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Union Pacific 4014

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Union Pacific "Big Boy" 4014
An articulated steam locomotive with a 4-8-8-4 wheel arrangement (four leading wheels, two separate sets of eight driving wheels, and four trailing wheels) and its tender
Union Pacific Big Boy No. 4014 charges towards Norden snow shed at Donner Pass, July 14, 2024
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
DesignerOtto Jabelmann
BuilderAmerican Locomotive Company (ALCO)
Serial number69585
Build dateNovember 1941
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte4-8-8-4
 • UIC(2′D)D2′ h4
Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Leading dia.36 in (914 mm)
Driver dia.68 in (1,727 mm)
Trailing dia.42 in (1,067 mm)
Minimum curve288 ft (88 m) radius/ 20°
Wheelbase
  • Locomotive: 72 ft 5+1⁄2 in (22.09 m)
  • Overall: 117 ft 7 in (35.84 m)
Length
  • Locomotive: 85 ft 7.8 in (26.11 m)
  • Overall: 132 ft 9+7⁄8 in (40.48 m)
Width11 ft (3.35 m)
Height16 ft 2+1⁄2 in (4.94 m)
Axle load68,150 lb (30,912 kg)
Adhesive weight545,200 lb (272.6 short tons)
Loco weight772,250 lb (386.12 short tons)
Tender weight441,500 lb (220.8 short tons)
Total weight1,214,000 lb (607 short tons)
Tender type25-C
Fuel typeNo. 5 fuel oil, originally coal
Fuel capacityTotal: 6,500 US gal (25,000 L)
Usable: 6,100 US gal (23,000 L)
Water cap.25,000 US gal (95,000 L)
Sandbox cap.8,000 lb (4 short tons)
Fuel consumption20–25 US gal (76–95 L) of fuel oil per mile
200 US gal (760 L) of water per mile
Firebox:​
 • Grate area150 sq ft (grate removed in 2019)
Boiler:
​
 • ModelFire Tube
 • Diameter107 in (2,718 mm)
 • Tube plates22 ft (7 m)
Boiler pressure300 lbf/in2 (2.1 MPa)
Feedwater heaterElesco Type T.P. 502 Exhaust Steam Injector
14,000 US gal / hour capacity
Heating surface:​
 • Firebox704 sq ft (65 m2)
 • Tubes967 sq ft (90 m2)
 • Flues4,218 sq ft (392 m2)
 • Tubes and flues5,185 sq ft (482 m2)
 • Total surface5,889 sq ft (547 m2)
Superheater:
​
 • TypeType E
 • Heating area2,466 sq ft (229 m2)
CylindersFour, outside
Cylinder size24 in × 32 in (610 mm × 813 mm)
Valve gearWalschaerts
Valve typePiston valves
Valve travel7 in (178 mm)
Valve lap1+3⁄8 in (35 mm)
Valve lead1⁄4 in (6 mm)
Train heatingSteam heat
Loco brakePneumatic, Schedule 8-ET
Train brakesPneumatic
Safety systemsCab signals, PTC
Performance figures
Maximum speed65 mph (105 km/h) in regular service
80 mph (130 km/h) (maximum design)
Power output8,157 hp (6,083 kW) @ Cylinder
6,290–7,000 hp (4,690–5,220 kW) @ Drawbar
Tractive effort138,240 lbf (614.9 kN)
Factor of adh.4.00
Career
OperatorsUnion Pacific
Class4884-1[1]
Number in class15
Numbers
  • UP 4014
NicknamesBig Boy
LocaleWestern United States
DeliveredDecember 1941
First runDecember 1941 (revenue service)
May 2019 (excursion service)
Last runJuly 21, 1959
RetiredDecember 7, 1961
RestoredMay 1, 2019
Current ownerUnion Pacific
(Union Pacific Heritage Fleet)
DispositionOperational
References:[2][3][4]

Union Pacific 4014 is a steam locomotive owned and operated by the Union Pacific (UP) as part of its heritage fleet. It is a four-cylinder simple articulated 4-8-8-4 "Big Boy" type built in 1941 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) at its Schenectady Locomotive Works. It was assigned to haul heavy freight trains in the Wasatch mountain range. The locomotive was retired from revenue service in 1959 and was donated to the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society; thereafter, it was displayed in Fairplex at the RailGiants Train Museum in Pomona, California.

In 2013, UP re-acquired the locomotive and launched a restoration project at its Steam Shop in Cheyenne, Wyoming. In May 2019, No. 4014 moved under its own power after sitting dormant for almost six decades, becoming the world's largest operational steam locomotive and the only operating Big Boy locomotive of the eight that remain in existence.[3] It now operates in excursion service for the UP steam program. No. 4014 became the first mainline steam locomotive to be equipped with the positive train control (PTC) system in 2021.

History

[edit]

Design

[edit]
Main article: Union Pacific Big Boy § Design

The Big Boy class was developed by Union Pacific and built by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) in the 1940s to handle the 1.14% eastbound ruling grade of Utah's Wasatch Range.[5] A team led by UP's chief mechanical officer Otto Jabelmann adapted the design of the 4-6-6-4 Challenger, enlarging the firebox to about 235 by 96 inches (5.97 m × 2.44 m) (about 155 sq ft or 14.4 m2), lengthening the boiler, adding four driving wheels, and reducing the diameter of the driving wheels from 69 to 68 in (1,753 to 1,727 mm).[2][5]

The Big Boy was articulated like the Mallet locomotive design, although without compounding.[6] It was designed for stability at 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), allowing for a wide margin of reliability and safety, as steam locomotives normally operated well below that speed in freight service.[7] Peak power was reached around 35 mph (56 km/h); optimal tractive effort was maintained up to around 10 mph (16 km/h).[7] It is longer than two city buses and weighs more than a Boeing 747.[8]

Revenue service and retirement

[edit]

ALCO built No. 4014 in November 1941 at a cost of $265,174 ($5,493,000 in 2023[9]) and delivered it the following month to Union Pacific, which placed it in revenue service.[2][5] No. 4014 was part of the first group of 20 Big Boys, called 4884–1.[1] Designed to haul 3,600-short-ton (3,214-long-ton; 3,266 t) freight trains over the Wasatch Range, the Big Boys routinely pulled freight trains of up to 4,200 short tons (3,750 long tons; 3,810 t).[2] During a test on April 2, 1943, No. 4014 pulled 65 freight cars between Ogden, Utah, and Evanston, Wyoming, generating a maximum of 5,530 hp (4,120 kW).[5][10]

No. 4014's last routine repairs took place in 1956.[11] The locomotive completed its final revenue run on July 21, 1959, just hours before the last revenue run by any Big Boy.[2] It had traveled 1,031,205 miles (1,659,564 km) during its revenue service.[2][5] Union Pacific retired No. 4014 on December 7, 1961.[7] All of the remaining Big Boys were retired by 1962, when their duties were taken over by diesel locomotives and gas turbine-electric locomotives (GTELs).[2][12] That same year, Union Pacific donated No. 4014 to the Southern California chapter of the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society in Pomona, California, where it became one of the eight Big Boys preserved around the United States.[7][13]

Ownership transfer and restoration

[edit]

"No other railroad has retained its historical equipment or honored its American roots like Union Pacific. Our steam locomotive program is a source of great pride to UP employees past and present. We are very excited about the opportunity to bring history to life by restoring No. 4014."

—Ed Dickens[7]

In late 2012, Union Pacific officials announced that they intended to obtain a Big Boy locomotive for restoration to operational condition for excursion service.[14] On July 23, 2013, UP announced that the Southern California Chapter of the Railway & Locomotive Historical Society (R&LHS) had agreed to return No. 4014 to UP.[15][a]

On November 14, 2013, No. 4014 began its journey to the UP Steam Shop in Cheyenne.[18][19] It was pulled from its display site at the museum, on temporary track, through the adjacent parking lot.[18][19] On January 26, 2014, No. 4014 was pulled from the Los Angeles County Fairplex to the Covina station on Metrolink trackage by No. 1996, an SD70ACe diesel locomotive painted in Southern Pacific colors.[20][21] It presently arrived at UP's West Colton Yard in Bloomington, California,[22] where it sat on display until April 28, when it began its journey to Cheyenne.[23] After arriving at the Steam Shop's roundhouse on May 8,[24] No. 4014 sat largely idle for two years while the UP steam crew worked to overhaul No. 844.[25][26] The Steam Shop also used the time to expand and upgrade its facilities to accommodate a Big Boy.[27]

In August 2016, a month after No. 844's repairs and inspection were complete, UP officials announced that the restoration work of No. 4014 had begun under Heritage Fleet Operations director Ed Dickens.[28][29] By early 2017, the locomotive had been completely disassembled.[30] Some new parts were fabricated, including the rod brasses, top boiler check valve, and lubricator check valves.[30] The driving wheels were sent to be repaired by the Strasburg Rail Road in Strasburg, Pennsylvania, for crankpin and axle work as well as installing new tires.[31][32]

The work included one major alteration: converting the coal-burning locomotive to run on No. 5 fuel oil.[7] This was done by replacing the firebox grates with a fire pan and an oil burner.[33] This made No. 4014 the first Big Boy to undergo a coal-to-oil conversion since No. 4005, which ran on oil from 1946 until it was converted back to coal in 1948 due to uneven heating in its large, single-burner firebox.[13][34] No. 4014's old firebox grates were salvaged and used on the Milwaukee Road 261 steam locomotive.[35][b]

In March 2018, it was reported that No. 4014 was being reassembled;[33] ten months later, the locomotive's restoration was nearly finished.[37] On February 6, 2019, No. 4014's boiler passed a hydrostatic test and the locomotive was successfully test-fired on April 9.[38][39][40] Around 9 p.m. on May 1, 2019, No. 4014 moved under its own power for the first time in almost 60 years.[41] The following evening, the locomotive made its first test run, from Cheyenne to Nunn, Colorado.[42]

Excursion service

[edit]

Once restored, No. 4014 joined the railroad's never-retired No. 844 steam locomotive in excursion service.[43][44] It also became the world's largest operational steam locomotive, displacing No. 3985.[45] Additionally, No. 3985's original tender, No. 25-C-311, is connected to No. 4014 to meet the restoration deadline.[46][47] In January 2020, Union Pacific officials announced that the UP Steam Team would operate just two steam locomotives—Nos. 844 and 4014—and would retire No. 3985, which was in poor mechanical condition.[45][46]

In May 2019, No. 4014 made its first excursion run amid the celebrations marking 150 years since the completion of the first transcontinental railroad.[32][48][49] Following its May 4 christening at the Cheyenne Depot Museum, No. 4014 — doubleheaded with No. 844 — traveled to Ogden, Utah.[49][50][51] No. 4014 subsequently made two tours on its own.[52][53] From July 8 to August 8, it visited the Midwestern United States,[52] including brief stops at Saint Paul Union Depot and the Lake Superior Railroad Museum;[54][55] it then toured the Southwestern United States from September 27 to November 26.[53]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, UP announced in March 2020 that it would cancel that year's steam operations with Nos. 4014 and 844.[56] Excursion operations resumed in August and September 2021 with No. 4014 doing tour stops in Fort Worth and Houston, Texas; New Orleans, Louisiana; North Little Rock, Arkansas; St. Louis, Missouri; and Denver, Colorado.[57]

In May 2022, the Railroading Heritage of Midwest America (RRHMA) in Silvis, Illinois, announced plans to convert No. 4014's original tender, No. 25-C-116, to carry fuel oil instead of coal.[58] The tender is to be reconnected with No. 4014 and the No. 25-C-311 tender will be reconnected to the No. 3985 locomotive,[58] which is to be donated by UP to the RRHMA.[59][60] In late July 2022, No. 4014 pulled the Museum Special excursion between Cheyenne and the Denver Union Station to benefit the Union Pacific Railroad Museum.[61][62][c] On September 14, 2022, No. 4014 was fired up to move Union Pacific 5511 from the Cheyenne roundhouse and around the yard for testing before the 2-10-2 locomotive left for the RRHMA two months later.[65][66]

In June 2023, No. 4014 ran from Cheyenne to Omaha, Nebraska, with the Home Run Express Tour, for display at Charles Schwab Field Omaha on June 15-21 and 24-25.[67][68] During the return journey to Cheyenne on June 29, No. 4014 banked a stalled freight train up the grade in Blair, Nebraska.[69] Two cab rides on the July 3 journey from Pine Bluffs, Wyoming, to Cheyenne were sold for $9,500 apiece to benefit the Union Pacific Railroad Museum.[70][d]

Two tours were executed in 2024.[72] The first ran from June 30 to July 26, with stops at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum in Portola, California, on July 10,[73] Roseville, California, on July 12 and 13, and Ogden, Utah on July 20 and 21.[72] The second tour began on August 28 and concluded on October 23; it included stops in Texas, Arkansas, Kansas, and Illinois.[72] On the second tour's journey through Iowa in September, American comedian and former The Tonight Show host Jay Leno hitched a ride on No. 4014 to film the episode for his YouTube web series Jay Leno's Garage.[74]

Positive train control

[edit]

In December 2018, Union Pacific asked the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to exempt UP Nos. 4014 and 844 from federal positive train control (PTC) requirements;[75] three months later, the FRA officials responded that such waivers were not needed.[76]

In 2021, No. 4014 became the first mainline steam locomotive to be equipped with PTC.[77][78] Initially, its PTC display was powered by computers and equipment in its helper diesel locomotive, No. 4015.[78][79] In May 2024, PTC equipment was installed in a cabinet in the tender, and a third dynamo added to the locomotive to provide electrical power, allowing No. 4014 to run without a diesel helper.[80]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ On February 22, 2014, UP EMD SD40-2C No. 3105 (née Missouri Pacific No. 6027), UP insulated boxcar No. 453665, and bay window caboose UP No. 24567 (née Rock Island No. 17149) took No. 4014's place in the museum.[16][17]
  2. ^ No. 261 may be converted to burn oil, depending on the feasibility study and cost-benefit analysis.[36]
  3. ^ UP originally announced on April 11, 2022, that No. 4014 would tour the Northwestern United States, starting on June 26 in commemoration of UP's 160th anniversary, but the tour was cancelled on April 22 so UP could reduce supply chain congestion.[63][64]
  4. ^ UP's original plan was to auction off one cab ride.[71] But on June 23, UP informed its Steam Club members that the auction "was manipulated by an individual and did not result in an award to the highest bidder" and that as a result, the museum would sell two tickets, priced at $9,500 each, at 5 p.m. CDT on its website.[70]
  5. ^ On April 10, 2019, the diesel locomotive numbered 4014 was redesignated as 4479 on the UP active locomotive roster, allowing the "Big Boy" to retain the number.[81][82]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Drury, George H. (2015). Guide to North American Steam Locomotives (2nd ed.). Kalmbach Media. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-62700-259-2.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Union Pacific No. 4014" (PDF). RailGiants Train Museum. Railway & Locomotive Historical Society, Southern California Chapter. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Big Boy No. 4014" (PDF) (Press release). Union Pacific. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 30, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  4. ^ C. B. Peck, ed. (1950). 1950–52 Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice. New York: Simmons-Boardman. pp. 522–523.
  5. ^ a b c d e Glischinski, Steve (August 21, 2013). "Big Boy story began in 1940". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  6. ^ Morrison, Tom (2019). The American Steam Locomotive in the Twentieth Century (1st ed.). McFarland & Company. pp. 533–534. ISBN 978-1-4766-6582-5.
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  9. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
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  36. ^ Glischinski, Steve (March 11, 2021). "Study will consider conversion of Milwaukee Road 261 to burn oil". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
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  38. ^ "'Big Boy' passes early pressure test". Trains. Kalmbach Media. February 6, 2019. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
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  40. ^ "Big Boy No. 4014 fired up for the first time; May 12 excursion announced". Trains. Kalmbach Media. April 10, 2019. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
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  59. ^ "Union Pacific, Railroading Heritage of Midwest America reach agreement to preserve historic locomotives, passenger cars" (Press release). Railroading Heritage of Midwest America. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
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