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Signal Transduction Path
[edit]The glucagon receptor, upon binding with the signaling molecule glucagon, initiates a signal transduction pathway that begins with the activation of adenylate cyclase, which in turn produces cyclic AMP (cAMP). Protein kinase A, whose activation is dependent on the increase levels of cAMP, is responsible for the ensuing cellular response in the form of protein kinase 1 and 2. The ligand-bound glucagon receptor can also initiate a signaling pathway that is independent of cAMP, activating phospholipase C. Phospholipase C produces DAG and IP3 from PIP2, a phospholipid phospholipase C cleaves off of the plasma membrane. Ca2+ stores inside the cell release Ca2+ when its calcium channels are bound by IP3.[1][2]
The glucagon receptor is a 62 kDa protein that is activated by glucagon and is a member of the class B G-protein coupled family of receptors, coupled to G alpha i, Gs and to a lesser extent G alpha q.[3] Stimulation of the receptor results in the activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C[4] and in increased levels of the secondary messengers intracellular cAMP and calcium[5]. In humans, thee glucagon receptor is encoded by the GCGR gene.[6][7]
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{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sturkie's avian physiology. Scanes, C. G., (Sixth edition ed.). London, England. ISBN 978-0-12-407243-5. OCLC 884590323.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ (2002). "Structure-function of the glucagon receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors: the glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, and GLP-2 receptors". Receptors & Channels. 8 (3–4): 179–88. doi:10.1080/10606820213687. PMID 12529935.
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:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Lok S, Kuijper JL, Jelinek LJ, Kramer JM, Whitmore TE, Sprecher CA, Mathewes S, Grant FJ, Biggs SH, Rosenberg GB (Mar 1994). "The human glucagon receptor encoding gene: structure, cDNA sequence and chromosomal localization". Gene. 140 (2): 203–9. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90545-2. PMID 8144028.
- ^ Menzel S, Stoffel M, Espinosa R, Fernald AA, Le Beau MM, Bell GI (Mar 1994). "Localization of the glucagon receptor gene to human chromosome band 17q25". Genomics. 20 (2): 327–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1179. PMID 8020989.
A missense mutation at 17q25[1] in the GCGR gene is associated with diabetes mellitus type 2.[2]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
pmid12529935was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hager J, Hansen L, Vaisse C, Vionnet N, Philippi A, Poller W, Velho G, Carcassi C, Contu L, Julier C (Mar 1995). "A missense mutation in the glucagon receptor gene is associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". Nature Genetics. 9 (3): 299–304. doi:10.1038/ng0395-299. PMID 7773293.
Stimulation of the receptor results in the activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C[1] and in increased levels of the secondary messengers intracellular cAMP and calcium[2].
- ^ Cammack, Richard; Atwood, Teresa; Campbell, Peter; Parish, Howard; Smith, Anthony; Vella, Frank; Stirling, John, eds. (2006-01-01). Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198529170.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-852917-0.
- ^ "THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE". Science. 259 (5101): 1517–1517. 1993-03-12. doi:10.1126/science.259.5101.1517. ISSN 0036-8075.