Talk:List of largest stars/New List
This is the working list of stars taken from List of largest stars (permalink to copy version) to overhaul and (hopefully) improve the accuracy and/or verification of the list. The main discusison is at Talk:List of largest stars#Full protection - time to hash this out, but below are some general things that are being worked on based on that discussion.
- Template created to calculate radius from reported values (in progress by Primefac)
- Accepts L/Teff and AD, as well as ranges for both
- Collect reported values (e.g. "L and Teff" or "angular diameter and distance") for calculations
- Create new list
23.5% completed (estimate)
"New" list
[edit]The table below is to compare the old list with the new list, which is now located on the main page.
The second column should have one of three values:
- {{yes}}, for the stars that have been added to the new list
- {{pending}}, for the stars that have not been checked/converted
- {{no}}, for those stars that should not or are not added to the new table; a reason must be given in the third column in this case.
Star name | Added to new table? | Reason (if no) |
---|---|---|
Stephenson 2-18 | Yes | |
HV 888 (WOH S140) | Yes | |
Orbit of Saturn | Yes | |
V538 Carinae | Pending | An AGB star? |
WOH G64 | Yes | |
IRAS 05280-6910 (LMC 582) | Yes | |
Westerlund 1-26 | Yes | |
RSGC1-F02 | Yes | |
RSGC1-F01 | Yes | |
VY Canis Majoris | Yes | |
AH Scorpii | Yes | |
WOH S281 | Pending | |
IRAS 04509-6922 | Pending | |
W Cephei | Pending | Has a smaller estimate. |
SMC 18136 | Yes | |
V774 Sagittarii | Pending | has a smaller size - 674 solar radii as in [1]. |
SW Cephei | Yes | |
WOH S279 | Pending | |
RW Cygni | Yes | |
SP77 46-44 (WOH S341) | Pending | |
Westerlund 1-237 | Yes | |
HV 2255 (WOH S97) | Pending | |
SMC 5092 | Yes | |
SP77 31-18 (WOH S72) | Pending | |
IRC -10414 | Pending | |
LMC 135720 | Pending | |
LMC 175464 | Pending | |
SMC 69886 | Yes | |
NML Cygni | Yes | |
HD 90587 | Pending | |
EV Carinae | Yes | |
RSGC1-F03 | Pending | |
LMC 119219 | Pending | |
WOH S264 | Pending | |
V602 Carinae | Pending | |
MY Cephei | Yes | |
HV 2561 | Yes | |
J004035.08+404522.3 | Yes | |
LMC 17338 | Pending | |
VX Sagittarii | Yes | |
LMC 141430 | Pending | |
S Persei | Yes | |
IRAS 04516-6902 | Pending | |
LMC 175746 | Pending | |
ST Cephei | Yes | |
RSGC1-F08 | Pending | |
HV 11423 | Pending | |
HV 2084 | Pending | |
LMC 174714 | Yes | |
LMC 68125 | Pending | |
SMC 20133 | Yes | |
SMC 49478 | Pending | |
Trumpler 27-1 | Yes | |
SMC 8930 | Pending | |
V366 Andromedae | Pending | |
HR 5171 Aa | Yes | |
Orbit of Jupiter | Yes | |
PZ Cassiopeiae | Pending | |
SMC 25879 | Pending | |
IM Cassiopeiae | Pending | |
LMC 136042 | Pending | |
LMC 142202 | Pending | |
LMC 146126 | Pending | |
VV Cephei A | Yes | |
RSGC1-F05 | Pending | |
SMC 10889 | Pending | |
LMC 67982 | Pending | |
SU Persei | Pending | |
HV 11262 | Yes | |
SMC 83593 | Pending | |
AS Cephei | Pending | |
WOH S74 | Pending | |
W Persei | Pending | |
LMC 143877 | Pending | |
HD 167861 | Pending | |
BU Sagittarii | Pending | |
RSGC1-F12 | Pending | |
RT Carinae | Pending | |
RSGC1-F13 | Pending | |
NO Aurigae | Pending | |
LMC 140296 | Pending | |
SMC 46497 | Pending | |
HD 143183 (V558 Normae) | Yes | |
SMC 55188 | Pending | |
RSGC1-F09 | Pending | |
LMC 177997 | Pending | |
NR Vulpeculae | Yes | |
SMC 12322 | Pending | |
Mu Cephei (Herschel's "Garnet Star") | Yes | |
HV 2236 | Pending | |
SMC 59803 | Pending | |
Stephenson 2-03 | Pending | |
V396 Centauri | Yes | |
Westerlund 1-20 | Yes | |
GCIRS 7 | Pending | |
RSGC1-F11 | Pending | |
V341 Lacertae | Pending | |
HD 155737 | Yes | |
HU Puppis | Pending | |
SMC 50840 | Pending | |
HV 894 | Pending | |
J004424.94+412322.3 | Pending | |
UY Scuti | Yes | |
RM 1-361 | Pending | |
HV 916 | Pending | |
RSGC1-F10 | Pending | |
S Cassiopeiae | Yes | |
WOH S71 | Pending | |
IX Carinae | Pending | |
HV 2112 | Yes | |
RSGC1-F04 | Pending | |
CK Carinae | Yes | |
IRAS 04498-6842 | Pending | |
LMC 54365 | Pending | |
HV 996 | Pending | |
LMC 1318 | Pending | |
NSV 25875 | Pending | |
HV 12501 | Pending | |
LMC 109106 | Pending | |
RSGC1-F06 | Pending | |
Stephenson 2-11 | Pending | |
IRC -20412 | Pending | |
IRAS 05558-7000 | Pending | |
LMC 64048 | Pending | |
SMC 30616 | Pending | |
V437 Scuti | Pending | |
IRAS 04407-7000 | Pending | |
IRAS 05329-6708 | Pending | |
SMC 46662 | Pending | |
HV 986 | Pending | |
AZ Cygni | Yes | |
AZ Cephei | Pending | |
J004047.82+410936.4 | Pending | |
V669 Cassiopeiae | Pending | |
HV 2360 | Pending | |
HV 5870 | Pending | |
BI Cygni | Pending | |
KW Sagittarii | Yes | |
SMC 15510 | Pending | |
V358 Cassiopeiae | Pending | |
BD-15 4915 | Pending | |
UV Carinae | Pending | |
WOH S60 | Pending | |
LMC 61753 | Pending | |
LMC 62090 | Pending | |
V1185 Scorpii | Pending | |
VX Aurigae | Pending | |
V353 Puppis | Pending | |
UW Aquilae | Pending | |
Stephenson 2-14 | Pending | |
BC Cygni | Yes | |
V362 Aurigae | Pending | |
LMC 116895 | Pending | |
IRAS 05294-7104 | Pending | |
LMC 142199 | Pending | |
PMMR 41 | Yes | |
HD 268850 | Pending | |
YZ Persei | Yes | |
LMC 134383 | Pending | |
IRAS 05402-6956 | Pending | |
V441 Persei | Pending | |
PMMR 34 | Pending | |
BU Persei | Pending | |
BO Carinae | Pending | |
IRAS 05298-6957 | Pending | |
LMC 142907 | Pending | |
V641 Cassiopeiae | Pending | |
6 Geminorum (BU Geminorum) | Pending | |
HV 963 | Pending | |
U Lacertae | Yes | |
SMC 11709 | Pending | |
RW Cephei | Pending | |
AV Persei | Pending | |
RS Persei | Yes | |
V355 Cephei | Pending | |
V517 Monocerotis | Pending | |
HD 303250 | Pending | |
HV 2551 | Pending | |
PMMR 141 | Pending | |
SMC 52334 | Pending | |
J004124.80+411634.7 | Yes | |
S Cephei | Pending | |
V915 Scorpii | Pending | |
HD 95687 | Pending | |
J004447.08+412801.7 | Pending | |
Psi1 Aurigae | Pending | |
GP Cassiopeiae | Pending | |
Outer limits of the asteroid belt | Yes | |
SMC 11939 | Pending | |
V838 Monocerotis | Pending | |
R Cygni | Pending | |
LMC 137818 | Pending | |
RU Virginis | Pending | |
SMC 48122 | Pending | |
V923 Centauri | Pending | |
GU Cephei | Pending | |
IRAS 04545-7000 | Pending | |
IRAS 05003-6712 | Pending | |
SMC 56732 | Pending | |
WOH SG374 | Pending | |
GU Cephei | Yes | |
AD Persei | Yes | |
KK Persei | Yes | |
RSGC1-F07 | Pending | |
Stephenson 2-04 | Pending | |
V648 Cassiopeiae | Pending | |
XX Persei | Yes | |
Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A) | Yes | |
Mercer 8-06 | Yes | |
HV 1652 | Yes | |
HD 179821 | Yes | |
SMC 55681 | Yes | |
V407 Puppis | Yes | |
J003950.98+405422.5 | Yes | |
J004255.95+404857.5 | Yes | |
LMC 169754 | Yes | |
LMC 65558 | Yes | |
SP77 30-6 (WOH S66) | Yes | |
V528 Carinae | Yes | |
V770 Cassiopeiae | Yes | |
Comparison List | ![]() |
Original list
[edit]![]() |
Star name | Solar radii (Sun = 1) |
Method[a] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Stephenson 2-18 | 2,158[2] | L/Teff | A red supergiant located within the massive open cluster Stephenson 2, where 25 other red supergiants are also located. An older estimate suggests a much smaller size of 474 R☉[3] |
HV 888 (WOH S140) | 1,974[4] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. An older estimate suggests a smaller size of 1,353 R☉[5] |
Orbit of Saturn | 1,940-2,169 | Reported for reference | |
V538 Carinae | 1,870[6] | AD | May be one of the largest stars known. Although its size is disputed. |
WOH G64 | 1,788[4] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
IRAS 05280-6910 (LMC 582) | 1,738[7] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
Westerlund 1-26 | 1,530-1,580[8] | L/Teff | Very uncertain parameters for an unusual star with strong radio emission. The spectrum is variable but apparently the luminosity is not. |
RSGC1-F02 | 1,499[9]-1,549[2] | L/Teff | |
RSGC1-F01 | 1,435[9]-1,551[2] | L/Teff | |
VY Canis Majoris | 1,420[10] | AD | VY CMa is described as the largest star in the Milky Way although galactic red supergiants above are possibly larger but they have less accurate radius estimates.[11] Older estimates originally estimated the radius of VY CMa to be above 3,000 R☉,[12] or as little as 600 R☉.[13] The 1,420 R☉ measure has a margin of error of ±120 R☉.[10] |
AH Scorpii | 1,411[14] | AD | AH Sco is a variable by nearly 3 magnitudes in the visual range, and an estimated 20% in total luminosity. The variation in diameter is not clear because the temperature also varies. |
WOH S281 | 1,376[4] | L/Teff | |
IRAS 04509-6922 | 1,360[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
W Cephei | 1,320[6] | AD | |
SMC 18136 | 1,310[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud. |
V774 Sagittarii | 1,310[6] | AD | |
WOH S279 | 1,298[4] | L/Teff | |
SW Cephei | 1,298[6] | AD | |
RW Cygni | 1,273[6] | AD | |
SP77 46-44 (WOH S341) | 1,258[5] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
Westerlund 1-237 | 1,245[2] | L/Teff | Red supergiant within the Westerlund 1 super star cluster. |
HV 2255 (WOH S97) | 1,235[4] | L/Teff | |
SMC 5092 | 1,220[16] | L/Teff | |
SP77 31-18 (WOH S72) | 1,211[4] | L/Teff | |
IRC -10414 | 1,200[17] | L/Teff | IRC -10414 is a rare red supergiant companion to WR 114 that has a bow shock. |
LMC 175464 | 1,200[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud. |
LMC 135720 | 1,200[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SMC 69886 | 1,190[16] | L/Teff | |
NML Cygni | 1,183[18] | L/Teff | NML Cyg is calculated to be between 1,640 R☉ and 2,770 R☉ based on a more accurate measure of its distance combined with assumptions of its temperature.[19] |
HD 90587 | 1,181[6] | AD | |
RSGC1-F03 | 1,168[9]-1,326[2] | L/Teff | |
EV Carinae | 1,168[5] | L/Teff | Older estimates based on much larger distances have given higher luminosities, and consequently larger radii.[20][21] |
LMC 119219 | 1,150[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
WOH S264 | 1,149[4] | L/Teff | |
V602 Carinae | 1,142[6] | AD | |
MY Cephei | 1,135[22] | L/Teff | Not to be confused with Mu Cephei (see below). Older estimates have given up to 2,440 R☉ based on much cooler temperatures.[23] |
HV 2561 | 1,133[4] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
J004035.08+404522.3 | 1,130-1,230[24] | L/Teff | Located in the Andromeda Galaxy |
LMC 17338 | 1,122[4] | L/Teff | |
VX Sagittarii | 1,120-1,550[25] | L/Teff | VX Sgr is a pulsating variable with a large visual range and is calculated to vary in size from 1,350 R☉ to 1,940 R☉.[26] |
LMC 141430 | 1,110[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
S Persei | 1,109[2] | L/Teff | A red supergiant located in the Perseus Double Cluster. Levsque et al. 2005 calculated radii of 780 R☉ and 1,230 R☉ based on K-band measurements.[27] Older estimates gave up to 2,853 R☉ based on higher luminosities.[21] |
IRAS 04516-6902 | 1,100[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 175746 | 1,100[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
ST Cephei | 1,100[6] | AD | |
RSGC1-F08 | 1,088[2]-1,146[9] | L/Teff | |
HV 11423 | 1,086[4] | L/Teff | HV 11423 is variable in spectral type (observed from K0 to M5), thus probably also in diameter. In October 1978, it was a star of M0I type. |
HV 2084 | 1,084[4] | L/Teff | |
LMC 174714 | 1,080[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 68125 | 1,080[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SMC 49478 | 1,080[16] | L/Teff | |
SMC 20133 | 1,080[16] | L/Teff | |
Trumpler 27-1 | 1,073[28] | L/Teff | |
SMC 8930 | 1,070[16] | L/Teff | |
V366 Andromedae | 1,067[6] | AD | |
HR 5171 Aa | 1,066[6] | AD | HR 5171 A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary. It is also variable in temperature, thus probably also in diameter. Other estimates range from 1,315 ± 260[29] solar radii to 1,490 ± 540[30] solar radii. |
Orbit of Jupiter | 1,064-1,173 | Reported for reference | |
PZ Cassiopeiae | 1,062[28] | L/Teff | |
SMC 25879 | 1,060[16] | L/Teff | |
IM Cassiopeiae | 1,059[6] | AD | |
LMC 136042 | 1,051[4] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
VV Cephei A | 1,050[31] | EB | VV Cep A is a highly distorted star in a close binary system, losing mass to the secondary for at least part of its orbit. Data from the most recent eclipse has cast additional doubt on the accepted model of the system. Older estimates give up to 1,900 R☉[27] |
LMC 142202 | 1,050[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 146126 | 1,050[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
RSGC1-F05 | 1,047[2]-1,177[9] | L/Teff | |
SMC 10889 | 1,046[4] | L/Teff | |
LMC 67982 | 1,040[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SU Persei | 1,039[6] | AD | In the Perseus Double Cluster |
HV 11262 | 1,030[4] | L/Teff | |
SMC 83593 | 1,019[4] | L/Teff | |
AS Cephei | 1,018[6] | AD | |
WOH S74 | 1,014[4] | L/Teff | |
W Persei | 1,011[2] | L/Teff | |
LMC 143877 | 1,010[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
HD 167861 | 1,007[6] | AD | |
RSGC1-F12 | 1,005[2] | L/Teff | |
BU Sagittarii | 1,005[6] | AD | |
RT Carinae | 995[6] | AD | |
RSGC1-F13 | 993[2]-1098[9] | L/Teff | |
NO Aurigae | 991[6] | AD | |
SMC 46497 | 990[16] | L/Teff | |
LMC 140296 | 990[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SMC 55188 | 988[4] | L/Teff | |
HD 143183 (V558 Normae) | 988[6] | AD | |
RSGC1-F09 | 986[9]-1,231[2] | L/Teff | |
NR Vulpeculae | 980[27] | L/Teff | |
SMC 12322 | 980[16] | L/Teff | |
LMC 177997 | 980[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
Mu Cephei (Herschel's "Garnet Star") | 972[32] | L/Teff | Prototype of the obsolete class of the Mu Cephei variables and also one of reddest stars in the night sky in terms of the B-V color index.[33] Other estimates have given only 650 R☉ based on much closer distances.[34] Margin of possible error: ±228 R☉[32] |
HV 2236 | 971[4] | L/Teff | |
SMC 59803 | 970[16] | L/Teff | |
Stephenson 2-03 | 969[2] | L/Teff | |
Westerlund 1-20 | 965[2] | L/Teff | Red supergiant within the Westerlund 1 super star cluster. |
V396 Centauri | 965[6] | AD | |
GCIRS 7 | 960[35]-1,000[36] | AD | Located at the galactic center. Margin of possible error: ±92 R☉[35] or ±150 R☉.[36] |
RSGC1-F11 | 955[2]-1,015[9] | L/Teff | |
V341 Lacertae | 953[6] | AD | |
HD 155737 | 951[6] | AD | |
SMC 50840 | 950[16] | L/Teff | |
HU Puppis | 950[6] | AD | |
HV 894 | 946[4] | L/Teff | |
J004424.94+412322.3 | 945-1,300[24] | L/Teff | Located in the Andromeda Galaxy. |
UY Scuti | 941[6] | AD | |
RM 1-361 | 933[4] | L/Teff | |
HV 916 | 932[4] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
RSGC1-F10 | 931[9]-954[2] | L/Teff | |
S Cassiopeiae | 930[37][38] | DSKE | |
WOH S71 | 926[4] | L/Teff | |
IX Carinae | 920[27] | L/Teff | |
HV 2112 | 916[39] | L/Teff | Most likely candidate for a Thorne-Żytkow object. |
RSGC1-F04 | 914[2]-1,082[9] | L/Teff | |
CK Carinae | 909[6] | AD | |
IRAS 04498-6842 | 900[40] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 54365 | 900[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
HV 996 | 894[5] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
NSV 25875 | 891[18] | L/Teff | |
LMC 1318 | 891[4] | L/Teff | Probably the largest AGB Star. |
HV 12501 | 890[5] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 109106 | 890[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
RSGC1-F06 | 885[9]-967[2] | L/Teff | |
Stephenson 2-11 | 884[2] | L/Teff | |
IRC -20412 | 882[6] | AD | |
IRAS 05558-7000 | 880[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SMC 30616 | 880[16] | L/Teff | |
LMC 64048 | 880[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
V437 Scuti | 874[18] | L/Teff | |
IRAS 04407-7000 | 870[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
IRAS 05329-6708 | 870[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SMC 46662 | 868[4] | L/Teff | |
HV 986 | 867[5] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
J004047.82+410936.4 | 860-1,010[24] | L/Teff | Located in the Andromeda Galaxy |
AZ Cygni | 861[6] | AD | |
AZ Cephei | 860[6] | AD | |
V669 Cassiopeiae | 859[18] | L/Teff | |
HV 2360 | 857[5] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
HV 5870 | 856[5] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
BI Cygni | 850[41]-1,240[27] | L/Teff | |
SMC 15510 | 850[16] | L/Teff | |
KW Sagittarii | 850[6] | AD | Older estimates have given larger radii and consequently cooler temperatures.[27] |
V358 Cassiopeiae | 848[6] | AD | |
BD-15 4915 | 841[6] | AD | |
UV Carinae | 840[6] | AD | |
WOH S60 | 836[4] | L/Teff | |
V1185 Scorpii | 830[18] | L/Teff | |
LMC 61753 | 830[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 62090 | 830[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
VX Aurigae | 825[6] | AD | |
V353 Puppis | 824[6] | AD | |
UW Aquilae | 823[6] | AD | |
Stephenson 2-14 | 821[2] | L/Teff | |
BC Cygni | 820[28] | L/Teff | |
V362 Aurigae | 819[6] | AD | |
LMC 116895 | 814[4] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 142199 | 810[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
IRAS 05294-7104 | 810[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
PMMR 41 | 809[4] | L/Teff | |
HD 268850 | 808[4] | L/Teff | |
YZ Persei | 804[6] | AD | |
LMC 134383 | 802[4] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
IRAS 05402-6956 | 800[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
V441 Persei | 799[2] | L/Teff | |
PMMR 34 | 796[4] | L/Teff | |
BU Persei | 795[2] | L/Teff | |
BO Carinae | 790[27] | L/Teff | |
IRAS 05298-6957 | 790[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 142907 | 790[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
V641 Cassiopeiae | 788[6] | AD | |
HV 963 | 787[4] | L/Teff | |
6 Geminorum (BU Geminorum) | 787[6] | AD | |
U Lacertae | 785[28] | L/Teff | |
SMC 11709 | 781[4] | L/Teff | |
RW Cephei | 777[6] | AD | RW Cep is variable both in brightness (by at least a factor of 3) and spectral type (observed from G8 to M0), thus probably also in diameter. Because the spectral type and temperature at maximum luminosity are not known, the quoted sizes are just estimates. |
RS Persei | 770[42]-831[22] | AD & L/Teff | In the Perseus Double Cluster. Margin of possible error: ±30 R☉.[42] |
AV Persei | 770[27] | L/Teff | In the Perseus Double Cluster |
V355 Cephei | 770[27] | L/Teff | Mauron et al. 2011 derive 37,000 L☉, which implies a size around 300 R☉.[20] |
V517 Monocerotis | 768[6] | AD | |
HD 303250 | 766[6] | AD | |
PMMR 141 | 762[4] | L/Teff | |
HV 2551 | 762[4] | L/Teff | |
SMC 52334 | 761[4] | L/Teff | |
J004124.80+411634.7 | 760-1,240[24] | L/Teff | Located in the Andromeda Galaxy and has a possible hot companion. |
V915 Scorpii | 760[43][44] | L/Teff | |
S Cephei | 760[45] | AD | |
HD 95687 | 758[6] | AD | |
J004447.08+412801.7 | 755-825[24] | L/Teff | Located in the Andromeda Galaxy |
Psi1 Aurigae | 753[6] | AD | |
GP Cassiopeiae | 751[2] | L/Teff | |
Outer limits of the asteroid belt | 750-900 | Reported for reference | |
SMC 11939 | 750[16] | L/Teff | |
V838 Monocerotis | 750[46] | L/Teff | A short time after the outburst V838 Mon was measured at 1,570 R☉[47] but its distance, and hence its size, have since been reduced and it proved to be a transient object that shrunk about four-fold over a few years. Like CW Leo, it has been erroneously portrayed as "Nibiru" or "Planet X" (see below). |
R Cygni | 745[48][49] | L/Teff | |
RU Virginis | 740[50] | L/Teff | |
LMC 137818 | 740[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SMC 48122 | 740[16] | L/Teff | |
V923 Centauri | 736[6] | AD | |
IRAS 04545-7000 | 730[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
IRAS 05003-6712 | 730[15] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SMC 56732 | 730[16] | L/Teff | |
WOH SG374 | 730[51] | L/Teff | |
GU Cephei | 730[6] | AD | |
KK Persei | 724[2] | L/Teff | |
AD Persei | 724[22] | L/Teff | |
RSGC1-F07 | 718[2]-910[9] | L/Teff | |
XX Persei | 710[2] | L/Teff | Located in the Perseus Double Cluster and near the border with Andromeda. |
V648 Cassiopeiae | 710[27] | L/Teff | |
Stephenson 2-04 | 710[2] | L/Teff | |
Mercer 8-06 | 707[2] | L/Teff | |
Antares A (Alpha Scorpii A) | 707[6] (varies by 19%)[52] | AD | Antares was originally calculated to be over 850 R☉,[53][54] but those estimates are likely to have been affected by asymmetry of the atmosphere of the star.[55] |
HV 1652 | 706[4] | L/Teff | |
HD 179821 | 704[56] | DSKE | HD 179821 may be a yellow hypergiant or a much less luminous star. |
SMC 55681 | 704[4] | L/Teff | |
V407 Puppis | 703[6] | AD | |
J004255.95+404857.5 | 700-785[24] | L/Teff | Located in the Andromeda Galaxy |
V528 Carinae | 700[27] | L/Teff | |
J003950.98+405422.5 | 700[57] | L/Teff | Located in the Andromeda Galaxy |
LMC 169754 | 700[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
LMC 65558 | 700[16] | L/Teff | Located in the Large Magellanic Cloud |
SP77 30-6 (WOH S66) | 700[51] | L/Teff | |
V770 Cassiopeiae | 700[6] | AD | |
The following stars with sizes bellow 700 radii are kept here for comparison | |||
Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) | 697[6] | AD | Star with the third largest apparent size after R Doradus and the Sun. Another estimate gives 955±217 R☉[58] |
V354 Cephei | 685[28]-1,520[27] | L/Teff | |
RX Telescopii | 682-1,882[6] | AD | RX Telescopii may be as large as 1,882 R☉. But the lower estimate is used here. |
KY Cygni | 672[28]-1,420[27] | L/Teff | |
RSGC1-F14 | 590[2]-697[9] | L/Teff | |
V509 Cassiopeiae (HR 8752) | 590[6] | AD | Yellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star. |
CE Tauri | 587-593[59] (-608[60]) | AD | Can be occulted by the Moon, allowing accurate determination of its apparent diameter. |
V382 Carinae | 471[6] | AD | Yellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star. |
CW Leonis | 390[61]-826[18] | L/Teff | Prototype of carbon stars. CW Leo was mistakenly identified as the claimed planet "Nibiru" or "Planet X". |
Inner limits of the asteroid belt | 380 | Reported for reference | |
IRC +10420 | 357[62] | L/Teff | A yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range. De beck et al. 2010 calculates 1,342 R☉ based on a much cooler temperature.[18] |
Mira A (Omicron Ceti) | 332-402[63] | AD | Prototype Mira variable. De beck et al. 2010 calculates 541 R☉.[18] |
The Pistol Star | 306[64] | AD | Blue hypergiant, among the most massive and luminous stars known. |
R Doradus | 298[65] | AD | Star with the second largest apparent size after the Sun. |
Orbit of Mars | 297-358 | Reported for reference | |
La Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum) | 289[6] | AD | Referred to as La Superba by Angelo Secchi. Currently one of the coolest and reddest stars. |
Sun's red giant phase | 256[66] | At this point, the Sun will engulf Mercury and Venus, and possibly the Earth although it will move away from its orbit since the Sun will lose a third of its mass. During the helium burning phase, it will shrink to 10 R☉ but will later grow again and become an unstable AGB star, and then a white dwarf after making a planetary nebula.[67][68] Reported for reference | |
Rho Cassiopeiae | 242[6] | AD | Yellow hypergiant, one of the rarest types of a star. |
Eta Carinae A | ~240[69] | Previously thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was realized to be a binary system. During the Great Eruption, the size was much larger at around 1,400 R☉.[70] η Car is calculated to be between 60 R☉ and 881 R☉.[71] | |
Orbit of Earth | 215 (211-219) | Reported for reference | |
Solar System Habitable Zone | 200-520[72] (uncertain) | Reported for reference | |
Orbit of Venus | 154-157 | Reported for reference | |
Epsilon Aurigae A (Almaaz) | 143-358[73] | AD | ε Aur was incorrectly claimed in 1970 as the largest star with a size between 2,000 R☉ and 3,000 R☉,[74] even though it later turned out not to be an infrared light star but rather a dusk torus surrounding the system. |
Deneb (Alpha Cygni) | 99.84[6] | AD | Prototype Alpha Cygni variable. |
Peony Star | 92[75] | AD | Candidate for most luminous star in the Milky Way. |
Canopus (Alpha Carinae) | 71[76] | AD | Second brightest star in the night sky. |
Orbit of Mercury | 66-100 | Reported for reference | |
LBV 1806-20 | 46-145[77] | L/Teff | Formerly a candidate for the most luminous star in the Milky Way with 40 million L☉,[78] but the luminosity has been revised later only 2 million L☉.[79][80] |
Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri) | 43.06[6] | AD | |
Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris) | 37.5[81] | AD | The current northern pole star. |
R136a1 | 28.8[82]-35.4[83] | AD | Also on record as the most massive and luminous star known (315 M☉ and 8.71 million L☉). |
Arcturus (Alpha Boötis) | 24.25[6] | AD | Brightest star in the northern hemisphere. |
HDE 226868 | 20-22[84] | The supergiant companion of black hole Cygnus X-1. The black hole is around 500,000 times smaller than the star. | |
Sun | 1 | The largest object in the Solar System. Reported for reference |
Notes
[edit]- ^ Methods for calculating the radius:
- AD: radius determined from angular diameter and distance
- L/Teff: radius calculated from bolometric luminosity and effective temperature
- DSKE: radius calculated using the disk emission
- EB: radius determined from observations of the eclipsing binary
References
[edit]- ^ Cruzalèbes, P.; Petrov, R. G.; Robbe-Dubois, S.; Varga, J.; Burtscher, L.; Allouche, F.; Berio, P.; Hofmann, K. H.; Hron, J.; Jaffe, W.; Lagarde, S.; Lopez, B.; Matter, A.; Meilland, A.; Meisenheimer, K.; Millour, F.; Schertl, D. (2019). "A catalogue of stellar diameters and fluxes for mid-infrared interferometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 490 (3): 3158–3176. arXiv:1910.00542. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.490.3158C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2803.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Fok, Thomas K. T; Nakashima, Jun-ichi; Yung, Bosco H. K; Hsia, Chih-Hao; Deguchi, Shuji (2012). "Maser Observations of Westerlund 1 and Comprehensive Considerations on Maser Properties of Red Supergiants Associated with Massive Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 760 (1): 65. arXiv:1209.6427. Bibcode:2012ApJ...760...65F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/760/1/65.
- ^ Davies, B.; Figer, D. F.; Kudritzki, R. P.; MacKenty, J.; Najarro, F.; Herrero, A. (2007). "A Massive Cluster of Red Supergiants at the Base of the Scutum‐Crux Arm". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): 781–801. arXiv:0708.0821. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671..781D. doi:10.1086/522224.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Sloan, G. C. (2018). "Luminosities and mass-loss rates of Local Group AGB stars and red supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 609. arXiv:1711.07803. Bibcode:2018A&A...609A.114G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731089.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Van Loon, J. Th.; Cioni, M.-R. L.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Loup, C. (2005). "An empirical formula for the mass-loss rates of dust-enshrouded red supergiants and oxygen-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 438 (1): 273–289. arXiv:astro-ph/0504379. Bibcode:2005A&A...438..273V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042555.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Cruzalèbes, P.; Petrov, R. G.; Robbe-Dubois, S.; Varga, J.; Burtscher, L.; Allouche, F.; Berio, P.; Hofmann, K. H.; Hron, J.; Jaffe, W.; Lagarde, S.; Lopez, B.; Matter, A.; Meilland, A.; Meisenheimer, K.; Millour, F.; Schertl, D. (2019). "A catalogue of stellar diameters and fluxes for mid-infrared interferometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 490 (3): 3158–3176. arXiv:1910.00542. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.490.3158C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2803.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Matsuura, Mikako; Sargent, B.; Swinyard, Bruce; Yates, Jeremy; Royer, P.; Barlow, M. J.; Boyer, Martha; Decin, L.; Khouri, Theo; Meixner, Margaret; Van Loon, Jacco Th.; Woods, Paul M. (2016). "The mass-loss rates of red supergiants at low metallicity: Detection of rotational CO emission from two red supergiants in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 462 (3): 2995. arXiv:1608.01729. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.462.2995M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1853.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wright, Nicholas J; Wesson, Roger; Drew, Janet E; Barentsen, Geert; Barlow, Michael J; Walsh, Jeremy R; Zijlstra, Albert; Drake, Jeremy J; Eislöffel, Jochen; Farnhill, Hywel J (2014). "The ionized nebula surrounding the red supergiant W26 in Westerlund 1". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 437 (1): L1. arXiv:1309.4086. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437L...1W. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt127.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Cite error: The named reference "wright" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Davies, Ben; Figer, Don F.; Law, Casey J.; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Najarro, Francisco; Herrero, Artemio; MacKenty, John W. (2008). "The cool supergiant population of the massive young star cluster RSGC1". The Astrophysical Journal. 676 (2): 1016–1028. doi:10.1086/527350. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ a b Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M. (2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126.
- ^ Alcolea, J; Bujarrabal, V; Planesas, P; Teyssier, D; Cernicharo, J; De Beck, E; Decin, L; Dominik, C; Justtanont, K; De Koter, A; Marston, A. P; Melnick, G; Menten, K. M; Neufeld, D. A; Olofsson, H; Schmidt, M; Schöier, F. L; Szczerba, R; Waters, L. B. F. M (2013). "HIFISTARSHerschel/HIFI observations of VY Canis Majoris. Molecular-line inventory of the envelope around the largest known star". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 559: A93. arXiv:1310.2400. Bibcode:2013A&A...559A..93A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321683.
- ^ Monnier, J. D; Millan-Gabet, R; Tuthill, P. G; Traub, W. A; Carleton, N. P; Coudé Du Foresto, V; Danchi, W. C; Lacasse, M. G; Morel, S; Perrin, G; Porro, I. L; Schloerb, F. P; Townes, C. H (2004). "High-Resolution Imaging of Dust Shells by Using Keck Aperture Masking and the IOTA Interferometer". The Astrophysical Journal. 605 (1): 436–461. arXiv:astro-ph/0401363. Bibcode:2004ApJ...605..436M. doi:10.1086/382218.
- ^ Massey, Philip; Levesque, Emily M.; Plez, Bertrand (August 2006). "Bringing VY Canis Majoris Down to Size: An Improved Determination of Its Effective Temperature". The Astrophysical Journal. 646 (2): 1203–1208. doi:10.1086/505025.
- ^ Arroyo-Torres, B; Wittkowski, M; Marcaide, J. M; Hauschildt, P. H (June 2013). "The atmospheric structure and fundamental parameters of the red supergiants AH Scorpii, UY Scuti, and KW Sagittarii". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 554 (A76): A76. arXiv:1305.6179. Bibcode:2013A&A...554A..76A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220920.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Marshall, Jonathan R; van Loon, Jacco Th; Matsuura, Mikako; Wood, Peter R; Zijlstra, Albert A; Whitelock, Patricia A (2004). "The AGB superwind speed at low metallicity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 355 (4): 1348. arXiv:astro-ph/0410120. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.355.1348M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08417.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Cite error: The named reference
mc
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Gvaramadze, V. V.; Menten, K. M.; Kniazev, A. Y.; Langer, N.; MacKey, J.; Kraus, A.; Meyer, D. M.-A.; Kamiński, T. (2014). "IRC -10414: A bow-shock-producing red supergiant star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 437 (1): 843. arXiv:1310.2245. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.437..843G. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1943.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h De Beck, E.; Decin, L.; De Koter, A.; Justtanont, K.; Verhoelst, T.; Kemper, F.; Menten, K. M. (2010). "Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles. II. CO line survey of evolved stars: Derivation of mass-loss rate formulae". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 523: A18. arXiv:1008.1083. Bibcode:2010A&A...523A..18D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913771.
- ^ Zhang, B.; Reid, M. J.; Menten, K. M.; Zheng, X. W.; Brunthaler, A. (2012). "The distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A42. arXiv:1207.1850. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..42Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587.
- ^ a b Mauron, N.; Josselin, E. (2011). "The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 526: A156. arXiv:1010.5369. Bibcode:2011A&A...526A.156M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201013993.
- ^ a b De Jager, C; Nieuwenhuijzen, H; Van Der Hucht, K. A (1988). "Mass loss rates in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 72: 259. Bibcode:1988A&AS...72..259D. ISSN 0365-0138.
- ^ a b c Beasor, Emma R; Davies, Ben; Arroyo-Torres, B; Chiavassa, A; Guirado, J. C; Marcaide, J. M; Alberdi, A; De Wit, W. J; Hofmann, K. -H; Meilland, A; Millour, F; Mohamed, S; Sanchez-Bermudez, J (2018). "The evolution of red supergiant mass-loss rates" (PDF). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (1): 55. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475...55B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3174.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Fawley, W. M; Cohen, M (1974). "The open cluster NGC 7419 and its M7 supergiant IRC +60 375". Astrophysical Journal. 193: 367. Bibcode:1974ApJ...193..367F. doi:10.1086/153171.
- ^ a b c d e f Massey, Philip; Silva, David R; Levesque, Emily M; Plez, Bertrand; Olsen, Knut A. G; Clayton, Geoffrey C; Meynet, Georges; Maeder, Andre (2009). "Red Supergiants in the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)". The Astrophysical Journal. 703: 420–440. arXiv:0907.3767. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703..420M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/420.
- ^ Xu, Shuangjing; Zhang, Bo; Reid, Mark J; Menten, Karl M; Zheng, Xingwu; Wang, Guangli (2018). "The Parallax of the Red Hypergiant VX Sgr with Accurate Tropospheric Delay Calibration". The Astrophysical Journal. 859 (1): 14. arXiv:1804.00894. Bibcode:2018ApJ...859...14X. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabba6.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Lockwood, G.W.; Wing, R. F. (1982). "The light and spectrum variations of VX Sagittarii, an extremely cool supergiant". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 198 (2): 385–404. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.198..385L. doi:10.1093/mnras/198.2.385.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Table 4 in Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not as Cool as We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal. 628 (2): 973–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0504337. Bibcode:2005ApJ...628..973L. doi:10.1086/430901.
- ^ a b c d e f Messineo, M.; Brown, A. G. A. (2019). "A Catalog of Known Galactic K-M Stars of Class I Candidate Red Supergiants in Gaia DR2". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (1): 20. arXiv:1905.03744. Bibcode:2019AJ....158...20M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab1cbd.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Chesneau, O.; Meilland, A.; Chapellier, E.; Millour, F.; Van Genderen, A. M.; Nazé, Y.; Smith, N.; Spang, A.; Smoker, J. V.; Dessart, L.; Kanaan, S.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Feast, M. W.; Groh, J. H.; Lobel, A.; Nardetto, N.; Otero, S.; Oudmaijer, R. D.; Tekola, A. G.; Whitelock, P. A.; Arcos, C.; Curé, M.; Vanzi, L. (2014). "The yellow hypergiant HR 5171 A: Resolving a massive interacting binary in the common envelope phase". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 563: A71. arXiv:1401.2628. Bibcode:2014A&A...563A..71C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322421.
- ^ Wittkowski, M.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M.; Abellan, F. J.; Chiavassa, A.; Guirado, J. C. (2017). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry of the late-type supergiants V766 Cen (=HR 5171 A), σ Oph, BM Sco, and HD 206859". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 597 (9): A9. arXiv:1610.01927. Bibcode:2017A&A...597A...9W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629349.
- ^ Bauer, W. H.; Gull, T. R.; Bennett, P. D. (2008). "Spatial Extension in the Ultraviolet Spectrum of Vv Cephei". The Astronomical Journal. 136 (3): 1312. Bibcode:2008AJ....136.1312H. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1312.
- ^ a b Montargès, M.; Homan, W.; Keller, D.; Clementel, N.; Shetye, S.; Decin, L.; Harper, G. M.; Royer, P.; Winters, J. M.; Le Bertre, T.; Richards, A. M. S. (2019). "NOEMA maps the CO J = 2 − 1 environment of the red supergiant μ Cep". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 485 (2): 2417–2430. arXiv:1903.07129. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.485.2417M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz397.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Ahad, Abdul (May 1, 2004). "The second 'Garnet Star' after Mu Cephei must be 119 Tauri!". Google Groups. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
- ^ Tsuji, Takashi (2000). "Water in Emission in the Infrared Space Observatory Spectrum of the Early M Supergiant Star μ Cephei". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 540 (2): 99–102. arXiv:astro-ph/0008058. Bibcode:2000ApJ...540L..99T. doi:10.1086/312879.
- ^ a b Paumard, T; Pfuhl, O; Martins, F; Kervella, P; Ott, T; Pott, J-U; Le Bouquin, JB; Breitfelder, J; Gillessen, S; Perrin, G; Burtscher, L; Haubois, X; Brandner, W (2014). "GCIRS 7, a pulsating M1 supergiant at the Galactic centre . Physical properties and age". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 568 (85): A85. arXiv:1406.5320. Bibcode:2014A&A...568A..85P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423991.
- ^ a b Pott, J.-U.; Eckart, A.; Glindemann, A.; Kraus, S.; Schöde, R.; Ghez, A. M.; Woillez, J.; Weigelt, G. (2014). "First VLTI infrared spectro-interferometry on GCIRS 7". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 487: 413–418. arXiv:0805.4408. Bibcode:2008A&A...487..413P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809829.
- ^ Ramstedt, S.; Schöier, F. L.; Olofsson, H. (2009). "Circumstellar molecular line emission from S-type AGB stars: mass-loss rates and SiO abundances". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 499 (2): 515–527. arXiv:0903.1672. Bibcode:2009A&A...499..515R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911730.
- ^ Ramstedt, S.; Schöier, F. L.; Olofsson, H.; Lundgren, A. A. (2006). "Mass-loss properties of S-stars on the AGB". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 454 (2): L103. arXiv:astro-ph/0605664. Bibcode:2006A&A...454L.103R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065285.
- ^ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, P.; Zytkow, A. N.; Morrell, N. (1 September 2014). "Discovery of a Thorne-̇Żytkow object candidate in the Small Magellanic Cloud". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 443: L94–L98. arXiv:1406.0001. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443L..94L. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu080.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Garcia-Hernandez, D. A; Manchado, A; Lambert, D. L; Plez, B; Garcia-Lario, P; D'Antona, F; Lugaro, M; Karakas, A. I; van Raai, M (2009). "Rb-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 705: L31–L35. arXiv:0909.4391. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/L31.
- ^ Josselin, E.; Plez, B. (2007). "Atmospheric dynamics and the mass loss process in red supergiant stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 469 (2): 671–680. arXiv:0705.0266. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..671J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066353.
- ^ a b Baron, F.; Monnier, J. D.; Kiss, L. L.; Neilson, H. R.; Zhao, M.; Anderson, M.; Aarnio, A.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N.; Ten Brummelaar, T. A.; Ridgway, S. T.; McAlister, H. A.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N. (2014). "CHARA/MIRC Observations of Two M Supergiants in Perseus OB1: Temperature, Bayesian Modeling, and Compressed Sensing Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal. 785 (1): 46. arXiv:1405.4032. Bibcode:2014ApJ...785...46B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/46.
- ^ Stickland, D. J. (1985). "IRAS observations of the cool galactic hypergiants". The Observatory. 105: 229. Bibcode:1985Obs...105..229S.
- ^ Odenwald, S. F. (1986). "An IRAS survey of IR excesses in G-type stars". Astrophysical Journal. 307: 711. Bibcode:1986ApJ...307..711O. doi:10.1086/164456.
- ^ Richichi, A.; Percheron, I.; Khristoforova, M. (2005). "CHARM2: An updated Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 431 (4): 773–777. Bibcode:2005A&A...431..773R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042039. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2019-07-31.
- ^ Chesneau, Olivier; Millour, Florentin; De Marco, Orsola; Bright, S. N.; Spang, Alain; Banerjee, D. P. K.; Ashok, N. M.; Kaminski, T.; Wisniewski, John P.; Meilland, Anthony; Lagadec, Eric (2014). "V838 Monocerotis: the central star and its environment a decade after outburst". Astronomy. 569: L3. arXiv:1407.5966. Bibcode:2014A&A...569L...3C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424458.
- ^ Lane, B. F.; Retter, A.; Thompson, R. R.; Eisner, J. A. (April 2005). "Interferometric Observations of V838 Monocerotis". The Astrophysical Journal. 622 (2): L137–L140. arXiv:astro-ph/0502293. Bibcode:2005ApJ...622L.137L. doi:10.1086/429619.
- ^ Guandalini, R; Francis, Charles (2010). "Infrared photometry and evolution of mass-losing AGB stars. III. Mass loss rates of MS and S stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 513: A4. arXiv:1002.2458. Bibcode:2010A&A...513A...4G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911764.
- ^ Ramstedt, S; Schöier, F. L; Olofsson, H (2009). "Circumstellar molecular line emission from S-type AGB stars: Mass-loss rates and SiO abundances". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 499 (2): 515. arXiv:0903.1672. Bibcode:2009A&A...499..515R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911730.
- ^ Bergeat, J.; Chevallier, L. (2005). "The mass loss of C-rich giants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 429: 235–246. arXiv:astro-ph/0601366. Bibcode:2005A&A...429..235B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041280.
- ^ a b Van Loon, J. Th.; Groenewegen, M. A. T.; de Koter, A.; Trams, N. R.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Whitelock, P. A.; Loup, C. (1999). "Mass-loss rates and luminosity functions of dust-enshrouded AGB stars and red supergiants in the LMC". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 351 (2): 559–572. arXiv:astro-ph/9909416v1. Bibcode:1999A&A...351..559V.
- ^ Mark J. Pecaut; Eric E. Mamajek; Eric J. Bubar (February 2012). "A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History among the F-type Members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB Association". Astrophysical Journal. 746 (2): 154. arXiv:1112.1695. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..154P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|last-author-amp=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - ^ Pugh, T.; Gray, D. F. (2013-02-01). "On the Six-year Period in the Radial Velocity of Antares A". The Astronomical Journal. 145 (2): 38. Bibcode:2013AJ....145...38P. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/2/38. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ Baade, R.; Reimers, D. (2007-10-01). "Multi-component absorption lines in the HST spectra of alpha Scorpii B". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (1): 229–237. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..229B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077308. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ohnaka2013
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hawkins, G. W; Skinner, C. J; Meixner, M. M; Jernigan, J. G; Arens, J. F; Keto, E; Graham, J. R (1995). "Discovery of an Extended Nebula around AFGL 2343 (HD 179821) at 10 Microns". Astrophysical Journal. 452: 314. Bibcode:1995ApJ...452..314H. doi:10.1086/176303.
- ^ Massey, Philip; Evans, Kate Anne (2016). "The Red Supergiant Content of M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 826 (2): 224. arXiv:1605.07900. Bibcode:2016ApJ...826..224M. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/224.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Neilson, H. R.; Lester, J. B.; Haubois, X. (December 2011). "Weighing Betelgeuse: Measuring the Mass of α Orionis from Stellar Limb-darkening". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 9th Pacific Rim Conference on Stellar Astrophysics. Proceedings of a conference held at Lijiang, China in 14–20 April 2011. ASP Conference Series, Vol. 451: 117. arXiv:1109.4562. Bibcode:2010ASPC..425..103L. Cite error: The named reference "NEILSON2011" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Montargès, M.; Norris, R.; Chiavassa, A.; Tessore, B.; Lèbre, A.; Baron, F. (June 2018). "The convective photosphere of the red supergiant CE Tau. I. VLTI/PIONIER H-band interferometric imaging". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 614 (12): A12. arXiv:1802.06086. Bibcode:2018A&A...614A..12M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731471.
- ^ Parker, Greg (July 2, 2012). "The second reddest star in the sky – 119 Tauri, CE Tauri". New Forest Observatory. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- ^ Men'shchikov1, A. B.; Balega, Y.; Blöcker, T.; Osterbart, R.; Weigelt, G. (2001). "Structure and physical properties of the rapidly evolving dusty envelope of IRC +10216 reconstructed by detailed two-dimensional radiative transfer modeling". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 392 (3): 921–929. arXiv:astro-ph/0206410. Bibcode:2002A&A...392..921M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020954.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Dinh-V.-Trung; Muller, Sébastien; Lim, Jeremy; Kwok, Sun; Muthu, C. (2009). "Probing the Mass-Loss History of the Yellow Hypergiant IRC+10420". The Astrophysical Journal. 697 (1): 409–419. arXiv:0903.3714. Bibcode:2009ApJ...697..409D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/409.
- ^ Woodruff, H. C.; Eberhardt, M.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K.-H.; et al. (2004). "Interferometric observations of the Mira star o Ceti with the VLTI/VINCI instrument in the near-infrared". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 421 (2): 703–714. arXiv:astro-ph/0404248. Bibcode:2004A&A...421..703W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035826.
- ^ Najarro, F.; Figer, D. F.; Hillier, D. J.; Geballe, T. R.; Kudritzki, R. P. (2009). "Metallicity in the Galactic Center: The Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 691 (2): 1816–1827. arXiv:0809.3185. Bibcode:2009ApJ...691.1816N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1816.
- ^ Ohnaka, Keiichi; Weigelt, Gerd; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz (2019). "Infrared Interferometric Three-dimensional Diagnosis of the Atmospheric Dynamics of the AGB Star R Dor with VLTI/AMBER". The Astrophysical Journal. 883 (1): 89. arXiv:1908.06997. Bibcode:2019ApJ...883...89O. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab3d2a.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Rybicki, K. R.; Denis, C. (2001). "On the Final Destiny of the Earth and the Solar System". Icarus. 151 (1): 130–137. Bibcode:2001Icar..151..130R. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6591.
- ^ Schröder, K.-P.; Connon Smith, R. (2008). "Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 386 (1): 155–163. arXiv:0801.4031. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.386..155S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Vassiliadis, E.; Wood, P.R. (1993). "Evolution of low- and intermediate-mass stars to the end of the asymptotic giant branch with mass loss". The Astrophysical Journal. 413: 641. Bibcode:1993ApJ...413..641V. doi:10.1086/173033.
- ^ Gull, T. R.; Damineli, A. (2010). "JD13 – Eta Carinae in the Context of the Most Massive Stars". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5: 373–398. arXiv:0910.3158. Bibcode:2010HiA....15..373G. doi:10.1017/S1743921310009890.
- ^ Smith, Nathan (2011). "Explosions triggered by violent binary-star collisions: Application to Eta Carinae and other eruptive transients". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 415 (3): 2020–2024. arXiv:1010.3770. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.415.2020S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18607.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ D. John Hillier; K. Davidson; K. Ishibashi; T. Gull (June 2001). "On the Nature of the Central Source in η Carinae". Astrophysical Journal. 553 (837): 837. Bibcode:2001ApJ...553..837H. doi:10.1086/320948.
- ^ Ramirez, Ramses; Kaltenegger, Lisa (2017). "A Volcanic Hydrogen Habitable Zone". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 837 (1): L4. arXiv:1702.08618. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837L...4R. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa60c8.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Kloppenborg, B.K.; Stencel, R.E.; Monnier, J.D.; Schaefer, G.H.; Baron, F.; Tycner, C.; Zavala, R.T.; Hutter, D.; Zhao, M.; Che, X.; Ten Brummelaar, T.A.; Farrington, C.D.; Parks, R.; McAlister, H. A.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Sallave-Goldfinger, P.J.; Turner, N.; Pedretti, E.; Thureau, N. (2015). "Interferometry of ɛ Aurigae: Characterization of the Asymmetric Eclipsing Disk". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 220 (1): 14. arXiv:1508.01909. Bibcode:2015ApJS..220...14K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/14.
- ^ "Ask Andy: The Biggest Star". Ottawa Citizen. Nov 27, 1970. p. 23.
- ^ Barniske, A.; Oskinova, L. M.; Hamann, W. -R. (2008). "Two extremely luminous WN stars in the Galactic center with circumstellar emission from dust and gas". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 486 (3): 971. arXiv:0807.2476. Bibcode:2008A&A...486..971B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809568.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
vlti
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
eikenberry
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Kennedy, Meghan. "LBV 1806-20 AB?". SolStation.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
- ^ Figer, D. F.; Najarro, F.; Kudritzki, R. P. (2004). "The Double-lined Spectrum of LBV 1806-20". The Astrophysical Journal. 610 (2): L109–L112. arXiv:astro-ph/0406316. Bibcode:2004ApJ...610L.109F. doi:10.1086/423306.
- ^ Nazé, Y.; Rauw, G.; Hutsemékers, D. (2012). "The first X-ray survey of Galactic luminous blue variables". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 538 (47): A47. arXiv:1111.6375. Bibcode:2012A&A...538A..47N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118040.
- ^ Fadeyev, Y. A. (2015). "Evolutionary status of Polaris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1): 1011–1017. arXiv:1502.06463. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449.1011F. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv412.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. (2014). "The Wolf–Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565 (27): A27. arXiv:1401.5474. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696.
- ^ Crowther, P. A.; Schnurr, O.; Hirschi, R.; Yusof, N.; Parker, R. J.; Goodwin, S. P.; Kassim, H. A. (2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 408 (2): 731–751. arXiv:1007.3284. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Ziółkowski, J. (2005), "Evolutionary constraints on the masses of the components of HDE 226868/Cyg X-1 binary system", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 358 (3): 851–859, arXiv:astro-ph/0501102, Bibcode:2005MNRAS.358..851Z, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08796.x
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Note: For radius, see Table 1 with d=2 kpc.
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "liu" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "humphreys" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "schoier" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "vanbelle" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "britavskiy" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "pollmann" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "steven" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Davies2008" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "SAGE" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "levesque2019" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Levesque2009" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "kamath" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "hopkins2015" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "bennett2015" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "dolan2016" is not used in the content (see the help page).