User:Dtetta/GlobalWarming-Land-use-change

Demand Reduction

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In transport, scenarios envision sharp increases in the market share of electric vehicles, and low carbon fuel substitution for other transportation modes like shipping. Buildings would see additional electrification with the use of technologies like heat pumps.

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In addition to the industrial demand reduction measures mentioned earlier, steel and cement production, which together are responsible for 13% of direct CO₂ emissions, present particular challenges. In these industries carbon-intensive materials, such as coke and lime, play an integral role in the production process. Reducing CO₂ emissions requires research driven efforts aimed at decarbonizing the chemistry of these processes.

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Reducing energy demand is a major feature of decarbonisation scenarios and plans. In addition to directly reducing emissions, demand reduction measures provide more flexibility for low carbon energy development, aid in the management of the electricity grid, and minimize carbon-intensive infrastructure development. Over the next few decades, major increases in energy efficiency investment will be required to achieve these demand reductions, comparable to the expected level of investment in renewable energy. However, several COVID-19 related changes in demand patterns, investments and funding have made energy demand forecasts for this decade more difficult and uncertain.

Efficiency strategies to reduce demand vary by sector. In transport, gains can be made by switching passengers and freight to more efficient travel modes, such as buses and trains, and increasing the use of electric vehicles Industrial strategies to reduce demand include increasing the energy efficiency of heating systems and motors, designing less energy-intensive products, and increasing product lifetimes. In the building sector the focus is on better design of new buildings, and incorporating higher levels of energy efficiency in retrofitting techniques for existing structures.

As world GDP and global living standards rise, future increases in energy demand may follow. Individual efforts focused on less energy-intensive lifestyle choices can offset this trend. These actions include driving an electric or other energy-efficient car, reducing car use by switching to public transport or cycling, limiting meat and dairy consumption, reducing energy use in the home, limiting consumption of goods and services, and reducing air travel. These kinds of changes can work in concert with other mitigation strategies, and, at the national level, can have a significant impact on overall greenhouse gas emission reductions.

Sources

• Rogelj, J.; Shindell, D.; Jiang, K.; Fifta, S.; et al. (2018). "Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development" (PDF). IPCC SR15 2018. pp. 93–174.
• IPCC (2014). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC AR5 SYR 2014.

• IEA (2020). "Covid-19 and energy efficiency". Energy Efficiency 2020 (Report). Paris, France. Retrieved 6 April 2021.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Millward-Hopkins, J.; Steinberger, J.; et al. (November 2020). "Providing decent living with minimum energy: A global scenario". Global Climate Change. 65. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102168.
• Rowlatt, J. (11 October 2019). "Climate change: Big lifestyle changes are the only answer". BBC. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
• Committee on Climate Change (December 2020). The Sixth Carbon Budget: The UK’s path to Net Zero (PDF) (Report). London.
• IPCC (2018). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC SR15 2018. pp. 3–24.