Jump to content

Sindhudesh movement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Sindhudesh)

The Sindhudesh Movement[1] is a separatist movement, based in Sindh, Pakistan, seeking to create a homeland for Sindhis by establishing an ethnic state called Sindhudesh (Sindhi: سنڌو ديش‎, lit. 'Country of Sindhis'),[2][3][4] which would be either autonomous within Pakistan[5] or independent from it.[6][7]

The movement was founded by G. M. Syed, after Bangladesh's independence. He gave a new direction to Sindhi nationalism, founded the Jeay Sindh Tehreek in 1972 and presented the idea of Sindhudesh.[8][9] Sindhi nationalists sometimes claims the Kutch region of India, the Lasbela District of Balochistan, and sometimes southern Punjab.[10]

Sindhi separatists reject the parliamentary path of struggle for attaining freedom and rights.[11] No Sindhi nationalist party has been ever voted into power in Sindh at any level of government.[12][13] In recent years, several Sindhi nationalists have deserted the ideology and joined mainstream politics due to disillusionment within ranks, lack of public support, and crackdowns by law enforcement agencies.[14] Some nationalist parties and associations are banned for alleged "terrorist, anti-state and sabotage" activities by the Pakistani government.[15]

History and Diaspora

[edit]

Historical Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Sindhu Kingdom
Part of a series on
Sindhis
Identity
History
Diaspora
Asia

Europe

North America

Oceania

Culture
Regions

Sindh portal

According to the epic Mahabharata, Sindhudesh, translated as the Sindhu Kingdom, was the ancient name for modern Sindh.[16]

History of the Movement

[edit]

In 1972 G. M. Syed proposed the formation of an independent nation for the Sindhis under the name Sindhudesh. He was the first nationalist politician in Pakistan to call for the independence of Sindh in a Pakistan.[9] The movement for Sindhi language and identity led by Syed drew inspiration from the Bengali language movement.[17] In post independence Pakistan, the strategy followed by the Pakistani state led Syed to come to a conclusion that the Sindhis would not be given due importance in the country.[9]

With his political base largely weakened after election, Syed later advanced his position towards openly demanding separation from Pakistan and the build-up of an independent Sindhudesh in his books Heenyar Pakistan khey tuttan khappey (Now Pakistan Should Disintegrate) and Sindhu Desh — A Nation in Chains.[18]

Reemergence of Sindhi Nationalism

[edit]

After the assassination of former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto, ethnic unrest arose. Sindhi nationalists judged the country was being used to the advantage of people from non-Sindhi ethnic groups, alleged Punjabi dominance in the defence sector.[19] and believe this to be the cause of recent troubles in Sindh (see Sindhi nationalism).[20]

Sindhis in India

[edit]
Main articles: Sindhis in India, Sindhi Hindus, and Sindhi diaspora

Sindhis in India,[21] most of whom had to be relocated out of Sindh after Partition, leaving behind their property as evacuee trusts under reciprocal government supervision.[citation needed] After the Partition of India, the majority of the minority Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan migrated to India, while the Muslim migrants from India settled down in Pakistan. Approximately 10 million Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India, while nearly an equal number of Muslims migrated to newly created Pakistan from India. Hindu Sindhis were expected to stay in Sindh following the partition, as there were good relations between Hindu and Muslim Sindhis. At the time of partition there were 1,400,000 Hindu Sindhis, though most were concentrated in cities such as Hyderabad, Karachi, Shikarpur, and Sukkur.[22][23][24]

The concept of Sindhudesh is often also supported by Indian Sindhis[citation needed] most of whom want to return to their native homeland Sindh while retaining their lives in India.[22][25] Suggestions for a Sindhi political party India as an ethnic empowerment movement[26] for the largest minority group in Gujarat and Maharashtra included proposals of separatism and a higher degree of autonomy within the Sindhi community in India.[citation needed] Proposed by prominent individuals Participating in the Chetichand celebration within the Sindhi community in Ahmedabad such as at the time Chief Minister (14th Prime minister of India), Shri Narendra Modi.[27] Narendra Modi, in his speech gave an example of the Jewish acquisition of Jerusalem and suggested "If those who dream have strength, everything is possible" [27] The Gandhian carnival at Delhi's doorsteps won pan-Indian support for Sindhudesh.[28]

The concept of Sindhudesh is also supported by some Sindhi diaspora[citation needed] including Sindhis in India,[29][30] most of whom had to be relocated out of Sindh after Partition,[31] leaving behind their property as evacuee trusts under reciprocal government supervision. Pre-partition, Sindh was a relative peaceful province, with communal violence only erupting sporadically and during partition.[citation needed] This peace stopped after partition, with post-partition migrants to Sindh angry at the "non-co-operation" in the killing of Hindus; and communal hatred multiplied post partition.[32][33] according to a Sindhi nationalist organisation "The only backdrop for Sindhudesh movement has been the absence of national capitalist because of the migration of Sindhi Hindus from Sindh to India after partition. That’s why Sindhudesh Movement has been lacking economic, political and diplomatic means to start mass uprising against the decades of slavery, humiliation and oppression. Therefore, the independence of Sindh and establishment of secular republic of Sindhudesh is the need of the history and key to regional peace."[34][35][24]

Population break up by states (Census of India 2011)
State Population (100 Thousands) % of Total
Gujarat 11.84 42.7%
Maharashtra 7.24 26.1%
Rajasthan 3.87 13.9%
Madhya Pradesh 2.45 8.8%
Chhattisgarh 0.93 3.4%
Delhi 0.31 1.1%
Uttar Pradesh 0.29 1.0%
Assam 0.20 0.7%
Karnataka 0.17 0.6%
Andhra pradesh 0.11 0.4%

Sind United Party

[edit]
Main article: Sind United Party

The Sind United Party or Sind Ittehad Party (Sindhi: سنڌ اتحاد پارٽي) was a political party in Sind, British India. The party was founded in June 1936, the same year that the Sind province had been created. The party was modelled on the Punjab Unionist Party. In the 1937 election to the Sind Legislative Assembly, the party emerged as the largest party with 21 seats in the Assembly and formed a provincial government.

Outfits

[edit]

Sindhu Desh Liberation Army

[edit]
Main article: Sindhudesh Liberation Army

The Sindhu Desh Liberation Army or SDLA is an active militant group based in the Sindh province of Pakistan. A series of minor blasts[36] took place on railway lines — the attacks carried out between November 2010, and February 2011 were claimed by the SDLA, who left pamphlets on the scene that mentioned “atrocities” being carried out against Sindh and promising to continue their “struggle” till Sindh was granted “freedom”.[37] The attacks were condemned by fellow Sindhi nationalists such as Dr Qadir Magsi of the Jeay Sindh Tarraqi Passand Party, who warned of negative consequences from violence.[36][38]

The group is currently active.[39]

Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz

[edit]
Main article: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz

Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz was a “merger/integration” of all the nationalist factions of Jeay Sindh or Sindhudesh movement which was functioning separately before the demise of veteran Sindhi nationalist ideologue GM Syed. Bashir Khan Qureshi was first chairman of party till his death and one of the most popular leader of Sindhudesh movement, widely regarded as hero of Sindh[40]

Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz

[edit]
Main article: Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz

JSMM is one of the major[41][42] separatist political party in Sindh, Pakistan, that believes in the separation of Sindhudesh from Pakistan. Founded in the year 2000, by the veteran Sindhi nationalists belonging to the Sindhudesh movement who left JSQM.[43] The founder and the current Chairman of party Shafi Muhammad Burfat is living in exile in Germany under political asylum.[44]

Jeay Sindh Students' Federation

[edit]
Main article: Jeay Sindh Students' Federation

Jeay Sindh Students’ Federation is the student wing of various separatist organizations struggling for the freedom of Sindhudesh following the ideology of G. M. Syed, founded in 1969. JSSF was a nationalist outfit which emerged from Anti-Unitary System Struggle in the late 1960s and later joined G. M. Syed in his ideology of a separate homeland for Sindhis in 1972. Since then, it has been working as the students’ front of the Jeay Sindh or Sindhudesh movement.[45]

Sindh National Movement Party

[edit]

A new left wing party for a politically, culturally, economically and geographically independent Sindh was formed in December 2011. It wants to see Sindh as it was in 1843 before the British conquered it and opposes the development of Zulfikarabad, referring to it as a new Israel.[46]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "19 مئي تي قوم سنڌو درياءُ لاءِ روڊن تي نڪري: صنعان قريشي". 14 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  2. ^ Syed, G. M. Sindhudesh : A Study in its Separate Identity Through the Ages. G.M. Syed Academy. p. These days a pragmatic situation has become dynamically alive in Pakistan. It is the exhilarating political idea of creating a new independent state of Sindh. So the sons of the soil, in full cooperation should increase the momentum for the demand and efforts to create Sindhu Desh with the new Sindhis who have settled down in this land permanently. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  3. ^ "Analysis: Sindhi nationalists stand divided". Dawn. 4 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  4. ^ "Here's The Untold Story Of Sindhudesh - A 'Country' Of Sindhi People Lost In Pakistan". indiatimes.com. 2016-12-06. Archived from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
  5. ^ Ali Banuazizi; Myron Weiner (1988). The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan; [this Vol. Had Its Origin in a Conference on "Islam, Ethnicity and the State in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan" ... Held in November 1982, in Tuxedo, New York]. Syracuse University Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-0-8156-2448-6. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29.
  6. ^ "pakistan-day-jsqm-leader-demands-freedom-for-sindh-and-balochistan". Express Tribune. 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  7. ^ "JST demands Sindh's independence from Punjab's 'occupation'". Thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  8. ^ Sohail, Sangi (4 December 2014). "Analysis: Sindhi nationalists stand divided". dawn.com. Dawn. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Farhan Hanif Hanif Siddiqi (4 May 2012). The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements. Routledge. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-1-136-33696-6. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  10. ^ Faiz, Asma (2021). In Search of Lost Glory: Sindhi Nationalism in Pakistan. Hurst Publishers. p. 288. ISBN 9781787386327. Archived from the original on 2023-03-12. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  11. ^ "Turn Right: Sindhi Nationalism and Electoral Politics | Tanqeed". www.tanqeed.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  12. ^ Wright, Theodore P. Jr. (1991). "Center-Periphery Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan: Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Punjabis". Comparative Politics. 23 (3). City University of New York: 299–312. doi:10.2307/422088. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422088.
  13. ^ Rahman, Tariq (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". Asian Survey. 37 (9). University of California Press: 833–9. doi:10.2307/2645700. ISSN 1533-838X. JSTOR 2645700.
  14. ^ "Romance of Sindhudesh fast fading away as workers desert nationalism". Dawn. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  15. ^ "Sindh govt orders police to crack down on nationalists - Bolan Times". www.bolantimes.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  16. ^ Sharma, Mahesh; Chaturvedi, B.K. (2006). Tales From the Mahabharat. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 121. ISBN 978-81-288-1228-6. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21.
  17. ^ Goulbourne, Harry (2001). Race and Ethnicity: Solidarities and communities. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-415-22501-4. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29.
  18. ^ Jalal, Ayesha (1995). "Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1). Cambridge University Press: 73–89. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061596. ISSN 1471-6380. JSTOR 176188. S2CID 162731882.
  19. ^ Guerin, Orla (2010-06-22). "BBC News — Karachi faces growing Taliban menace". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-01-26. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  20. ^ "PAKISTAN: Bhutto&#39s Murder Rekindles Ethnic Suspicions — IPS". Ipsnews.net. 2008-01-05. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  21. ^ Suranjan Das (2001). Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia. Anthem Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-898855-87-3. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29.
  22. ^ a b Abraham, Bobins (8 December 2018). "Here's The Untold Story Of Sindhudesh - A 'Country' Of Sindhi People Lost In Pakistan". www.indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  23. ^ "Jihadists Brutalized Hindus for 80 years, then played victim: Gujarat Riots". 2020-04-27. Archived from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  24. ^ a b "Sindhi Hindus in Gujarat". The Express Tribune. 2011-03-05. Archived from the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  25. ^ Agha, Gul. "Should Pakistan be Broken up?" (PDF). www.worldsindhicongress.org/. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  26. ^ "sindhis seek a sindh movement in india".[dead link‍]
  27. ^ a b "Sindhis want Sindh in India?". DeshGujarat. 2012-03-24. Archived from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  28. ^ Panag (retd), Lt Gen H. S. (2021-02-04). "Sikh separatism fighting existential battle but mishandling farmer protest can add fuel". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 2022-07-23. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  29. ^ Das, Suranjan (2001). Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-898855-87-3.
  30. ^ "India appears incomplete without Sindh, feels Advani". DeshGujarat. 2017-01-15. Archived from the original on 2022-07-23. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  31. ^ "Sindhi refugees in Maharashtra to get property ownership rights". DeshGujarat. 2015-09-29. Archived from the original on 2022-07-23. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  32. ^ Chitkara, M. G. (1996). Mohajir's Pakistan. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp. ISBN 81-7024-746-2. OCLC 34475881. Archived from the original on 2022-05-08. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  33. ^ Ahmed, Adeela (2022-06-10), "The Contours of Pakistan's Relations with Russia", Pakistan's Foreign Policy, London: Routledge, pp. 181–192, doi:10.4324/9781003250920-13, ISBN 978-1-003-25092-0, archived from the original on 2023-03-16, retrieved 2022-07-23
  34. ^ "ABOUT US – Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz". voiceofsindhudesh.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  35. ^ "Sindhudesh movement appeals to Indian PM for a Government in exile in India". Bharath Post. 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-04-03. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
  36. ^ a b Tunio, Hafeez (15 February 2011). "A case of exploding railway tracks – The Express Tribune". Tribune.com.pk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  37. ^ "4 bombs go off, destroying railway tracks in Hyderabad - The Express Tribune". tribune.com.pk. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  38. ^ Sindhi separatists announce comeback (2012-02-26). "Sindhi separatists announce comeback | Pakistan Today | Latest news | Breaking news | Pakistan News | World news | Business | Sport and Multimedia". Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  39. ^ "Terrorist Groups". South Asian Terrorism Portal Index (SATP). Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  40. ^ "Analysis: Sindhi nationalists stand divided". DAWN.COM. 4 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
  41. ^ "Pakistan govt, military perpetrating genocidal crackdown of Sindhis". Zee News. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  42. ^ "Here's The Untold Story Of Sindhudesh - A 'Country' Of Sindhi People Lost In Pakistan". indiatimes.com. 6 December 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  43. ^ "Nationalist Party JSMM Launched - JSMM". JSMM. Daily Dawn. 27 November 2000. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  44. ^ "Exclusive: Interview with Shafi Burfat, JSMM Chairman fighting for Sindh separation". NewsGram. 18 September 2016. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  45. ^ "Jeay Sindh Students' Federation". Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz. 2015-04-17. Archived from the original on 2016-11-13. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  46. ^ New left party launched; seeks a stronger Sindh. "New left party launched; seeks a stronger Sindh | Pakistan Today | Latest news | Breaking news | Pakistan News | World news | Business | Sport and Multimedia". Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-06-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Sindhudesh_movement&oldid=1256669587"