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(For a discussion of the controversies on these seemingly obvious claims, see Fridlund[1] and Russell & Fernandez DolsCite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page)..)
In 2009, Russell was ranked 35th in terms of citation impact in social psychology, and as of 2015, he has six 'classic citations' (1000+ citations) and two citations with 'transformational impact'.
More recent work by Nelson and Russell[2] and Jack et al.[3] has been especially critical.
minor text edits and citations added
American psychologist who developed or co-developed the PAD theory of environmental impact, circumplex model of affect, prototype theory of emotion concepts, a critique of the hypothesis of universal recognition of emotion from facial expression, concept of core affect, developmental theory of differentiation of emotion concepts, and, more recently, the theory of the psychological construction of emotion
This two-dimensional map was theorized to capture one important component of emotion called core affect[4][5]. Core affect is not the only component to emotion, but gives the emotion its hedonic and felt energy.
Emotion is difficult to define. In everyday speech, it is one's state of mind and instinctive responses, but scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings, but there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often
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On some theories, cognition is an important aspect of emotion
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For example, the realization of danger and subsequent arousal of the nervous system (e.g. rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of fear. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition.
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Emotions involve different components, such as subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior. At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: William James with a subjective experience, behaviorists with instrumental behavior, psychophysiologists with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion is said to consist of all the components. The different components
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ACite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
B[6]
It was also used by James A. Russell to develop a theory of emotional episodes (relatively brief emotionally charged events)[7][5]. The PA part of PAD was developed into a circumplex model of emotion experience, and those two dimensions were termed “core affect”. The D part of PAD was re-conceptualized as part of the appraisal process in an emotional episode (a cold cognitive assessment of the situation eliciting the emotion). A more fully developed version of this approach is termed the psychological construction theory of emotion.
Russell, J.A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178. Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110, 145-172.
- ^ Alan J. Fridlund (1994). Human facial expression (1 ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-1226-7630-7.
- ^ Nelson, N. L.; Russell, J. A. (2013). "Universality revisited". Emotion Review. 5 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1177/1754073912457227.
- ^ Jack, R. E.; Garrod, O. G.; Yu, H.; Caldara, R.; Schyns, P. G. (2012). "Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (19): 7241–7244. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200155109.
- ^ Russell, J. A.; Barrett, L. F. (1999). "Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (5): 805–819. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805. PMID 10353204.
- ^ a b Russell, J. A. (2003). "Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion". Psychological Review. 110: 145–172. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145. Cite error: The named reference "Russell 2003" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Lang, P. J. (1990). "Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex". Psychological Review. 97: 377–395. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.377.
- ^ Russell, J. A. (1980). "A circumplex model of affect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 39: 1161–1178.