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Chapter 1: The Rebirth of the Caste

The Death of Jim Crow

Whites living in the South were not satisfied after the Jim Crow Laws were lifted because it gave African Americans freedom. In the New York Times Bestseller, The New Jim Crow, written by Michelle Alexander, whites thoroughly believed that the Jim Crow Laws would have to be revised and modified, and if not, then overthrown. African Americans were finally moving forward past the Jim Crow Laws, racial segregation, and discrimination, but of course, there was still great amounts of resentment and hate towards them. Alexander mentions certain events like the Brown v. Board of Education debate, and how Brown was bringing an end to racial segregation in schools across the South. This brought upon anger and denial upon Southern Whites, as they were fighting for the Jim Crow Laws to come back into full effect. Despite the fact Brown had made his point very clear and concise, new Jim Crow Laws were being added on to the list. Of course, this brought upon plenty of violence. The Ku Klux Klan is a prime example of what African Americans in the South had to fear for most, as they would harass, castrate, and burn innocent African Americans because of the death of Jim Crow. Alexander mentions, “...Negroes stood only for a ‘brief moment in the sun,’” whereas, they only saw the greater good and an evolvement upon the South for a short moment as the wrath and resentment grew in Southern Whites.

Brown v. Board of Education

Racial segregation was an issue in many schools that held back, and even caused boycotts before it was brought upon to Congress that something needed to change. Brown v. Board of Education was a trial held in 1954 that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, stating that there is no segregation in public schools in the United States. It is now one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century (McBride). Brown was the one who insisted that he would not only abolish segregation of schools in the South, but the entirety of racial segregation in the South (Alexander). Despite the fact that the trial did not succeed in fully desegregating schools across the South, Brown had appealed to the Supreme Court, and later on, they viewed all the segregation actions altogether as one (McBride). It was not until Chief Justice Earl Warren spoke out concluding that the decision was held as unconstitutional in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (McBride). The Brown v. Board of Education trial leaves a big legacy in history, as a showing how the civil rights movement almost came to be, but also as an advancement for African Americans living in the United States facing racial segregation.

Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement marked a time in history where there was endless boycotting, rebelling, and arresting due to the racial segregation African Americans had to face in the streets of the South. There were plenty of African American individuals that faced interrogations, beatings, and jail time due to their rebelling and advocating violence for equality. It was people like W.E.B DuBois, James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, and Thurgood Marshall who led the NAACP to publicize racial injustices to secure equal treatment for African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement (Carson). Even students as young as sixteen years old were under the influence of protesting for their rights, as a young high school student, Barbara Johns, led a walkout because of the discrimination they were facing (Carson). As time has advanced and racial segregation is not as extreme as it was before, there is still a sense of segregation and discrimination today.