||||
Zippos Circus[87] | UK | |||||
Zirka Circus[88] | N.Z. | |||||
Zoppé Family Circus[89] | U.S | |||||
Kinoshita Circus[90] | Japan | |||||
Name | Country |
- ^ Abuhadba Circo Internacional
- ^ Aerialize - Sydney Aerial Theatre Archived 2010-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Albert & Friends Instant Circus
- ^ Barbara Rosen. "A Short Course in the Circus". New York Times. March 6, 1998.
- ^ "Account Suspended".
- ^ Linda Matchan. "Bringing circus – and new hope – to a remote Arctic village".[permanent dead link] The Christian Science Monitor. December 22, 2009.
- ^ Billy Smart - Circopedia
- ^ Laurence Cawley (23 November 2012). "What next for the Bobby Roberts Super Circus?". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ Ryan Boldrey (9 May 2012). "Controversy under the Big Top". Our Colorado News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "Chaplins Circus". Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
- ^ Circa
- ^ Sarah Frater. "Circa shows more wizards from Oz". Archived 2010-08-09 at the Wayback Machine London Evening Standard.
- ^ Circo Atayde Hermanos
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Reuters (12 December 2012). "El circo de Teresa Rabal consigue levantar el telón". Diario Vasco. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
{{cite news}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Moiraorfei.it - Sito Ufficiale del Circo Moira Orfei".
- ^ Jeff Pope. "Circus a way of life for family: American Crown Circus and Circo Osorio perform in Summerlin". Las Vegas Sun. March 7, 2009.
- ^ Circus Aotearoa
- ^ Circus Avalon Archived 2013-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Circus Carl Busch
- ^ "Circus Dire Dawa visits Circus Hargeisa".
- ^ Circus Gatti
- ^ Carl Kieke. "Circus Gatti Performance Entertains, Enthralls Youngsters of All Ages". Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Abilene Reporter-News Mobile. February 29, 2008.
- ^ Circus Hargeisa - Somaliland
- ^ Circus Mondao
- ^ Douglas McPherson. "Reviews: Circus Mondao". The Stage. 23 March 2009.
- ^ "Circus Mundus Absurdus". Archived from the original on 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
- ^ The Circus of Horrors
- ^ The Circus of Tiny Invisibility
- ^ "Circus Olympia". Archived from the original on 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
- ^ "Circus back in town". Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine The Advocate. 5 May 2009.
- ^ Sarasota, Florida: Home of the American Circus Archived 2013-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Work and family balancing act". The Age. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ Circus Tyanna
- ^ Yvonne Gordon. "Behind the scenes at the big top". Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine The Irish Times. 12 February 2003.
- ^ "Circus Waldissima – A Waldorf Inspired Youth Circus".
- ^ "Les 85 ans du cirque Amar". La Dépêche du midi (in French). Retrieved November 26, 2016.
- ^ Cirque Berzerk
- ^ Cirque de Flambé
- ^ Raffaele De Ritis. "Darix Togni". Circopedia. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
- ^ "Circo Darix Togni". Archived from the original on 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ Robert Dominguez (16 August 1998). "Flying Circus Our Reporter Soars To New Heights At Off-broadway's 'Villa Villa'". NY Daily News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ Dorato Circus Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dream Science Circus Archived 2013-01-17 at archive.today
- ^ El Circo Archived 2009-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ J. Dee Hill (2004). Freaks & Fire: The Underground Reinvention Of Circus. Soft Skull Press. pp. 162–165. ISBN 9781932360523. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ "Flynn Creek Circus | Pushing Traditions to the Edge".
- ^ Fossett's Circus
- ^ Anthony Garvey. "Fossett’s Circus show honours Irish arts minister O’Donoghue". The Stage. 23 May 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
- ^ Foolhardy Circus
- ^ Stroud, Clover. "Big top, bigger life". Telegraph. September 17, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ "Cottle leaves big top behind". BBC. October 4, 2003. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ "Gerry Cottle and Gerry Cottle Jr". Interview in The Sunday Times. May 1, 2005. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ [1] Archived 2015-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Great American Royal Circus Archived 2011-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Bite-sized Circus
- ^ http://www.circogasaui.com
- ^ Great Bombay Circus
- ^ Kannadasan, Akila. "The circus comes to town". The Hindu. July 18, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ "Great Royal Circus begins soon". The Times of India. March 24, 2004. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ Hamid Circus
- ^ Hippodrome Circus
- ^ ISU Gamma Phi Circus
- ^ Fawad Ali Shah. "Female artists perform at Janbaz Circus in Peshawar after 5 years". Daily Times. June 04, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ LeRae Haynes. "Elephant protest grows in Williams Lake". Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Welcome to Williams Lake. 4 August 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Jordan World Circus
- ^ "Jumbo Circus hits Bangalore after six years". Thaindian News. January 10, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Bindu Shajan Perappadan. "Good old Jumbo Circus is back to enthral Delhiites". The Hindu. September 30, 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ "Kelly Miller Circus is coming to town today". South Coast Today. June 26, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
- ^ Long Shadow Stilt Theatre Archived 2011-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Loomis Bros. Circus
- ^ Lost in Translation Circus
- ^ "Lucky Irani Circus". Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
- ^ "Midnight Circus in the Parks".
- ^ Karina Ioffee (21 January 1999). "Big-Top Pickle". Metro Santa Cruz. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ Claudette Vaughan. Robert Perry Interviewed: "Perry's Circus Is In Town". Archived 2007-10-16 at archive.today
- ^ "Perry Bros Circus". Archived from the original on 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Robie, Frank (May 23, 1983). "East Coast News" (PDF). The Circus Report. 12 (11): 8 – via circushistory.org.
- ^ Stilt Circus: Media/Press Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kimberly Kapilovic (17 October 2012). "The Taylor family is a real family circus in Arizona". abc15.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
- ^ Tom Duffy's Circus
- ^ Travelling Light Circus
- ^ "Find Your Fun".
- ^ "Interview with Vau de Vire Society's Mike Gaines". CultureFlux. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- ^ Circus Gerbola
- ^ Will-o'-the-Wisp Circus and Fire Performances
- ^ Zippos Circus
- ^ Zirka Circus
- ^ "Home - Zoppé - an Italian Family Circus since 1842".
- ^ Kinoshita Circus
Science fiction is defined
[edit]"Science fiction" is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. James Blish wrote: "Wells used the term originally to cover what we would today call ‘hard’ science fiction, in which a conscientious attempt to be faithful to already known facts (as of the date of writing) was the substrate on which the story was to be built, and if the story was also to contain a miracle, it ought at least not to contain a whole arsenal of them." Isaac Asimov said: "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." According to Robert A. Heinlein, "a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method." Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado—or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is", and that the reason for there not being a "full satisfactory definition" is that "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction." Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it", while author Mark C. Glassy argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography: you do not know what it is, but you know it when you see it.
Fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.[1]
fiction dealing principally with the impact of actual or imagined science on society or individuals or having a scientific factor as an essential orienting component[2]
Landmark definition
[edit]Merriam Webster
- a structure (such as a building) of unusual historical and usually aesthetic interestespecially : one that is officially designated and set aside for preservation
National Park Service which overseas National Landmarks project
National Historic Landmarks are buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects that have been determined by the Secretary of the Interior to be nationally significant in American history and culture https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/faqs.htm
UNESCO
Cultural and Natural Heritage 45. Cultural and natural heritage are defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention.
Article 1 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “cultural heritage”; - monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; - groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; -sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.
Article 2 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “natural heritage”: - natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view; geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation; Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 20 - natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.
Historic England / UK Government
6. For the purposes of listing, a ‘building’ includes any structure or erection and a ‘listed building’ includes any object or structure: (a) fixed to it; or (b) within its curtilage which, although not fixed to it, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1st July 1948, unless the list entry expressly excludes such things. In some cases, such as for works of art or sculptures, it will be necessary to consider the degree and purpose of annexation to the land or building to determine whether it may be listed under the 1990 Act. 7. Listed buildings are graded to reflect their relative special architectural and historic interest. Grade I buildings are of exceptional special interest; Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest; Grade II buildings are of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them.
Statutory criteria 16. The Secretary of State uses the following criteria when assessing whether a building is of special architectural or historic interest and therefore should be added to the statutory list: Architectural Interest: To be of special architectural interest a building must be of importance in its design, decoration or craftsmanship. Special interest may also apply to particularly significant examples of building types or techniques (e.g. buildings displaying technological innovation or virtuosity) and significant plan forms. Engineering and technological interest can be an important consideration for some buildings. For more recent buildings in particular, the functioning of the building (to the extent that this reflects on its original design and planned use, where known) will also be a consideration. Artistic distinction can also be a factor relevant to the architectural interest of buildings and objects and structures fixed to them.
Historic Interest: To be able to justify special historic interest a building must illustrate important aspects of the nation’s history and / or have closely substantiated historical associations with nationally important individuals, groups or events; and the building itself in its current form will afford a strong connection with the valued aspect of history.
List of tallest clock towers
[edit]A list of the tallest structures with clocks on their exterior that can be seen from the ground. The list includes various structures with a working clock face or faces on their exteriors. The first type of structure are proper Clock towers which are structures that fulfil the definition of a tower with a clock face or faces on the exterior wall or walls. Possibly the most famous example is the colloquially termed Big Ben. Some structures of this type were originally built as bell towers and had the clocks added later, such as the Springfield Campanille. Some clock towers of this type are freestanding, such as the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, while others are attached to, or on top of, buildings such as the tower on the Philadelphia City Hall. The second set of structures are buildings (rather than towers) that had clock faces on the exterior as part of their original design such as the Wrigley Building. The third set of structures are buildings that have had a clock face or faces added after the original building was constructed such as the Palace of Culture and Science. This division of structures with clock faces follows the general terminology used in related articles and follows CTBUH criteria[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. For the purposes of comparison and clarity this list includes all structures with clocks and clock faces of the types previously described. The list includes all clock 'tower' structures with a height of at least 40 m (130 ft).
bold | Denotes structure is the tallest of its type (as described below) in the world |
Denotes freestanding clock tower fulfilling the strict definition |
Denotes clock tower fulfilling the strict definition either attached to or on top of another structure |
Denotes structure that was designed as multi-functional structure which included clock faces |
Denotes structure where the clock faces were not in the original design and added after the completion of the structure |
Building | A structure which is at least 50% 'occupiable' and fulfils the CTBUH definition[10] |
Tower | A structure which is less than 50% occupiable and fulfils the CTBUH definition[11] |
Freestanding Tower | A tower that is not attached to or located on top of another building - a standalone structure. A category used by CTBUH [12] |
Tower Building | A tower that is located on top of or attached to another building. A category used by CTBUH [13] |
Rank | Name | Image | Height | Number of Faces | Chiming | Year | Type of structure | Main function | Country | City | Remarks | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abraj Al Bait Towers | 601 m (1,972 ft) | 4 | No | 2012 | Building[14] | Hotel | Saudi Arabia | Mecca | Tallest building with clock faces. The clock faces are the faces highest above the ground on any structure | ||
2 | NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building | ![]() |
240 m (790 ft) | 4 | No | 2000 (building) 2002 (clocks added) | Building | Offices | Japan | Tokyo | Clock faces are 15 m (49 ft) | [15] |
3 | Palace of Culture and Science | ![]() |
230.7 m (757 ft) | 4 | No | 1955 (building) 2000 (clocks added) | Building | Offices (original) Multi-use (current) | Poland | Warsaw | Building contructed in 1955. Clock faces added in 2000. | [16] |
4 | Met Life Tower | ![]() |
213.4 m (700 ft) | 4 | No | 1912 | Building | Offices (original) Offices/Hotel (current) | USA | New York | Clock faces are 8 m (26 ft) | [17] |
5 | Philadelphia City Hall | ![]() |
167 m (548 ft) | 4 | No | 1901 | Tower Building | Offices | USA | Philadelphia | Clock faces are 7.9 m (26 ft) | [18] |
6 | Mercantile National Bank Building | ![]() |
159.4 m (523 ft) | 4 | No | 1943 | Building | Offices (original) Offices/Residential (current) | USA | Dallas | Building completed in 1942. Addition of clock tower 1943 | [19][20] [21] |
7 | Custom House Tower | 151 m (495 ft) | 1 | No | 1916 | Building | Offices (original). Hotel (current) | USA | Boston | Clock faces 6.7 m (22 ft) Due to the installation of an undersized motor, the clock failed to work properly through much of the 20th century | [22] | |
8 | Wrigley Building | ![]() |
133.5 m (438 ft) | 1 | No | 1922 | Building | Offices | USA | Chicago | The clock faces are 5.97 m (19.6 ft) | [23] |
9 | Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp) | ![]() |
123 m (404 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1521 (clocks added in C18 | Tower Building | Religious | Belgium | Antwerp | UNESCO World Heritage site as part of Belfries of Belgium and France | [24][25][26] |
10 | Central do Brasil | ![]() |
122 m (400 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1943 | Building | Railway Station | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | Clock faces are 20 m (66 ft) tall | [27] |
11 | Moscow State University | ![]() |
118 m (387 ft) | 4 | No | 1953 | Building | Education | Russia | Moscow | University has one central tower (no clock face) and four ancillary towers upon which one clock face and a barometer and thermometer are located. The height given is for the ancillary towers. The main building is 239 m (784 ft). Clock faces are 9 m (30 ft) | [28][29] |
12 | Milwaukee City Hall | ![]() |
107.6 m (353 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1895 | Building | Government | USA | Milwaukee | Clock face is 5.5 m (18 ft) | [30][31] |
13 | Copenhagen City Hall | ![]() |
105.6 m (346 ft) | 4 | No | 1905 | Tower Building | Government | Denmark | Copenhagen | Houses Jens Olsen's World Clock | [32] |
14 | Minneapolis City Hall | ![]() |
105 m (344 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1906 | Tower-Building | Clock Tower/Government | USA | Minneapolis | Largest four face chiming clock in the world. Clock faces are 7.2 m (24 ft). | [33] |
15 | Lille City Hall Belfry | ![]() |
104 m (341 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1932 | Tower Building | Government | France | Lille | [34] | |
16 | Old City Hall | ![]() |
103.6 m (340 ft) | 1 | No | 1899 | Tower Building | Clock Tower/Government | Canada | Toronto | Clock face is 6 m (20 ft) | [35] |
17 | Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower | ![]() |
100 m (330 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1908 | Freestanding Tower | Clock & bell tower | United Kingdom | Birmingham | Tallest freestanding clock tower in the world. Clock faces are 5.25 m (17.2 ft). | [36] |
18 | Munich Frauenkirche | 98.5 m (323 ft) | 3 (each tower) | Yes | 1488 | Tower Building (Twin Towers) | Religious | Germany | Munich | Domes added in 1524 | [37] | |
19 | Royal Liver Building | ![]() |
98.2 m (322 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1911 | Building | Offices | United Kingdom | Liverpool | Clocks faces on two towers 7.6 m (25 ft) diameter. Building part of the World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City | [38] |
20 | Elizabeth Tower | ![]() |
96 m (315 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1859 | Tower Building | Clock Tower/Government | United Kingdom | London | Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft). Commonly known as 'Big Ben', although this is the name of the largest chiming bell. | [39] |
21 | The Tower of Palazzo Vecchio | ![]() |
95 m (312 ft) | 1 | No | 14th C | Tower Building | Government | Italy | Florence | [40] | |
22 | University of Texas Tower | ![]() |
93.6 m (307 ft) | 4 | No | 1937 | Building | Education | USA | Austin, Texas | [41] | |
23 | Sather Tower | ![]() |
93.5 m (307 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1914 | Freestanding Tower | Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current) | USA | Berkley | Clock was added in 1926. With the addition of the clock now the second tallest freestanding clock tower in the world | [42] |
24 | Peace Tower | ![]() |
92.2 m (302 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1920 | Tower Building | Museum | Canada | Ottawa | Clock faces are 4.8 m (16 ft). Built to commemorate Canadians who lost their lives in World War I | [43] |
25 | Brisbane City Hall | ![]() |
92 m (302 ft) | 4 | Yes | 19? | Tower Building | Government | Australia | Brisbane | Clock faces are 4.9 m (16 ft) | [44] |
26 | Springfield Campanille | 91.44 m (300.0 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1913 | Freestanding Tower | Bell Tower (original) Clock & Bell Tower (current) | USA | Springfield, Massachusetts | Currently not open to the public. With the addition of the clock now the third tallest freestanding clock tower in the world | [45] | |
27 | Belfry of Ghent | ![]() |
91 m (299 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1543 | Tower Building | Clock Tower/Belfry | Belgium | Ghent | 4th tallest freestanding clock tower | [46][47][48] |
28 | Emerson Tower | ![]() |
88.1 m (289 ft) | 4 | No | 1911 | Building | Offices | USA | Baltimore | Clock faces are 7.3 m (24 ft). The largest four dial gravity clock in the world | [49] |
29 | Belfry of Mons | ![]() |
87 m (285 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1672 | Freestanding Tower | Clock & Belfry Tower | Belgium | Mons | 5th tallest freestanding clock tower | [50] |
30 | Rajabai Clock Tower | ![]() |
85.3 m (280 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1878 | Freestanding Tower | Clock tower | India | Mumbai | 6th tallest freestanding clock tower in the world | [51] |
31 | Allen-Bradley Clock Tower | ![]() |
85.3 m (280 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1963 | Tower Building | Clock Tower | USA | Milwaukee | Clock faces are 12.25 m (40.2 ft) | [52] |
32 | Manchester Town Hall | ![]() |
85.3 m (280 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1877 | Tower Building | Government | United Kingdom | Manchester | Tallest town hall clock tower in UK. The clock faces are 4.8 m (15.7 ft) | [53][54] |
33 | Belfry of Bruges | ![]() |
83 m (272 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1822 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Bruges | 7th tallest freestanding clock tower | [55] |
34 | Helsinki Cathedral | ![]() |
80 m (260 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1852 | Building | Religious | Finland | Helsinki | Clock added after building completion | [56] |
35 | New Town Hall (Munich) | ![]() |
79.25 m (260.0 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1908 | Tower Building | Government | Germany | Munich | Houses the Rathaus Glockenspiel which includes 43 bells and 32 animatronic figures | [57] |
36 | St Pancras railway station | ![]() |
76 m (249 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1868 | Tower Building | Railway Station | United Kingdom | London | [58] | |
37 | Calais Town Hall | ![]() |
75 m (246 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1925 | Tower Building | Government | France | Calais | [59] | |
38 | Arras Town Hall | ![]() |
75 m (246 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1554 | Tower Building | Government | France | Arras | Destroyed in WW1 and rebuilt 1924-1932 | [60] |
39 | Siemensstadt | ![]() |
75 m (246 ft) | 4 | No | 1909 | Tower Building | Commercial | Germany | Berlin | Clock faces are 7 m (23 ft) | [61] |
40 | San Francisco Ferry Building | ![]() |
74.7 m (245 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1898 | Building | Ferry Terminal | United States | San Francisco | Clock faces are 6.7 m (22 ft) Clock tower houses a private penthouse residence | [62][63] |
41 | Waterbury Union Station | ![]() |
74.7 m (245 ft) | 4 | No | 1909 | Tower Building | Railway Station | United States | Waterbury | [64] | |
Central Library of Catholic University of Leuven | ![]() |
73.5 m (241 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1928 | Tower Building | Belgium | Leuven | Rebuilt after WW2 | [65] | ||
42 | Salt Lake City and County Building | 73 m (240 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1894 | Tower Building | Government | United States | Salt Lake City | [66][67] | ||
42 | Spasskaya Tower | ![]() |
71 m (233 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1851 | Tower Building | Clock Tower | Russia | Moscow | The clock faces are 6.12 m (20.1 ft) | [68] |
43 | Ypres Cloth Hall | ![]() |
70 m (230 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1304 Rebuilt 1933-1967 | Tower Building | Commercial (original) | Belgium | Ypres | Belfry originally a watchtower. Clocks added later | [69][70] |
44 | Charleroi City Hall Belfry | ![]() |
70 m (230 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1936 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Charleroi | [71] | |
44 | Leeds Town Hall | ![]() |
69 m (226 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1858 | Tower Building | Government | United Kingdom | Leeds | [72] | |
45 | Husainabad Clock Tower | ![]() |
67 m (220 ft) | 4 | No | 1881 | Free standing tower | Clock tower | India | Lucknow | 8th tallest freestanding clock tower. The clock faces are 3.95 m (13.0 ft) | [73] |
46 | Limoges-Bénédictins railway station | 67 m (220 ft) | 4 | No | 1929 | Tower Building | Railway Station | France | Limoges | Clock face is 4 m (13 ft) | [74][75] | |
47 | Oslo City Hall | ![]() |
63 m (207 ft)[citation needed] | 1 | Yes | 1950 | Building | Government | Norway | Oslo | Tower with clock on it is know as Oslo Rådhus 2. Clock face is 8.6 m (28 ft). Building hosts the Nobel Peace Prize each year | [76] |
48 | Messina astronomical clock | 61 m (200 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1933 (clock) 1929 (tower)[77] | Tower Building | Clock Tower | Italy | Messina | The clock faces are 2.4 m (7.9 ft) | [78][79] | |
49 | Bolton Town Hall | ![]() |
60.35 m (198.0 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1873 | Tower Building | Government | United Kingdom | Bolton | The clock faces are 3.65 m (12.0 ft) | [80] |
50 | Shell Mex House | ![]() |
58 m (190 ft) | 1 | No | 1930 | Building | Offices | United Kingdom | London | Largest clock face in UK at 7.62 m (25.0 ft) | |
51 | Parkinson Building | ![]() |
57 m (187 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1951 | Tower Building | Education | United Kingdom | Leeds | [81] | |
52 | Old Arts Building Clock Tower | ![]() |
54 m (177 ft) | 1 | No | 1926 | Tower Building | Education | New Zealand | Auckland | [82] | |
53 | McGraw Tower | ![]() |
52.7 m (173 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1891 | Building | Education | United States | Ithaca | Originally constructed as a library. Now houses a museum and the Cornell Chimes | [83] |
54 | University of Santo Tomas Main Building | [[File:|frameless|100px]] | 51.5 m (169 ft) | 4 | No | 1927 | Tower Building | Education | Phillipines | Manila | [84] | |
54 | Purdue Bell Tower | ![]() |
48.8 m (160 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1995 | Freestanding Tower | Education | United States | West Lafayette, Indiana | [85] | |
54 | Helsinki Central Station | 48.5 m (159 ft) | 4 | No | 1914 | Tower Building | Railway Station | Finland | Helsinki | [86][87] | ||
55 | Montreal Clock Tower | ![]() |
45 m (148 ft) | 4 | No | 1922 | Freestanding Tower | Clock Tower | Canada | Montreal | 9th tallest freestanding clock tower. Clock faces are 3.6 m (12 ft) | [88] |
56 | Portland Union Station | ![]() |
45 m (148 ft) | 4 | No | 1896 | Tower Building | Railway Station | United States | Portland | [89] | |
57 | Aalst Belfry | ![]() |
47 m (154 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1460 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Aalst | [90] | |
57 | Clock Tower, Hong Kong | 44 m (144 ft) | 4 | No | 1915 | Freestanding Tower | Railway Station (former) | China | Hong Kong | 10th freestanding clock tower. Clock tower formerly part of railway terminus now a freestanding tower | [91] | |
58 | Albert Memorial Clock Tower | ![]() |
43 m (141 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1869 | Freestanding Tower | Clock Tower | United Kingdom | Belfast | Height disputed in sources between 43 m (141 ft) and 34.5 m (113 ft)[92] If the greater height 11th tallest freestanding clock tower | [93] |
59 | Chennai Central railway station | ![]() |
41.5 m (136 ft) | 1 | No | 18?? | Tower Building | Railway station | India | Chennai | [94] | |
60 | Sultan Abdul Samad Building | ![]() |
41 m (135 ft) | 1 | No | 1897 | Tower Building | Offices | Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | [95] | |
61 | City Hall and Belfry | [[File:|frameless|100px]] | 40.3 m (132 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1377 | Tower Building | Government | Belgium | Dendermonde | [96] | |
61 | Belfry of Saint Éloi | ![]() |
40 m (130 ft) | 4 | Yes | C15 | Freestanding Tower | Belfry | France | Dunkirk | Originally the western tower of the Chruch Saint Éloi separated by a street in 18th century. 12th tallest freestanding clock tower | [97][98] |
62 | Belfry of Thuin | ![]() |
40 m (130 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1641 | Freestanding Tower | Belfry | Belgium | Thuin | [99] | |
62 | Ripon Building | ![]() |
40 m (130 ft) | 1 | No | 1913 | Tower Building | Government | India | Chennai | [100] | |
63 | Mint Tower | ![]() |
40 m (130 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1487 | Freestanding Tower | Clock & Bell Tower | Netherlands | Amsterdam | 13th tallest freestanding clock tower. Formerly part of the medieval city walls | [101] |
64 | Metz-Ville station | 40 m (130 ft) | 4 | No | 1908 | Tower Building | Railway station | France | Metz | [102] |
|- |- | || [[]] || [[File:|frameless|100px]] || [convert: needs a number] || || || || || || || || || |-
Sources
Sydney GPO http://visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/gpo.html https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5045424
Vancouver Tower 80.3m 1912 Clock face 6.7m https://www.emporis.com/buildings/113300/vancouver-block-vancouver-canada 80.7m https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vancouver-block/26035
Vancouver City Hall
Belfry of Thuin https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/belfry-of-thuin
Charleroi City Hall Belfry https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/the-belfry
Academic libraries in Leuven https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/destination/belgium/leuven/university-library#
Dendermonde City Hall and Belfry https://www.toerismedendermonde.be/product/873/town-hall-and-belfry
Aaist Belfry https://www.emporis.com/buildings/249154/belfort-van-aalst-aalst-belgium
Santo Tomas University Main Building https://www.bestcollegereviews.org/the-10-tallest-university-clock-towers/
Purdue University Bell Tower https://engineering.purdue.edu/Intranet/Users/carol.s.stwalley.1/MyPictures/bell_tower.jpg/ptPreview
Salt Lake Town Hall http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp//habshaer/ut/ut0100/ut0168/data/ut0168data.pdf https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBEWN_Salt_Lake_City_and_County_Building_Steeple
Helsinki Central Station http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/helsinki-central-station/ https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20131203-all-aboard-stunning-stations
Antwerp Cathedral https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-timeline https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-world-heritage https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-tower
Ypres Cloth Hall https://web.archive.org/web/20060513092554/http://www.trabel.com/ieper/ieper-clothhall.htm http://www.greatwar.co.uk/ypres-salient/town-ieper-cloth-hall-lakenhalle.htm
Dunkirk Belfry https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Heritage/Sites-and-historical-monuments/Beffroi-de-Saint-Eloi https://www.britannica.com/place/Dunkirk-France
Lille City Hall https://en.lilletourism.com/l-hotel-de-ville-et-son-beffroi.html
Muntorren Amsterdam https://www.amsterdamforvisitors.com/munttoren-amsterdam
Helsinki Cathedral https://helsingintuomiokirkko.fi/en/index/historyofthecathedral.html#thechurchtowers
Calais Town Hall http://www.calais.ws/CalaisTownHall.htm
Arras Town Hall http://arras-france.com/arras-belfry-and-the-town-hall/
Ghent Belfry https://www.belfortgent.be/en/home https://www.gandante.be/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Engelse-flyer.pdf https://cosmopoliclan.com/travel-with-kids/inspiration/belfry-of-ghent-belgium/
Mons Belfry https://www.visitmons.be/reserver-en-ligne/musees/beffroi-de-mons-537140
Waterbury Train Station http://www.trainweb.org/rshs/GRS%20-%20Waterbury.htm
Portland Union Train Station http://splintercat.org/UnionStation/UnionStation.html
Proposed clock towers
[edit]Rank | Name | Image | Height | Number of Faces | Chiming | Year | Type of structure | Main function | Country | City | Remarks | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Infosys Clock Tower | Image | 135 m (443 ft) | 4 | ? | 2016 | Tower | Clock & Bell Tower | India | Mysore | [103] |
Clock Faces Table
[edit]Photos for table
[[File:|frameless|100px]]
File:Pittsburgh South Side 2019-08-05 Duquesne Brewery Clock.jpg
Colgate Clock Jersey City (1 of 2) (3157735699).jpg
A list of the largest permanent working clocks with the largest faces in the world. Entries include all clocks with faces at least 4 m (13 ft) in diameter. Clocks can be located on the exterior or interior of buildings, and towers as well as on the ground as is the case with floral clock faces.
Rank | Location | Image | Diameter | Number of Faces | Chiming | Year | Structure | Country | City | Remarks | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abraj Al Bait Towers | 43 m (141 ft) | 4 | No | 2012 | Skyscraper | Saudi Arabia | Mecca | Tallest building with clock faces. Building 601 metres (1,972 feet) also making the clock faces the face the highest above the ground | ||
2 | Istanbul Cevahir | 36 m (118 ft) | 1 | No | 2005 | Shopping Centre | Turkey | Istanbul | 3-metre-high digits laid on the transparent roof of the centre | ||
3 | Bhestan | Photo | 24.2 m (79 ft) | 1 | Yes | ? | Floral clock | India | Surat | Largest floral clock in the world | [104] |
4 | Park Heroyiv | ![]() |
22 m (72 ft) | 1 | Yes | 2011 | Floral clock | Ukraine | Kryvyi Rih | Constructed to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Ukraine's independence. Minute hand is 13 m (43 ft) | [105] |
5 | Central do Brasil | ![]() |
20 m (66 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1943 | Clock Tower | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | Clock tower is 135 m (443 ft) tall | |
6 | Duquesne Brewery | ![]() |
18 m (59 ft) | 1 | No | 1933 | Building | USA | Pittsburgh | Largest clock face in USA. Octagonal clock. Has 8.5 m (28 ft) and 6.4 m (21 ft) aluminium hands | |
7 | Colgate Clock (New Jersey) | ![]() |
15.2 m (50 ft) | 1 | No | 1924 | Freestanding | USA | Jersey City | Octagonal clock. Originally located on roof of Colgate headquarters building | |
8 | Abbasabad | 15 m (49 ft) | 1 | No | 2005 | Floral clock | Iran | Tehran | [106] | ||
9 | Grozny City Towers | ![]() |
13.6 m (45 ft) | 2 | No | 2011 | Skyscraper | Russia | Grozny | Minute hand is 7.3 m (24 ft) and minute hand is 5.5 m (18 ft) | |
10 | Rockwell Automation HQ | ![]() |
12.25 m (40.2 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1962 | Clock Tower | USA | Milwaukee | Clock tower is 86.25 m (283.0 ft) and is known as the Allen-Bradley clock tower. Each hour hand is 4.8 m (16 ft) long. Each minute hand is 6.1 m (20 ft) long. | |
11 | Colgate Clock (Indiana) | ![]() |
12 m (39 ft) | 1 | No | 1906 | Freestanding | USA | Clarksville | Octagonal clock face. Built for the centennial of the Colgate Company in its original locatioon of Jersey City. Moved to Indiana in 1924 when a larger replacement was made. | |
12 | Kentucky State Capitol | ![]() |
10 m (33 ft) | 1 | No | 1961 | Floral Clock | USA | Frankfort | Located in the grounds of the capitol building. Minute hand 6.1 m (20 ft) and hour hand 4.6 m (15 ft) | |
13 | Gare de Cergy - Saint-Christophe | ![]() |
10 m (33 ft) | 1 | No | 1988 | Railway Station | France | Cergy | Largest clock face in Europe | [107] |
14 | Mercantile National Bank Building | ![]() |
9.4 m (31 ft)[citation needed] | 4 | No | 1943 | Skyscraper | USA | Dallas | Building completed in 1942. Addition of clock tower 1943 | [108] [109] |
15 | Aarau railway station | ![]() |
9 m (30 ft) | 1 | No | 1988[citation needed] | Railway Station | Switzerland | Aarau | Second largest clock face in Europe | [110] |
16 | Moscow State University | ![]() |
9 m (30 ft) | 4 | No | 1953 | Building | Russia | Moscow | University has one central tower (no clock face) and four ancillary towers upon which one clock face and a barometer and thermometer are located. Minute hand is 3.9 m (13 ft) | [111] |
17 | Stephen's Green Shopping Centre | ![]() |
8.9 m (29 ft)[citation needed] | 1 | No | 1988 | Shopping centre | Republic of Ireland | Dublin | ||
18 | St Peter's Church | ![]() |
8.64 m (28.3 ft) | 1 | No | 1534 | Church | Switzerland | Zurich | Largest church clock face. The minute hand is 5.73 metres (18.8 ft) and the hour hand is 5.07 metres (16.6 ft) | |
19 | Oslo City Hall | ![]() |
8.6 m (28 ft)[citation needed] | 1 | Yes | 1950 | Building | Norway | Oslo | Building hosts the Nobel Peace Prize each year | |
20 | Met Life Tower | ![]() |
8 m (26 ft) | 4 | No | 1912 | Skyscraper | USA | New York | Minute hands are 5.2 m (17 ft) and the hour hands are 4.06 m (13.3 ft) | |
21 | Philadelphia City Hall | ![]() |
7.9 m (26 ft) | 4 | No | 1901 | Clock tower | USA | Philadelphia | Building with clock tower is 167 m (548 ft) | |
22 | Shell Mex House | ![]() |
7.62 m (25.0 ft) | 1 | No | 1930 | Building | United Kingdom | London | Largest clock face in UK | |
23 | Royal Liver Building | ![]() |
7.6 m (25 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1911 | Clock tower | United Kingdom | Liverpool | Clocks on two towers. Building part of the World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City | |
24 | Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord | ![]() |
7.6 m (25 ft) | 1 | No | 1932 | Church | Czech Republic | Prague | ||
25 | Detsky Mir | ![]() |
7.5 m (25 ft) | 1 | No | 2014 | Shopping centre | Russia | Moscow | Clock is inside toy shop. Pendulum is 13 m (43 ft) | [112] [113] |
26 | Emerson Tower | ![]() |
7.3 m (24 ft) | 4 | No | 1911 | Clock tower | USA | Baltimore | The largest four dial gravity clock in the world | |
27 | Minneapolis City Hall | ![]() |
7.2 m (24 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1906 | Clock tower | USA | Minneapolis | Largest four face chiming clock in the world. Clock tower is 105 m (344 ft). Minute hands are 4.3 m (14 ft) | [114] |
28 | Elizabeth Tower | ![]() |
7 m (23 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1859 | Clock Tower | United Kingdom | London | Clock tower is 96 m (315 ft) tall. Commonly known as 'Big Ben', although this is the name of the largest chiming bell. | [115] |
29 | Ayer Mill | ![]() |
6.75 m (22.1 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1909 | Clock tower | USA | Lawrence | ||
30 | Custom House Tower | 6.7 m (22 ft) | 1 | No | 1916 | Skyscraper | USA | Boston | Due to the installation of an undersized motor, the clock failed to work properly through much of the 20th century | ||
31 | Palace of Culture and Science | ![]() |
6.2 m (20 ft) | 4 | No | 2000 | Building | Poland | Warsaw | Building contructed in 1955 at a height of 237 m (778 ft). Clock faces added later. | |
32 | Spasskaya Tower | ![]() |
6.12 m (20.1 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1851 | Building | Russia | Moscow | The hour hand is 2.97 m (9.7 ft), and the minute hand is 3.27 m (10.7 ft) | |
33 | Old City Hall | ![]() |
6 m (20 ft) | 1 | No | 1899 | Clock tower | Canada | Toronto | Clock tower is 103.6 m (340 ft) | |
34 | Wrigley Building | ![]() |
5.97 m (19.6 ft) | 1 | No | 1924 | Building | USA | Chicago | The hour hands are 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) and the minute hands 2.79 m (9 ft 2 in) | |
35 | Milwaukee City Hall | ![]() |
5.5 m (18 ft) | 1 | Yes | 1895 | Clock tower | USA | Milwaukee | [116] | |
36 | Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower | ![]() |
5.25 m (17.2 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1908 | Clock tower | United Kingdom | Birmingham | Tallest freestanding clock tower in the world at 100 m (330 ft). The hour hand is 3 m (9.8 ft) and the minute hand is 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) | |
37 | St Pancras Railway Station | [[|frameless|100px]] | 5.15 m (16.9 ft) | 1 | No | 1860? | Railway station (interior) | United Kingdom | London | Largest railway clock in UK | [117] |
37 | Jardin Anglais | ![]() |
5 m (16 ft) | 1 | No | 2002 | Floral clock | Switzerland | Geneva | Originally created in 1955 | |
38 | Peace Tower | ![]() |
4.8 m (16 ft) | 4 | Yes | 1920 | Clock tower | Canada | Ottawa | Built to commemorate Canadians who lost their lives in World War I | |
39 | Royal Palace | Photo | 4.7 m (15 ft) | 1 | No | ? | Floral clock | Malaysia | Anak Bukit |
Temporarily installed clocks
[edit]A list of clocks that have been installed as temporary structures. Other criteria apply as above for new entries except that all entries are planned temporary structures.
Rank | Location | Image | Diameter | Number of Faces | Chiming | Year | Structure | Country | City | Remarks | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Burning Man Festival | Video | 3.28 km (2.04 mi) | 1 | No | 2011 | Laser | USA | Black Rock Desert | It took 13 months to create the clock | [118] |
2 | Scania Clock | Photo | 298.5 m (979 ft) | 1 | No | 2016 | Articulated Lorries | Spain | Unknown | Created with 14 Scania trucks driving in circles for 24 hours at an abandoned airfield | [119] |
3 | World Fair | Photos | 30 m (98 ft) | 1 | No | 1904 | Floral clock | USA | St Louis | Create for the world fair | [120] |
The largest timepiece had a clock face area of 8.42 km² (3.25 mi²) and was created by Jim Bowers (USA). It was measured at the Burning Man festival in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA, on 5 September 2011. The clock was created with the help of lasers and "hour towers" that were set up in a circle around the laser at the centre. The average length of a laser clock arm was 1,636.8 m (1.02 miles) long. It took 13 months to create the clock. It was used to count down the hours until the burning of "The Man".
The following clocks were installed temporarily in order to set "largest clock" records:
- The World's "Largest Timepiece" as recorded by Guinness World Records was created by artist Jim Bowers, with an official diameter of 1.75 Miles. The timepiece incorporated 3 lasers (hour/minute/seconds) at night, and the clocks 48' tall central laser tower acted as a sundial during the day (casting a shadow out to 14 granite numbered slabs embedded in the ground). The "1MileClock" mechanism was engineered by laser physicist, Marcus Hertlein (Lawrence Berkely Lab) and software for the device was created by scientist Tim Black. A total of 58 artists from around the world contributed to the project.
- Scania Clock is a clock created with 14 Scania trucks driving for 24 hours at an abandoned airfield in Spain, showing on the web the local time where you are. It has a diameter of 300 metres and area of 70,000 square metres.[121]
Gallery for Clock Face article
[edit]![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Comparison_four_face_clocks.jpg/220px-Comparison_four_face_clocks.jpg)
Top-left: | Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower |
Bottom-left: | Allen-Bradley Clock Tower (previous record holder) |
Middle: | Abraj Al Bait |
Top-right: | Big Ben Clock Tower |
Bottom-right: | Kremlin Clock |
Clock faces article text archive
[edit]- Abraj Al Bait Towers clock in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a 43-metre diameter clock built on a 601-metre hotel tower in front of the Ka'ba.[122][123]
- Istanbul Cevahir clock in Istanbul, a 36-metre clock with 3-metre-high digits laid on the transparent roof of the mall, built in 2005.
- The floral clock in Surat, India, a 24.20-meter diameter and each of its hands weighs 800 kg, built by Chennai-based Clock India.[124][125]
- Kryvyi Rih clock with a dial diameter of 22 meters and a length of a minute arrow of 13 meters. The clock dial is a concrete circle, which consists of 12 sectors planted with 22 thousands of flowers of six species.[126]
- Central do Brasil clock in Rio de Janeiro, a 20-metre diameter four-face clock on top of a 135-metre tower in a railway station, built in 1943.
- Duquesne Brewery Clock (Duquesne Brewing Company Clock), Pittsburgh, a single 18-metre octagonal clock built by Audichron of Atlanta, Georgia, in 1933, with 8.5-metre and 6.4-metre aluminium hands.[127]
- Colgate Clock (New Jersey), a 15.2-metre clock built in 1924 in New Jersey to replace the old Colgate Clock, which was moved to Indiana.
- Flower clock, Tehran, a 15-metre flower clock. It weighs 750 kg (1,650 lb), and was installed on 7 June 2005.[128]
- Grozny-City Towers Facade Clocks, Grozny City, Chechnya-Russia, is a 13.6-meter diameter, two-piece clock built on 140-meter height and placed northwest and southeast sides of the highest Grozny City Tower. The clocks were built in September 2011 by Erben Kontrol/ Turkey with 7.30 m and 5.55 m pair of hands.
- Allen-Bradley Clock Tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, four 12.25-meter clocks on an 86-metre tower, started keeping time on October 31, 1962 and was the biggest four-faced clock at the time. Each hour hand is 4.8 m long and weighs 220 kg. Each minute hand is 6.1 m long and weighs 240 kg. The hour markings are 1.2 m high.
- Colgate Clock (Indiana), a 12-metre clock, built in 1906 in New Jersey for the centennial of the Colgate Company. Moved to Indiana in 1924.
- The floral clock in Frankfort, Kentucky, a 34 feet (10 m) face with minute and hour hands that are 20 feet (6.1 m) and 15 feet (4.6 m) long, respectively. The clock face is composed of over 10,000 individual flowers.[129]
- The clock of the railway station Gare de Cergy - Saint-Christophe is the largest clock in Europe with a diameter of 10 meters.[130]
- The four-sided clock of the Mercantile National Bank Building in Dallas, Texas has a diameter of 9.4 meters.
- The clock of the Aarau railway station is 9 meters in diameter. It behaves almost completely like a standard Swiss railway station clock.[131]
- The clock on the main building of the Moscow State University is 9 metres in diameter. There are also a barometer and a thermometer of the same size.[132]
- St. Stephen's green shopping centre, Dublin, an 8.99-meter clock.
- St. Peter, Zürich, an 8.7-meter clock, built in 1534, the biggest church clock face.
- Oslo City Hall, an 8.6 meter clock on the east tower south side.
- Raketa Monumental in Detsky Mir on Lubyanka Square in Moscow, 8-meter clocks with a 13 meters pendulum. It is the world's largest clock movement. Total weight of the movement is 5 tons.
- Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, 8-meter clocks on all four side of this 213-meter tower built in 1909. Each hours hand weighs 350 kg and each minutes hand weighs 500 kg.
- Ostend Leopoldpark: flower clock 51°13′44.38″N 02°54′53.56″E / 51.2289944°N 2.9148778°E. The flowerbed has a diameter of approximately 9 m. Its minutes hand, made out of copper and covered with leaf gold (size 4 m) weighs 90 kg, the hour hand (3 m) 70 kg. Originally constructed in 1933 and moved to its current location in 1963 due to nearby road enlargement.
- Philadelphia City Hall, 7.9 meters clocks on all four sides of the metal portion of this 167 meters tower built in 1901.
- Shell Mex House, The Strand, London 7.62 meters on a 12 story Thames side building built in 1930 on the site of the Cecil Hotel.[133]
- Royal Liver Building clock, Liverpool, four 7.6 meters clocks on two 90 meters towers, three on the riverside tower and one on the landward tower, built in 1911.
- Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord, Prague, 7.6 meters clocks on flat 42 meter tower, built in 1932.[134]
- Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, Baltimore, Maryland, four 7.3 meters clocks on an 88 meters tower built in 1911. The largest four dial gravity clock in the world.
- Minneapolis City Hall, 7.0 meter clocks on four sides with chimes on the quarter, half, and full hour. 345 feet (105 m) tower. Largest four-faced, chiming clock.
- Big Ben, London, 6.9 meter clocks on all four sides of this 96-meter tower built in 1859.
- The Ayer Mill Clock Tower, Lawrence, Massachusetts, 6.75 m clock built in 1909.[135]
- Custom House Tower, in Boston, Massachusetts, features 6.7-meter clocks on each of the four sides of the 1915 tower, 151 meters in the sky.
- Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw, Poland, four 6.2-meter clocks installed in 2000 on the top of the 237-meter skyscraper built in 1955.
- Kremlin clock, Moscow, 6.12 meters chiming clock on all four sides of the Spasskaya Tower of Moscow Kremlin. First clock on the Spasskaya Tower was installed in the 16th century; current (fully mechanical) mechanism dates back to 1851.
- Old City Hall, Toronto, four 6-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour on a 103.6-meter tower. Part of Toronto's third city hall (1899), it serves as a terminating vista for Bay Street, and it was first rung at midnight, 1 January 1900.[136]
- Wrigley Building, Chicago, four 19 foot 7 inch (5.97 meter) clock faces at the 25th and 26th floor levels of 30-floor 425 ft (130 m) tower. The hour hands measure 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m), and the minute hands measure 9 ft 2 in (2.79 m). The hands were originally made of redwood, but were recently replaced with aircraft aluminum for better durability. The clocks are at a prominent position, visible east and west along the Chicago River, and south along Michigan Avenue, and are frequently viewed by people on the street or in nearby buildings to check the time.[137]
- L'horloge fleurie (flower clock), Geneva, 5 m clock built in 1955, modernized in 2002.
- Peace Tower, Ottawa, four 4.8-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour.[138][139] Named for the thousands of Canadians who lost their lives in World War I, the Peace Tower is the central, tallest, and most dominant feature of Centre Block on Parliament Hill.[138][140] Built between 1916 and 1927 in the Gothic Revival style, Centre Block and the Peace Tower replaced the original Centre Block and the Victoria Tower after they burned to the ground in 1916.[141][142][143]
Continents Discussion
[edit]Assessment of sources
1. Encyclopaedia of World Geography - okay 2. Justin Holman - Geographical Perspectives - Citation is a blog and author is not an authority on geography - not a reliable source 3. Kidzone Geography - looks like a self published website. No sources as to where information is from. No authors mentioned - not a reliable source 4. TV website - no sources, no authors - possibly a supplementary source 5. Worldometer - provides info on all continent number models and states the 7 continent one is the most widely used. Using their 4 continent argument would have to be referenced so not undue 6. Universe Today - a blog as far as I can see. Does say sources for article - National Geographic but also Wikipedia (this is circular sourcing). I don't think this is a reliable source 7. UCSB Scienceline - reliable but does state when asked about how many continents there are - 'What it all comes down to is how the text book author defines "continent" ' 8. Wonderopolis - okay but selective use of quote. This source supports the 7 continent model as well. So again discussing various continent models rather than providing an argument to support any specific one. Although it does state 7 continent model is most widely used. 9. Myth of Continents - reliable 10. Worldometer - as above 11. Universe Today - as above
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- ^ (in French) L'horloge de la gare de Cergy St Christophe - Le blog de Martine. Cergyrama.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ^ Schweizer Bahnhofsuhr[circular reference]
- ^ https://www.stephensgreen.com/about-st-stephens-green/.
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(help) - ^ http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=2935
- ^ "Kostel Nejsvětějšího Srdce Páně" [Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord] (in Czech).
- ^ http://www.eccf.org/ayer-mill-clock-tower
- ^ Van Der Voort, Jane (8 March 2008). "Spring forward". Toronto Star. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "History - Scale". The Wrigley Building. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
- ^ a b Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada | Public Works and Government Services Canada Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine. Collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ^ Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada | Public Works and Government Services Canada[permanent dead link]. Collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ^ Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada | Public Works and Government Services Canada. Collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ^ Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada | Public Works and Government Services Canada Archived 2012-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ^ Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada | Public Works and Government Services Canada. Collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.
- ^ Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada | Public Works and Government Services Canada Archived 2012-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. Collineduparlement-parliamenthill.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.