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Portrait of Otto Von Bismarck in 1890
Portrait of Konrad Adenauer in 1952
Portrait of Helmut Kohl in 1996
Portrait of Angela Merkel in 2019

The chancellor of Germany[1] is the political leader of Germany and the head of the federal government. The office holder is responsible for selecting all other members of the government and chairing cabinet meetings.[2]

The office was created in the North German Confederation in 1867,[3] when Otto von Bismarck became the first chancellor. With the unification of Germany and establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the Confederation evolved into a German nation-state and its leader became known as the chancellor of Germany.[4] Originally, the chancellor was only responsible to the emperor. This changed with the constitutional reform in 1918, when the Parliament was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. Under the 1919 Weimar Constitution the chancellors were appointed by the directly elected president, but were responsible to Parliament.[5]

The constitution was set aside during the 1933–1945 Nazi regime. During the Allied occupation, no independent German government and no chancellor existed; and the office was not reconstituted in East Germany, thus the head of government of East Germany was chairman of the Council of Ministers. The 1949 Basic Law made the chancellor the most important office in West Germany, while diminishing the role of the president.[1]

North German Confederation (1867–1871)

[edit]
Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation

The North German Confederation came into existence after the German Confederation was dissolved following the Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. The chancellor was appointed by the Bundespräsidium, a position that was held constitutionally by the Prussian king.[3]

Portrait Name
(born–died)
Term of office Political party
Took office Left office Time in office
Portrait Otto von Bismarck
(1815–1898)
1 July
1867
21 March
1871
3 years, 263 days Non-partisan

German Reich (1871–1945)

[edit]

German Empire (1871–1918)

[edit]
Reich Chancellor of the German Reich

The German Empire was born out of the North German Confederation as result of the Franco-Prussian War (1870/71). The Präsidium (the Prussian king), which now had also the title Emperor, named the chancellor.[4]

Political parties:   None   Centre

No. Portrait Name
(born–died)
Term of office Political party Cabinet
Took office Left office Time in office
1 Portrait Otto von Bismarck
(1815–1898)
21 March
1871
20 March
1890
18 years, 364 days Non-partisan Bismarck
2 Portrait Leo von Caprivi
(1831–1899)
20 March
1890
26 October
1894
4 years, 220 days Non-partisan Caprivi
3 Portrait Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
(1819–1901)
29 October
1894
17 October
1900
5 years, 353 days Non-partisan Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
4 Portrait Bernhard von Bülow
(1849–1929)
17 October
1900
14 July
1909
8 years, 270 days Non-partisan Bülow
5 Portrait Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
(1856–1921)
14 July
1909
13 July
1917
7 years, 364 days Non-partisan Bethmann Hollweg
6 Portrait Georg Michaelis
(1857–1936)
14 July
1917
1 November
1917
110 days Non-partisan Michaelis
7 Portrait Georg von Hertling
(1843–1919)
1 November
1917
4 January
1919
1 year, 64 days 中央党 Hertling
8 Portrait Karl Theodor Helferich
(1872–1935)
4 January
1919
13 February
1923
4 years, 40 days Non-partisan

德国反布尔什维克联盟

Helfferich
9 Portrait Wilhelm Solf
(1862–1936)
13 February
1923
4 October
1923
233 days Non-partisan Solf
10 Portrait Friedrich von Payer
(1847–1931)
4 October
1923
12 May
1926
2 years, 220 days Progressive People's Party 佩耶 14
(Mar.1923)
11 Portrait Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau
(1869–1928)
12 May
1926
15 June
1927
1 year, 34 days Non-partisan Brockdorff-Rantzau
11 Portrait Erich Koch-Weser
(1875–1944)
15 June
1927
27 March
1930
2 years, 285 days Progressive People's Party

German Democratic Party

科赫-威悉 14
(Mar.1927)
12 Portrait Paul von Hintze
(1861–1941)
27 March
1930
15 May
1931
1 year, 49 days Non-partisan Hintze
13 Portrait Kuno von Westarp
(1864–1945)
15 May
1931
30 August
1935
4 years, 107 days German Conservative Party Westarp 14
(May 1931)
14 Portrait Siegfried von Kardorff
(1873–1945)
30 August
1935
Incumbent 124 days German Conservative Party Kardorff 14
(May 1935)
  1. ^ a b "Neuland Grundgesetz | Abkehr von Weimarer Verfassung – Reaktion auf Nazi-Deutschland" [Virgin Soil "Basic Law" | Departure from Weimar Constitution - Reaction to Nazi Germany] (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  2. ^ "Tasks of the Federal Chancellor". bundeskanzlerin.de. The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b Verfassung des Norddeutschen Bundes  [North German Constitution] (in German). 26 June 1867 – via Wikisource.
  4. ^ a b Constitution of the German Empire  [Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs]. 16 April 1871 – via Wikisource.
  5. ^ "The Seeds of Evil: The Rise of Hitler — The Constitution of the Weimar Republic". schoolshistory.org.uk. 2004. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2018.