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Sima Ai

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Sima Ai
司馬乂
Regent of the Jin dynasty
In office
January 303 – March 17, 304
MonarchEmperor Hui
Personal details
Born277
DiedMarch 20, 304(304-03-20) (aged 26–27)
Parents
Prince of Changsha (長沙王)
Tenure22 December 289 – September 291
31 August 301[1] – March 17, 304[2]
Prince of Changshan (常山王)
Tenure19 September 291 – August 301
Posthumous name
Prince Li of Changsha (長沙厲王)
Map showing the Wars of the Eight Princes
In this Chinese name, the family name is Sima.

Sima Ai or Sima Yi (司馬乂)[3] (277 – 19/20 March 304[4]), courtesy name Shidu (士度), formally Prince Li of Changsha (長沙厲王), was a Jin dynasty imperial prince who briefly served as regent for his half-brother Emperor Hui. He was the fifth of the eight princes commonly associated with the War of the Eight Princes. Of the eight princes, he alone received praises from historians, for his attempt to reform government and his courtesy to Emperor Hui, who was developmentally disabled. According to the Book of Jin, Sima Ai was a strong and resolute man and was seven chi and five cun tall (approximately 1.84 metres).

Sima Ai was Emperor Wu's sixth son, born of the same mother as Sima Wei, the Prince of Chu (Lady Shen); their elder full-brother Sima Jing, Prince Huai of Chengyang, had died in 270 before they were born.[5] He was granted the title Prince of Changsha in 22 December 289.[6] When his father died in May 290, Sima Ai was praised by many for his display of filial piety. When Sima Wei, at the command of Emperor Hui's wife Empress Jia Nanfeng, killed the regents Sima Liang the Prince of Ru'nan and Wei Guan, Sima Ai participated. Subsequently, when Empress Jia claimed that Sima Wei had forged the edict and executed him, Sima Ai was demoted to the lesser title of Prince of Changshan on 19 September 291.[7] Despite this, during the next few years, he received renown for his decisiveness, talents, and humility. When Sima Lun the Prince of Zhao usurped the throne in February 301, Sima Ai was at his principality, and he led his own troops to join the forces of his half-brother Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu against Sima Lun. Once Sima Ying and Sima Jiong the Prince of Qi were able to defeat and overthrow Sima Lun and restore Emperor Hui, Sima Ai, for his accomplishments, was restored to his original title as the Prince of Changsha in August 301.

After overthrowing Sima Lun, Sima Jiong became the regent—as Sima Ying, who was initially named co-regent with him, declined and returned to his stronghold of Yecheng. He became arrogant and extremely controlling, and failed to pay even basic courtesies to Emperor Hui. He also became suspicious of Sima Yong the Prince of Hejian (the grandson of Emperor Hui's great-granduncle Sima Fu, Prince Xian of Anping), because Sima Yong had initially wanted to support Sima Lun, until he saw that Sima Lun's cause was hopeless. Sima Yong knew of Sima Jiong's suspicion, and started a conspiracy; he invited Sima Ai to overthrow Sima Jiong, believing that Sima Ai would fail; his plan was then to, in conjunction with Sima Ying, start a war against Sima Jiong. Once they were victorious, he would depose Emperor Hui and make Sima Ying the emperor, and then serve as Sima Ying's prime minister. In winter 302, Sima Yong declared his rebellion, and Sima Ying soon joined, despite opposition from his strategist Lu Zhi. Hearing that Sima Ai was part of the conspiracy as well, Sima Jiong made a preemptive strike against Sima Ai, but Sima Ai was prepared and entered the palace to control Emperor Hui. After a street battle, Sima Jiong's forces collapsed, and he was executed in late January 303.

Sima Ai became the effective regent, but in order to reduce opposition, he submitted all important matters to Sima Ying, still stationed at Yecheng. As regent, he paid attention to reforming the government, and he saw the importance of formally honoring Emperor Hui while maintaining resemblance to impartial governance. He continued to try to share power with Sima Ying. However, in fall 303, Sima Yong, dissatisfied that his plan did not come to fruition, persuaded Sima Ying to again join him against Sima Ai. While Sima Yong and Sima Ying had overwhelming force, their forces could not score a conclusive victory against Sima Ai. Sima Ai made overtures to try to achieve peace with Sima Ying, but after negotiations, those efforts failed. Sima Yong's forces were about to withdraw in spring 304 when Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai, the grandson of a great-granduncle of Emperor Hui,[8] believing that Sima Ai could not win this war, arrested him and delivered him to Sima Yong's general Zhang Fang (張方), who executed Sima Ai cruelly by burning him to death. (Before he was executed, Sima Ai was able to write a touching letter of farewell to Emperor Hui.) As Sima Ai cried out in pain, even Zhang's forces were mourning for his fate.

References

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  1. ^ ([永宁元年]秋七月甲午，....复封常山王乂为长沙王) Jin Shu, vol.04
  2. ^ 25th day of the 1st month of the 1st year of the Yongxing era, per Ai's biography in Book of Jin
  3. ^ The character "乂" has two pronunciations: "ài" and "yì".
  4. ^ Volume 85 of Zizhi Tongjian indicated that Sima Ai was killed on the bingyin day of the 1st month of the 1st year of the Yongxing era, which corresponds to 20 Mar 304 in the Julian calendar ([永兴元年正月]丙寅，方取乂于金墉城，至营，炙而杀之，...). However, Emperor Hui's biography in Book of Jin indicated that Sima Ai was imprisoned in Jinyong on the guihai day of the 11th month of the 2nd year of the Tai'an era, and was killed shortly after. ([太安二年十一月]癸亥，东海王越执长沙王乂，幽于金墉城，寻为张方所害。) Jin Shu, vol.04; there was no guihai day in that month. Sima Ai's biography in Book of Jin also indicated that he was deposed as Prince of Changsha on the 25th day (guihai day) of the 1st month of the 1st year of the Yongxing era, and killed on the 27th day (yichou day) of the same month (乂以正月二十五日废，二十七日死，...). Combining the accounts in volume 85 of Zizhi Tongjian and volume 59 of Jin Shu, it was most likely that Sima Ai was deposed as Prince of Changsha and imprisoned in Jinyong on 17 March 304, and killed on 19 or 20 March 304. His biography also indicated that he was 28 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 277.
  5. ^ (审美人生城阳怀王景、楚隐王玮、长沙厉王乂。....城阳怀王景，字景度，....泰始五年受封，六年薨。) Jin Shu, vol.64
  6. ^ jiashen day of the 11th month of the 10th year of the Taikang era, per Sima Yan's biography in Book of Jin
  7. ^ gengshen day of the 8th month of the 1st year of the Yongping era, per Emperor Hui's biography in Book of Jin
  8. ^ Sima Yue's grandfather was Sima Kui, a younger brother of Emperor Hui's great-grandfather Sima Yi.
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