Ruminal tympany
Ruminal tympany, also known as ruminal bloat, is a disease of ruminant animals, characterized by an excessive volume of gas in the rumen. Ruminal tympany may be primary, known as frothy bloat, or secondary, known as free-gas bloat.[1]
In the rumen, food eaten by the ruminant is fermented by microbes. This fermentation process continually produces gas, the majority of which is expelled from the rumen by eructation (burping).[2] Ruminal tympany occurs when this gas becomes trapped in the rumen.
In frothy bloat (primary ruminal tympany), the gas produced by fermentation is trapped within the fermenting material in the rumen, causing a build up of foam which cannot be released by burping.[3] In cattle, the disease may be triggered after an animal eats a large amount of easily fermenting plants, such as legumes, alfalfa, red clover, or white clover.[1] Some legumes, such as sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil and cicer milkvetch are not associated with causing bloat in cattle.[4] In feedlot cattle, a diet containing a high proportion of cereal grain can lead to primary ruminal tympany.[5] The main signs of bloat in cattle are distension of the left side of the abdomen, dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and severe distress. If gas continues to accumulate, the right side of the abdomen may also become distended, with death occurring in cattle within 3–4 hours after symptoms begin.[1]
In free-gas bloat (secondary ruminal tympany), gas builds up in the rumen and cannot escape, due to blockage of the esophagus.[1]
Treatment
[edit]- Removal of gases through trocar or cannula
- Use stomach tube and remove the ruminal digesta
- Medi oral (antifoaming agent) 10ml+250ml warm water and drench to the animal. If antifoaming agent not available, vegetable oil can be used, 400–500ml per large animal
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Nux vomica
- Antihistamine is used to avoid lameness. One particular sign in acidosis is lameness. Because lactic acid accumulates in the coronary band, it causes irritation; histamine is released which causes lameness, so antihistamine is used to avoid it.[citation needed]
Cultural depictions
[edit]- Thomas Hardy's novel Far from the Madding Crowd depicts a flock of sheep suffering from bloat, which are saved by shepherd Gabriel Oak using a trocar to release the gas.
- In the second chapter of James Herriot's book All Creatures Great and Small), an anxious James waits to meet his new boss, and is haunted by an urban legend of a new vet who ruined his career when he blew up a farmer's shed by lighting a match while gas was being released from a bloated cow. This same accident was portrayed in the TV series of the same name, but with Farmer Skerry striking a match to light his cigarette as James' colleague Tristan releases the gas. Here, the scene was played for humor instead of as a disaster.[6]
- In the neo-Western television drama Yellowstone, a herd of cattle are killed after ingesting bales of alfalfa in the episode 'Only Devils Left'.[7]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Constable, PD; Hinchcliff, KW; Done, SH; Gruenberg, W (2016). "Chapter 8: Diseases of the alimentary tract - ruminants. Ruminal tympany (bloat)". Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats (11 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 473–482. ISBN 9780702070587.
- ^ Reese, William O (2013). "Chapter 12: Digestion and absorption". Functional anatomy and physiology of domestic animals (4th ed.). Wiley. pp. 359–420. ISBN 9781118685891.
- ^ Boden, Edward (2001). "Bloat". Black's veterinary dictionary (20th ed.). London: A & C Black. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780713650624.
- ^ Majak, W; Hall, JW; McCaughey, WP (May 1995). "Pasture management strategies for reducing the risk of legume bloat in cattle". Journal of Animal Science. 73 (5): 1493–8. doi:10.2527/1995.7351493x. PMID 7665381.
- ^ Cheng, KJ; McAllister, TA; Popp, JD; Hristov, AN; Mir, Z; Shin, HT (January 1998). "A review of bloat in feedlot cattle". Journal of Animal Science. 76 (1): 299–308. doi:10.2527/1998.761299x. PMID 9464911.
- ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0509030/ [user-generated source]
- ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8755444/
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