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Potential article to edit: Breastfeeding, subsection on health benefits for women [expand], move Diabetes subsection and combine with Childhood Obesity under chronic health conditions; move Diabetes to health benefits for mothers/women. Move Baby Friendly Hospital Initiatives to under Healthcare.



Mother

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Maternal bond

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Oxytocin, a hormone released during breastfeeding, may play a role in maternal-infant attachment and bonding, potentially by reducing anxiety and stress.[1]

Fertility

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Main article: Lactational amenorrhea

Exclusive breastfeeding usually delays the return of fertility through lactational amenorrhea[2][3], although it does not provide reliable birth control. Breastfeeding may delay the return to fertility for some women by suppressing ovulation. Mothers may not ovulate, or have regular periods, during the entire lactation period. The non-ovulating period varies by individual. This has been used as natural contraception, with greater than 98% effectiveness during the first six months after birth if specific nursing behaviors are followed.[4]

Postpartum bleeding

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While breastfeeding soon after birth is believed to increase uterus contraction and reduce bleeding. This effect is most likely causally linked to the increase in Oxytocin levels in the bloodstream. Purified Oxytocin is commonly administered in hospitals for the reduction of postpartum bleeding.[5]

Weight retention

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It is unclear whether breastfeeding causes mothers to lose weight after giving birth.[2][6][7][8] The National Institutes of Health states that it may help with weight loss.[9]

Chronic conditions

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Breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes among mothers who practice it.[10] Longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of hypertension.[8]

For breastfeeding women, long-term health benefits include reduced risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer.[2][11]

A 2011 review found it unclear whether breastfeeding affects the risk of postpartum depression.[12] Later reviews have found tentative evidence of a lower risk among mothers who successfully breastfeed.[13][14]

Diabetes

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Breastfeeding of babies is associated with a lower chance of developing diabetes mellitus type 1.[15] Breastfed babies also appear to have a lower likelihood of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 later in life.[16][15][17]

  1. ^ Bell, Aleeca F.; Erickson, Elise N.; Carter, C. Sue (2014). "Beyond Labor: The Role of Natural and Synthetic Oxytocin in the Transition to Motherhood". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 59 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1111/jmwh.12101. ISSN 1542-2011. PMC 3947469. PMID 24472136.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  2. ^ a b c Chowdhury, Ranadip; Sinha, Bireshwar; Sankar, Mari Jeeva; Taneja, Sunita; Bhandari, Nita; Rollins, Nigel; Bahl, Rajiv; Martines, Jose (2015). "Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Acta Paediatrica. 104 (S467): 96–113. doi:10.1111/apa.13102. ISSN 1651-2227. PMC 4670483. PMID 26172878.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  3. ^ Kramer, Michael S.; Kakuma, Ritsuko (2012-08-15). "Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD003517. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7154583. PMID 22895934.
  4. ^ Price C, Robinson S (2004). Birth. Pan Macmillan Australia. ISBN 978-1-74334-890-1.
  5. ^ Abedi P, Jahanfar S, Namvar F, Lee J (January 2016). "Breastfeeding or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD010845. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010845.pub2. PMC 6718231. PMID 26816300.
  6. ^ He X, Zhu M, Hu C, Tao X, Li Y, Wang Q, Liu Y (December 2015). "Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public Health Nutrition. 18 (18): 3308–16. doi:10.1017/S1368980015000828. PMID 25895506. S2CID 24962601.
  7. ^ Neville, C E; McKinley, M C; Holmes, V A; Spence, D; Woodside, J V (2014). "The relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum weight change—a systematic review and critical evaluation". International Journal of Obesity. 38 (4): 577–590. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.132. ISSN 0307-0565.
  8. ^ a b Feltner, Cynthia; Weber, Rachel Palmieri; Stuebe, Alison; Grodensky, Catherine A.; Orr, Colin; Viswanathan, Meera (2018). "Breastfeeding Programs and Policies, Breastfeeding Uptake, and Maternal Health Outcomes in Developed Countries". AHRQ Publication. No. 18-EHC014-EF. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ "Making the decision to breastfeed | womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  10. ^ Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ (February 2014). "Breastfeeding and the maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies". Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases. 24 (2): 107–15. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.028. PMID 24439841.
  11. ^ Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (2002). "Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50 302 women with breast cancer and 96 973 women without the disease". The Lancet. 360 (9328): 187–195. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09454-0. ISSN 0140-6736.
  12. ^ Miller LJ, LaRusso EM (March 2011). "Preventing postpartum depression". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 34 (1): 53–65. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.11.010. PMID 21333839.
  13. ^ Figueiredo B, Dias CC, Brandão S, Canário C, Nunes-Costa R (2013). "Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review". Jornal de Pediatria. 89 (4): 332–8. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2012.12.002. PMID 23791236.
  14. ^ Dias CC, Figueiredo B (January 2015). "Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature". Journal of Affective Disorders. 171: 142–54. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.022. hdl:1822/41376. PMID 25305429.
  15. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AHRQ2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Horta BL, Bahl R, Martines JC, Victora CG (2007). Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-159523-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  17. ^ Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG (November 2006). "Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 84 (5): 1043–54. doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1043. PMID 17093156.
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