Section 123 Agreement
| Current Euratom members | Former United States |
Section 123 of the United States Atomic Energy Act of 1954, titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.[1][2] Such an agreement is called a 123 Agreement.[3] To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-six 123 Agreements with 52 countries.[4]
Agreement Countries
[edit]Countries with which the U.S. has a Section 123 Agreement as of 2025 include:
Current
[edit]
Argentina[5]
Australia[5]
Brazil[5]
Canada[5]
China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)[6]
Euratom (with automatic re-processing rights)[6]
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)[5]
India (With advance consent to reprocessing)[7], exempt from certain safeguards by Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement.
Indonesia[5]
Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)[6]
Kazakhstan[5]
Republic of Korea[5]
Mexico[8]
Morocco[9]
Norway[8]
Philippines[8][10]
Russia[8][11]
Singapore[8][12]
Switzerland[8]
Taiwan[5] via the American Institute in Taiwan[8]
Thailand (1974-2014, 2025-2065)[5][13]
Turkey[5]
Ukraine[14][5]
UAE[15]
UK[8]
Vietnam[8]
Former
[edit]
Bangladesh[5]: September 17, 1981 - June 24, 2012
Colombia[5][16]
Egypt[17][16]
South Africa[5]: December 4, 1997 - December 4, 2022
Proposed
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "NUREG0980 Vol.1, No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation" (PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2007.
- ^ Kerr, Paul K.; Nikitin, Mary Beth D. (December 27, 2016). Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002.
- ^ "123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation". National Nuclear Security Administration.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA
- ^ a b c "Long haul ahead". Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ^ "NDTV.com: House of Reps passes N-deal, next test US Senate". Archived from the original on 2008-10-01. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation". U.S. Department of Energy. 2024-12-12. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
- ^ "NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco". Retrieved 2001-03-02.
- ^ House, The White (2022-11-20). "FACT SHEET: Vice President Harris Launches New Initiatives to Strengthen U.S.-Philippines Alliance". The White House. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ "Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement". 8 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-09.
- ^ "Joint Statement on the Signing of the United States - Singapore 123 Agreement 31 July 2024".
- ^ "United States and Thailand Sign Civil Nuclear Cooperation Agreement". U.S. Department of State. 2025-01-14. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
- ^ "NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine". 1998-04-01.
- ^ UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009
- ^ a b "Assistance to Foreign Atomic Energy Activities; Secretarial Determination". U.S. Department of Energy. 2023-01-31. Retrieved 2025-02-12.
- ^ State Department, November 10, 2008
- ^ "NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania". 1998-01-12. Archived from the original on November 18, 2004.
External links
[edit]123 Agreement With India
123 Agreement With UAE
- U.S. to Sign Nuclear Pact With U.A.E. Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2009
- U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation, State Department
- Resources on the United Arab Emirates Nuclear Energy Program Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Voice of America News, December 12, 2008
Categories:
- Energy policy of the United States
- Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
- Treaties of the United States
- Energy treaties
- Treaties of Morocco
- Treaties of Ukraine
- Treaties of Romania
- Treaties of Japan
- Treaties of the People's Republic of China
- Treaties of Switzerland
- Treaties of India
- Treaties of Russia
- Treaties of Egypt
- Treaties of Thailand
- Treaties of Argentina
- Treaties of Australia
- Treaties of Bangladesh
- Treaties of Brazil
- Treaties of Canada
- Treaties of Colombia
- Treaties of Indonesia
- Treaties of Turkey
- Treaties of Kazakhstan
- Treaties of South Korea
- Treaties of South Africa
- Treaties of Taiwan
- Treaties of Singapore
- Treaties of the Philippines
- Treaties of Mexico
- Treaties of Vietnam
- Nuclear technology treaties